Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site F003XY703OR
South Cascades - Mid-Elevation
Accessed: 11/23/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
Similar sites
| F003XY704OR |
Southern Cascades Mid-Elevation Dry This site has a brush component in understory. |
|---|
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
(1) Abies ×shastensis |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
Not specified |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Carex inops |
Physiographic features
This site is found on soils formed in andesitice lava flows and glacial moraine deposits on sideslopes and ridges.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Ground moraine
|
|---|---|
| Flooding frequency | None |
| Ponding frequency | None |
| Elevation | 1,600 – 1,829 m |
| Slope | 0 – 30% |
| Water table depth | 152 cm |
| Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
Winters are long, cold and snowy, due to the very high elevations. Summers are short and cool. Effective precipitation comes mostly as snow. Average annual ppt is approximately 55 inches.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 50 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 90 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 2,032 mm |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
None
Soil features
This ecological site is found on soils formed in andesitic lava flows and glacial moraine deposits on side slopes and ridges.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Surface texture |
(1) Gravelly loam (2) Gravelly sandy loam |
|---|---|
| Family particle size |
(1) Loamy |
| Drainage class | Moderately well drained to somewhat excessively drained |
| Permeability class | Moderate to rapid |
| Soil depth | 51 – 152 cm |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 5 – 20% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 0 – 20% |
| Available water capacity (0-101.6cm) |
10.92 – 37.34 cm |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm) |
0% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-101.6cm) |
0 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-101.6cm) |
0 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm) |
6.1 – 7.3 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
20 – 45% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
5 – 35% |
Ecological dynamics
Shasta red fir is the dominant climax overstory specie on this site. At maturity, white fir and western white pine can also be present but at very low stocking levels. This site is a transition zone between the higher and wetter Mountain hemlock sites and the lower and drier Ponderosa pine sites. At the upper and lower elevations of this site, dominant tree species, from neighboring sites may invade the site.
Fire is the leading disturbance factor in this site. The reported fire return intervals for Shasta red fir stands is 70 to 130 years. Fire intensity is generally low due to the light accumulation of surface fuels. Older Shasta red fir trees can generally survive light-intensity fire but can be killed by moderate to severe fires. The natural size of fires are thought to be small due to the openness of Shasta red fir stands. Fire created openings for regeneration of Shasta red fir and/or Lodgepole pine.
Fire exclusion favors the establishment of white fir. White fir, which is shade tolerant, will readily establish and grow up into the existing canopy. Prior to domination by White fir in the overstory the process is reversable and the HCPC can become dominant again.
Given enough time, and total fire exclusion, white fir will continue regenerating and become the dominant tree in the canopy. At this time a threshold has been crossed and to move back to the HCPC significant inputs will have to occur. With a heavy overstory canopy ground vegetation is sparse.
With fire exclusion the potential for a stand replacing fire occurring dramatically increases. When a stand replacing fire occurs, it is usually large in size and severe. After such a fire Lodgepole pine usually establishes. Lodgepoles stocking density can be light to very heavy. Heavy to very heavily stocked stands can become susceptible to mountain pine beetle infestations. An outbreak will almost kill all the pine. Generally, by this time, shasta red fir seedlings are established and the death of the pine releases the fir seedlings.
Western white pine can also be part of the Lodgepole pine plant community. It survives low to moderately intense fire, that can occur, in pockets, during severe fires. If conditions are right after a fire western white pine will regenerate.
State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
Ecosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Shasta red fir
Community 1.1
Shasta red fir
Shasta red fir is the dominant overstory tree specie in the climax plant community. Western white pine and white fir may also be present. The understory is sparse and is dominated by two plants, longstolon sedge and princes pine.
Forest overstory. The typical overstory composition of the Shasta red fir plant community.
Forest understory. The typical annual production of the understory species to a height of 4.5 feet (excluding boles of trees) under low, high, and representative canopy covers.
The percentages expressed are pecent canopy cover. Those species with "0" percent have a canopy cover of less than 1 percent.
