State 1
Bluebunch Wheatgrass/ Indian Ricegrass

Community 1.1
Bluebunch Wheatgrass/ Indian Ricegrass

The interpretive plant community for this site is the Historic Climax Plant Community. This state evolved with grazing by large herbivores, soil less than 20 inches, and an occasional wildfire. The cyclical nature of the fire regime in this community prevented big sagebrush from being the dominant landscape. The state is mostly comprised of cool season mid-grasses and a variety of forbs and woody species. Potential vegetation is about 75% grasses or grass-like plants, 10% forbs, and 15% woody plants. The major grasses include bluebunch and Griffith’s wheatgrasses, Indian ricegrass, and rhizomatous wheatgrasses. Green needlegrass is considered a major grass, however, it is usually found in the higher precipitation areas of this zone. Other grasses occurring on the state may include prairie junegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, blue grama, and spikefescue. Big and black sagebrush, Gardner’s saltbush, and winterfat are conspicuous elements of this state, and often make up 15% of the annual production. A variety of forbs also occurs in this state and plant diversity is high (see Plant Composition Table). The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 500 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 350 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 700 lbs./acre in above average years. The state is extremely stable and well adapted to the Northern Intermountain Desertic Basins climate. The diversity in plant species allows for high drought resistance. This is a sustainable plant community (site/soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Moderate continuous season-long grazing will convert the plant community to the Perennial Grass/Mixed Sagebrush Plant Community. Prolonged drought will exacerbate this transition.

State 2
Perennial Grass/ Mixed Sagebrush

Community 2.1
Perennial Grass/ Mixed Sagebrush

Historically, this plant community evolved under grazing and a low fire frequency. Currently, it is found under moderate, season-long grazing by livestock and will be exacerbated by prolonged drought conditions. Fire is a rarity and extended periods without fire is common as fire suppression has changed the natural fire regime. This plant community is still dominated by cool-season grasses, while short warm-season grasses and miscellaneous forbs account for the balance of the understory. A variety of shrubs is now a conspicuous part of the overall production. The dominant grasses include bluebunch or Griffith’s wheatgrass, rhizomatous wheatgrasses, and bottlebrush squirreltail. Green needlegrass is considered a major grass, however, it is usually found in the higher precipitation areas of this zone. Grasses and grass-like species of secondary importance include prairie junegrass, blue grama, and Sandberg bluegrass. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include scarlet globemallow, wild onion, smooth woodyaster, leafy wildparsley, and Hood’s phlox. Big sagebrush, black sagebrush, birdfoot sagebrush, Gardner’s saltbush, and shadscale saltbush dominate the overstory. These shrubs can make up to 20% of the annual production. Plains pricklypear cactus can also invade. When compared to the Historic Climax Plant Community, big sagebrush, black sagebrush, birdfoot sagebrush, rhizomatous wheatgrasses, prairie junegrass, and blue grama have increased. Plains pricklypear cactus may have invaded, but occurs only in small patches. Indian ricegrass and bluebunch wheatgrass have decreased and may occur in only trace amounts under the sagebrush canopy or within the patches of pricklypear. In addition, winterfat may or may not have changed depending on the season of use. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 425 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 250 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 650 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is resistant to change. The herbaceous species present are well adapted to grazing; however, species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. The herbaceous component is mostly intact and plant vigor and replacement capabilities are sufficient. Water flow patterns and litter movement may be occurring but only on steeper slopes. Incidence of pedestalling is minimal. Soils are mostly stable and the surface shows minimum soil loss. The watershed is functioning and the biotic community is intact. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Prescribed grazing or possibly long-term prescribed grazing, will convert this plant community to the HCPC. The probability of this occurring is high especially if rotational grazing along with short deferred grazing is implemented as part of the prescribed method of use. In addition, the removal of fire suppression will allow a somewhat natural fire regime to reoccur to more easily transition between this plant community and the HCPC. A prescribed fire treatment can be useful to hasten this transition if desired. • Frequent and severe grazing plus no fire on more saline soils will convert the plant community to the Salt Tolerant Shrub/Bare Ground Plant Community. • Frequent and severe grazing (yearlong grazing) plus no fire on less saline soils, will convert the plant community to the Mixed Sagebrush/Bare Ground Plant Community.

State 3
Mixed Sagebrush/ Bare Ground

Community 3.1
Mixed Sagebrush/ Bare Ground

This plant community is the result of frequent and severe yearlong grazing and no fire. Soils on these sites are usually less saline. It is dominated by shrubs but areas of blue grama sod can occur. Big sagebrush, black sagebrush, and birdfoot sagebrush are the most common shrubs in this plant community. Pricklypear cactus can become dense in areas so that livestock cannot graze forage growing within the cactus clumps. Perennial cool season mid-grasses have been removed leaving mostly bare ground amongst the shrub component but patches of blue grama and annuals are noticeable. Cheatgrass and weedy annual forbs such as halogeton, Russian thistle, and kochia, will occupy the site if a seed source is available. Noxious weeds such as Russian knapweed may also invade this state. When the historic climax plant community is replaced by warm season grasses total annual production is reduced. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 250 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 100 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 350 lbs./acre in above average years. This state is relatively stable as the shrubs become more dominant. Patches occupied by the grass sod are protected from excessive erosion. The sod formed by these grasses is resistant to water infiltration. While the soil is protected by the sod areas, excessive runoff may occur outside the sodded area. As a result, rills or other more severe erosion can occur on unprotected areas. The watershed may or may not be functioning, as runoff may affect adjoining sites. The biotic integrity of this plant community is not intact. Plant diversity is low. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Grazing land mechanical treatment (chiseling etc.) followed by prescribed grazing and if necessary seeding will return this plant community to near Historic Climax Plant Community.

