General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 003X–Olympic and Cascade Mountains

The Cascade and Olympic Mountains (MLRA 3) include the west slope and parts of the east slope of the Cascades Mountains in Washington and Oregon. The Olympic Mountains in Washington State are also included. These mountains are part of a volcanic arc located at a convergent plate boundary. Volcanic rocks predominate but metamorphic and sedimentary rocks occur in the North Cascades and Olympic Mountains. Topography is generally dissected and steep, but some areas consist of constructional volcanic platforms and isolated stratovolcanoes. Elevation is usually 500 to 6000 feet but reaches to 14,410 ft at the summit of Mount Rainier. Many areas hosted alpine glaciers or ice sheets during the Pleistocene, and a few remain today.
Climate becomes cooler and moister with increasing elevation and latitude. Low elevations experience a long growing season and mild temperatures. High elevations can accumulate snowpack lasting into summer and frost may occur in any month. Average annual precipitation ranges from 60 to 180 inches in most areas. Most precipitation falls during the fall, winter, and spring during low-intensity frontal storms. Summers are relatively dry. Average annual temperature is 27 to 50 degrees F. The frost-free period is 10 to 180 days.

LRU notes

The Western Cascades land resource unit (LRU E) is located in western Oregon. It is bounded by the Santiam River on the north, the High Cascade volcanic platform on the east, the Rogue-Umpqua Divide on the south, and the Willamette and Umpqua Valleys on the west. This area is equivalent to the area generally known as the “Old Cascades.”
Bedrock consists of basalt and andesite of the Sardine Formation overlying the Little Butte Volcanic Series which contains soft tuff (Orr, et al. 1992). The Sardine Formation “cap” is absent at many locations. Topography is dissected and steep in most areas. Areas of low relief contain ancient and contemporary landslides. Alpine glaciation occurred in headwater basins during the Pleistocene but subsequent mass movement has partially obscured glacial features (Noller, et al. 2016).
Soil moisture regime is udic or aquic. Soil temperature regime ranges from mesic to cryic. Soils in this LRU generally have higher apparent clay content compared with those to the north and Spodosols do not occur. Most soils contain an appreciable amount of volcanic glass. Inceptisols usually have isotic mineralogy. Andisols are usually amorphic and meet the second criteria for andic soil properties (Soil Survey Staff, 2014). Ultisols can occur at the lowest elevations.
Conifer forest is the dominant vegetation. Natural fire is dominantly moderately frequent, mixed-severity (Spies, et al. 2018). Franklin and Spies (1991) noted an increase in tree bole fire scars south of 44.5 degrees latitude in the Oregon Cascades. This LRU hosts small amounts of fire-tolerant species common in the Siskiyou-Trinity Area (MLRA 5) but absent in areas to the north. These species include Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), incense cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), giant chinkapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana).
At low to mid elevations, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is a long-lived, early-seral tree; western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is an associated shade-tolerant tree. Red alder (Alnus rubra) is a short-lived, early-seral tree. It occurs ephemerally on uplands but persists on wet or repeatedly-disturbed sites.
At high elevations, Noble fir (Abies procera) is an early-seral tree; Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) is an associated shade-tolerant tree. Sitka alder (Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata) and vine maple (Acer circinatum) form persistent shrub fields on sites subject to heavy snowpack or avalanches. Wetlands typically support shrubby or herbaceous vegetation.

Classification relationships

This ecological site group description is similar to the following plant associations described by Christy (2004):

• Red alder / slough sedge - skunk cabbage
• red alder / common ladyfern - skunk cabbage

Ecological site concept

Central Concept: This deciduous forested site occurs on ponded or low-velocity flooded wetlands adjacent to uplands that support Douglas-fir - western hemlock forest. Red alder usually dominates the tree layer due to its of tolerance of anaerobic conditions. American skunkcabbage (Lysichiton americanus) is its typical understory associate. Soil temperature regime can be mesic or frigid, and soil moisture regime is aquic. Elevation is typically 500 to 3500 feet.

Associated sites

Similar sites

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Legacy ID

F003XE002OR