Table 5. Ground cover
| Tree foliar cover | 40-50% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover | 0% |
| Grass/grasslike foliar cover | 8-11% |
| Forb foliar cover | 0-1% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0% |
| Litter | 60-70% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 5-10% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 1-3% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 1-3% |
Table 6. Soil surface cover
| Tree basal cover | 0% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana basal cover | 0% |
| Grass/grasslike basal cover | 5-7% |
| Forb basal cover | 0-1% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0% |
| Litter | 75-85% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 5-10% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 1-3% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 2-5% |
Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
| Height Above Ground (m) | Tree | Shrub/Vine | Grass/ Grasslike |
Forb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.15 | – | – | 0-1% | 1-2% |
| >0.15 <= 0.3 | – | – | 10-15% | – |
| >0.3 <= 0.6 | – | – | – | – |
| >0.6 <= 1.4 | – | – | – | – |
| >1.4 <= 4 | 2-5% | – | – | – |
| >4 <= 12 | 5-10% | – | – | – |
| >12 <= 24 | 35-40% | – | – | – |
| >24 <= 37 | 5-10% | – | – | – |
| >37 | – | – | – | – |
State 2
White fir
Community 2.1
White fir
The White fir plant community occurs when fire is excluded from the site beyond the natural fire return intervals. Being shade tolerant white fir will establish under the canopy of existing trees and over time take over the canopy.
Forest overstory. The typical forest overstory composition for the White fir plant community.
Forest understory. The typical annual production of the understory species to a height of 4.5 feet (excluding boles of trees) under low, high, and representative canopy covers.
The percentages expressed are pecent canopy cover. Those species with "0" percent have a canopy cover of less than 1 percent.
Table 8. Ground cover
| Tree foliar cover | 50-60% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover | 0-1% |
| Grass/grasslike foliar cover | 2-4% |
| Forb foliar cover | 0-1% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0% |
| Litter | 30-40% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 3-5% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 1-3% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 1-3% |
Table 9. Soil surface cover
| Tree basal cover | 0% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana basal cover | 0% |
| Grass/grasslike basal cover | 1-2% |
| Forb basal cover | 0% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0% |
| Litter | 80-90% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 3-8% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 1-3% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 2-5% |
Table 10. Canopy structure (% cover)
| Height Above Ground (m) | Tree | Shrub/Vine | Grass/ Grasslike |
Forb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.15 | – | – | 3-5% | – |
| >0.15 <= 0.3 | – | – | – | – |
| >0.3 <= 0.6 | 0-1% | – | – | – |
| >0.6 <= 1.4 | 0-1% | – | – | – |
| >1.4 <= 4 | 2-5% | – | – | – |
| >4 <= 12 | 5-10% | – | – | – |
| >12 <= 24 | 12-17% | – | – | – |
| >24 <= 37 | 30-40% | – | – | – |
| >37 | – | – | – | – |
State 3
Lodgepole pine
Community 3.1
Lodgepole pine
The Lodgepole pine plant community occurs after a stand replacing fire, on a large or small scale. Lodgepole, a pioneer specie, readily establishes if a seed source is available.
Forest overstory. The typical forest overstory composition for the Lodgepole pine plant community.
Forest understory. The typical annual production of the understory species to a height of 4.5 feet (excluding boles of trees) under low, high, and representative canopy covers.
The percentages expressed are pecent canopy cover. Those species with "0" percent have a canopy cover of less than 1 percent.
Table 11. Ground cover
| Tree foliar cover | 25-30% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover | 1-3% |
| Grass/grasslike foliar cover | 4-7% |
| Forb foliar cover | 0% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0% |
| Litter | 25-30% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 5-8% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 1-3% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 30-35% |
Table 12. Soil surface cover
| Tree basal cover | 0% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana basal cover | 0-1% |
| Grass/grasslike basal cover | 1-2% |
| Forb basal cover | 0% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0% |
| Litter | 35-45% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 8-12% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 3-5% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 30-40% |
Table 13. Canopy structure (% cover)
| Height Above Ground (m) | Tree | Shrub/Vine | Grass/ Grasslike |
Forb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.15 | – | 1-3% | 0-1% | – |
| >0.15 <= 0.3 | – | – | 4-7% | – |
| >0.3 <= 0.6 | 0-1% | – | – | – |
| >0.6 <= 1.4 | 0-1% | – | – | – |
| >1.4 <= 4 | 0-1% | – | – | – |
| >4 <= 12 | 1-2% | – | – | – |
| >12 <= 24 | 30-35% | – | – | – |
| >24 <= 37 | – | – | – | – |
| >37 | – | – | – | – |
Additional community tables
Interpretations
Supporting information
Inventory data references
The historic plant community has been determined from the collection of field data.
Contributors
C Ziegler
C. Ziegler
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | |
| Date | |
| Approved by | |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
-
Presence of water flow patterns:
-
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
-
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
-
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
-
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
-
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
-
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
-
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
-
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
-
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
-
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
-
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
-
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
-
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
Print Options
Sections
Font
Other
The Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.