State 4
Salt tolerant Shrub/ Bare Ground

Community 4.1
Salt tolerant Shrub/ Bare Ground

This plant community can occur on sites subjected to frequent and severe grazing and on soils influenced by elevated amounts of soluble salts. Salt tolerant shrubs will replace the characteristic shrub species as the major overstory species, while the preferred cool season grasses have been eliminated or greatly reduced. Bare ground and weedy grasses and forbs dominate the understory. This state is dominated by an overstory of salt tolerant shrubs, such as greasewood, birdfoot sagebrush and saltbushes, which can vary widely in their composition and production. The leaves of some of these plants contain high amounts of sodium and other salts, and when shed, these soluble salts are transferred to the soils underneath the plants. Consequently, the soil can exhibit wide variations in soluble salts, which can explain the variation in shrub composition. Big sagebrush and rubber rabbitbrush are present but are mostly in small patches. Perennial cool season mid-grasses have been removed leaving mostly patches of blue grama and annuals. Cheatgrass and weedy annual forbs such as halogeton, Russian thistle, and kochia, will occupy the site if a seed source is available. Noxious weeds such as Russian knapweed may also invade the site. Plant diversity is moderate to poor. When compared to the HCPC, grass production has diminished but is somewhat off set by the increase in shrub production. The interspaces between plants have expanded leaving the amount of bare ground more prevalent. Surface salts have increased, especially on sites dominated by greasewood and saltbushes. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 300 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 200 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 375 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is resistant to change. These areas are actually more resistant to fire as less fine fuels are available and the bare ground between the shrubs has increased. Continued frequent and severe grazing or the removal of grazing does not seem to affect the composition or structure of the plant community. Plant diversity is moderate to poor. The biotic integrity of this state is mostly dysfunctional because of the predominant salt tolerant shrub overstory and absence of perennial cool season grasses. Soil erosion is accelerated because of increased bare ground. Water flow patterns and pedestalling are obvious. Infiltration is reduced and runoff is increased. Rill channels may be noticeable in the interspaces and gullies may be establishing where rills have concentrated down slope. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Prescribed grazing or possibly long-term prescribed grazing, will convert this plant community to the Salt Tolerant Shrub/Rhizomatous Wheatgrasses Plant Community. Recovery to near Historic Climax Plant Community condition is difficult to impossible due to the resistance of these shrubs to herbicides and other brush management techniques. In addition, the increase in surface salts has had accumulated effects on the soil so most of the plants associated with the HCPC are no longer suitable for this site. The most notable exception is the rhizomatous wheatgrasses and bottlebrush squirreltail. Soil remediation to reduce the surface salts is mostly ineffective and extremely costly. Seeding more salt-tolerant native grasses and forbs will improve the productivity of the site and also improve plant cover.

State 5
Salt tolerant Shrub/ Rhizomatous Wheatgrasses

Community 5.1
Salt tolerant Shrub/ Rhizomatous Wheatgrasses

This plant community can occur where prescribed grazing management is implemented in the Salt Tolerant Shrub/Bare Ground Plant Community. Salt tolerant shrubs remain a significant component of the plant community, but preferred cool season grasses have reestablished. This site is dominated by an overstory of salt tolerant shrubs, such as birdfoot sagebrush, saltbushes, and greasewood, but can exhibit a wide variety of shrub composition and production. Some perennial cool season mid-grasses have once again reestablished such as rhizomatous wheatgrasses, and bottlebrush squirreltail. Other important grasses include Sandberg bluegrass, blue grama, and Fendler threeawn. Patches of annuals such as cheatgrass and other weedy annual forbs such as halogeton, Russian thistle, and kochia, will persist on this site. Noxious weeds such as Russian knapweed may also remain if not treated. The interspaces between plants will have diminished in size. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 400 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 225 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 550 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is mostly resistant to change, but species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. The herbaceous component is stable and plant vigor and replacement capabilities are sufficient. The watershed may or may not be functioning and the biotic community is not intact because of the predominant salt tolerant shrub overstory. Plant diversity is moderate Soils are mostly stable and recent soil loss is minimal. This should not be confused with evidence of remnant erosion. Water flow patterns and litter movement is stable but is still occurring on steeper slopes. Incidence of pedestalling is improving. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Frequent and severe grazing will convert the plant community to the Salt Tolerant Shrub/Bare Ground Plant Community. • Recovery to near Historic Climax Plant Community condition is difficult to impossible due to the resistance of these shrubs to herbicides and other brush management techniques. In addition, the increase in surface salts has had accumulated effects on the soil so most of the herbaceous plants associated with the HCPC are no longer suitable for this site. The most notable exception is the rhizomatous wheatgrasses and bottlebrush squirreltail. Soil remediation to reduce the surface salts is mostly ineffective and extremely costly. Seeding more salt-tolerant grasses and forbs will improve the productivity of the site and also plant cover, but will not improve the biotic integrity.