State 1
Reference State

Community 1.1
Western hemlock-red alder /salmonberry/American skunkcabbage

Western hemlock-red alder /salmonberry/American skunkcabbage Structure: Mosaic of mature overstory and regenerating openings The reference community represents a lack of major disturbance from windthrow or ponding for at least 80 years, which allows the pioneering species to form a mature canopy. Western hemlock and red alder are the dominant overstory species. Western redcedar and Douglas-fir may be present, but they are limited to drier microsites such as nurse logs and mounds. Shrubs commonly are restricted to nurse logs, stumps, and higher microsites. Understory species include salmonberry, devilsclub, salal, American skunkcabbage, red huckleberry, Alaska huckleberry, swordfern (Polystichum munitum), deer fern, and sedges (Carex spp.). Common disturbances include small gap dynamics (1/2-acre openings or smaller) following windstorms and excessive ponding.

Community 1.2
Red alder/salmonberry/American skunkcabbage

Red alder/salmonberry/American skunkcabbage Structure: Tree, shrub, forb, and sedge establishment Community phase 1.2 represents a forest that is undergoing regeneration or stand initiation immediately following excessive ponding or windthrow. Scattered remnant mature trees and shrubs may be in some areas, and woody debris is abundant. Loss of the overstory and the fallen trees may impact the hydrology by resulting in more frequent, longer periods of ponding. Successful regeneration is dependent on the local seed source, an adequate seedbed, and sufficient light and water. Rapid recolonization is limited to plants that are well adapted to saturated soil conditions much of the year. Red alder is the primary tree and will establish quickly with an open canopy. Salmonberry, American skunkcabbage, and sedges will begin to re-establish during this phase.

Community 1.3
Red alder-western hemlock/salmonberry/American skunkcabbage

Red alder-western hemlock/salmonberry/American skunkcabbage Structure: Single story with dense understory Community phase 1.3 is an early seral forest in regeneration. Scattered remnant mature trees may be present. Western hemlock will regenerate on hummocks and mounds and will begin to establish a canopy. Shrubs are sparse, but species such as salmonberry, devilsclub, and red huckleberry become established on fallen trees and in higher microsites. Understory species may include deer fern, American skunkcabbage, and sedges.

Pathway
Community 1.1 to 1.2

This pathway represents excessive ponding that results in a shallow rooting zone. The trees are susceptible to windthrow, which may create pockets of fallen trees larger than 1 acre in size. Catastrophic windstorms may be stand replacing.

Pathway
Community 1.2 to 1.3

This pathway represents growth over time with no further major disturbance.

Pathway
Community 1.3 to 1.1

This pathway represents no further major disturbance. Continued growth over time and ongoing mortality lead to increased vertical diversification. The community begins to resemble the structure of the reference community and diversified understory.

Pathway
Community 1.3 to 1.2

This pathway represents excessive ponding that results in a shallow rooting zone. The trees are susceptible to windthrow, which may create pockets of fallen trees larger than 1 acre in size. Catastrophic windstorms may be stand replacing.

State 2
Converted State

Community 2.1
Managed Cropland or Hayland

Structure: Annual or perennial non-native species monoculture Community phase 2.1 may consist of a range of crops, including annually planted species, short-lived perennial species, and more permanent shrubby plants. Hay and grasses and legumes for silage are included in this community phase.

Community 2.2
Non-native Grassland and Shrubland

Structure: Annual or perennial herbaceous or shrubby species Community phase 2.2 is characterized by low-level agronomic or management activity such as adding soil nutrients, intensive grazing management, regular mowing, or weed control. This plant community commonly consists dominantly of introduced weedy species. Areas that have extremely low fertility or are subject to heavy grazing pressure have a higher proportion of annual, stoloniferous, or rhizomatous species. Wetland areas commonly support dominantly non-native rhizomatous grasses. The plant community may include remnants of introduced pasture species that commonly are seeded.

Community 2.3
Managed Grassland

Structure: Perennial herbaceous species Community phase 2.3 receives regular agronomic inputs, including adding soil nutrients and other soil amendments such as lime, implementing grazing management plans, regular mowing, controlling weeds, and reseeding as needed. This plant community typically includes introduced perennial pasture and hay species that commonly are seeded. In areas of historic native grassland, mixtures of perennial and annual native species may be seeded and managed by appropriate agronomic and livestock management activities. Minor amounts of introduced species that commonly are in non-native grassland and shrubland communities (community phase 2.2) are in this phase.

Pathway
Community 2.1 to 2.2

In the absence of agronomic and livestock management activities, seeds from surrounding weedy plant communities will be transported to the site by wind, animals, or vehicle traffic. Adapted species will become established. Management activities include tilling, adding soil nutrients and other soil amendments such as lime, mowing, burning, harvesting or chemically controlling vegetation, planting to desirable herbaceous species, and implementing grazing management plans.

Pathway
Community 2.1 to 2.3

This pathway represents agronomic and livestock management activities, including tilling, adding soil nutrients and other soil amendments such as lime, mowing, burning, harvesting or chemically controlling vegetation, planting to desirable herbaceous species, and implementing grazing management plans.

Pathway
Community 2.2 to 2.1

This pathway represents agronomic activities such as tilling, adding soil nutrients and other soil amendments such as lime, mowing, burning, harvesting or chemically controlling vegetation, and planting to desirable crop species.

Pathway
Community 2.2 to 2.3

This pathway represents agronomic and livestock management activities, including tilling, adding soil nutrients and other soil amendments such as lime, mowing, burning, controlling vegetation, planting to desirable species, and grazing management.

Pathway
Community 2.3 to 2.1

This pathway represents agronomic activities, including tilling, adding soil nutrients and other soil amendments such as lime, mowing, burning, harvesting or chemically controlling vegetation, and planting to desirable crop species.

Pathway
Community 2.3 to 2.2

In the absence of agronomic and livestock management activities, seeds from surrounding weedy plant communities will be transported to the area by wind, floodwater, animals, or vehicle traffic. Adapted species will become established. Management activities include tilling, adding soil nutrients and other soil amendments such as lime, mowing, burning, harvesting or chemically controlling vegetation, planting to desirable herbaceous species, and implementing grazing management plans.

Transition
State 1 to 2

This pathway represents a change in land use. Land management includes modifications to the hydrologic function to develop pasture and agriculture. Non-native seed disbursement is introduced (intentionally or unintentionally), which alters the reference community.

Transition
State 2 to 1

This pathway represents restoration of the natural hydrologic function and native plant habitat. Native seed sources and extensive management and mitigation of brush and invasive species are needed to restore the community.