State 1
Bluebunch Wheatgrass/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass

Community 1.1
Bluebunch Wheatgrass/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass

This plant community is the interpretive plant community for this site and is considered to be the Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC). This state evolved with grazing by large herbivores and periodic fires. The cyclical natural of the fire regime in this community prevented big sagebrush from being the dominant landscape. This plant community can be found on areas that are properly managed with grazing and/or prescribed burning, and on areas receiving occasional short periods of rest. The potential vegetation is about 75% grasses or grass-like plants, 10% forbs, and 15% woody plants. This state is dominated by cool season mid-grasses. The major grasses include Griffiths and bluebunch wheatgrasses, rhizomatous wheatgrasses, needleandthread, and Indian ricegrass. Other grasses occurring in this state include bottlebrush squirreltail, prairie junegrass, and Sandberg bluegrass. Big sagebrush is a conspicuous element of this state, occurs in a mosaic pattern, and makes up 5 to 15% of the annual production. Winterfat is a common component found on this site. A variety of forbs also occurs in this state and plant diversity is high (see Plant Composition Table). The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 800 lbs./acre, but it can range from about 500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 1100 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is extremely stable and well adapted to the Northern Intermountain Desertic Basins climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allows for high drought tolerance. This is a sustainable plant community (site/soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity). Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Moderate, continuous season-long grazing will convert the plant community to the Perennial Grass/Big Sagebrush Plant Community. Prolonged drought will exacerbate this transition.

State 2
Perennial Grass/ Big Sagebrush

Community 2.1
Perennial Grass/ Big Sagebrush

Historically, this plant community evolved under grazing and a low fire frequency. Currently, it is found under moderate, season-long grazing by livestock and will be exacerbated by prolonged drought conditions. In addition, the fire regime for this site has been modified and extended periods without fire is now common. This plant community is still dominated by cool-season grasses, while short warm-season grasses and miscellaneous forbs account for the balance of the understory. Wyoming big sagebrush is now a conspicuous part of the overall production and accounts for the majority of the overstory. The dominant grasses include Griffiths and bluebunch wheatgrasses, rhizomatous wheatgrasses, and needleandthread. Grasses and grass-like species of secondary importance include prairie junegrass, blue grama, Sandberg bluegrass, and threadleaf sedge. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include scarlet globemallow, fringed sagewort, wavyleaf paintbrush, little larkspur, and Hood's phlox. Sagebrush can make up to 25% of the annual production. The overstory of sagebrush and understory of grasses and forbs provide a diverse plant community. When compared to the Historic Climax Plant Community, big sagebrush and blue grama have increased. Plains pricklypear cactus will also have invaded, but occurs only in small patches. Indian ricegrass has decreased and may occur in only trace amounts under the sagebrush canopy or within the patches of pricklypear. In addition, the amount of winterfat may or may not have changed depending on the season of use. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 600 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 400 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 900 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is resistant to change. The herbaceous species present are well adapted to grazing; however, species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. The herbaceous component is mostly intact and plant vigor and replacement capabilities are sufficient. Water flow patterns and litter movement may be occurring but only on steeper slopes. Incidence of pedestalling is minimal. Soils are mostly stable and the surface shows minimum soil loss. The watershed is functioning and the biotic community is intact. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Prescribed grazing or possibly long-term prescribed grazing, will convert this plant community to the HCPC. The probability of this occurring is high especially if rotational grazing along with short deferred grazing is implemented as part of prescribed method of use. In addition, the removal of fire suppression will allow a somewhat natural fire regime to reoccur to more easily transition between this plant community and the HCPC. A prescribed fire treatment can be useful to hasten this transition, if desired. • Frequent and severe grazing plus no fire on soils with limited soluble salts, will convert the plant community to the Big Sagebrush/Bare Ground Plant Community. The probability of this occurring is high. This is especially evident on areas with historically higher precipitation and the sagebrush stand is not adversely impacted by drought or heavy browsing. • Frequent and severe grazing (yearlong grazing) plus wildfire or brush control, will convert the plant community to the Blue Grama Sod Plant Community. The probability of this occurring is high, especially if the sagebrush stand has been severely affected by drought or heavy use or has been removed altogether. • Frequent and severe grazing (yearlong grazing) on more saline soils, will convert the plant community to the Salt Tolerant Shrub/Bare Ground Plant Community. The probability of this occurring is high especially on soils with elevated salts and the sagebrush stand has been severely affected by drought and heavy use or has been removed altogether.

State 3
Big Sagebrush/ Bare ground

Community 3.1
Big Sagebrush/ Bare ground

This plant community is the result of frequent and severe grazing and protection from fire. Sagebrush dominates this plant community, as the annual production of sagebrush excess 25%. Wyoming big sagebrush is a significant component of the plant community and the preferred cool season grasses have been greatly reduced. The dominant grasses are prairie junegrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and blue grama. Weedy annual species such as cheatgrass may occupy the site if a seed source is available. Cactus and sageworts often invade. Noxious weeds such as Russian knapweed, leafy spurge, or Canada thistle may invade the site if a seed source is available. The interspaces between plants have expanded leaving the amount of bare ground more prevalent. As compared with the HCPC or the Perennial Grass/Big Sagebrush Plant Communities, the annual production is less, but the shrub production compensates for some of the decline in the herbaceous production. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 500 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 300 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 700 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is resistant to change as the stand becomes more decadent. These areas may actually be more resistant to fire as less fine fuels are available and the bare ground between the sagebrush plants is increased. Continued frequent and severe grazing or the removal of grazing does not seem to affect the composition or structure of the plant community. Plant diversity is moderate to poor. The plant vigor is diminished and replacement capabilities are limited due to the reduced number of cool-season grasses. Plant litter is noticeably less when compared to the HCPC. Soil erosion is accelerated because of increased bare ground. Water flow patterns and pedestalling are obvious. Infiltration is reduced and runoff is increased. Rill channels may be noticeable in the interspaces and gullies may be establishing where rills have concentrated down slope. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Brush management, followed by prescribed grazing, will return this plant community at or near the HCPC. If prescribed fire is used as a means to reduce or remove the shrubs, sufficient fine fuels will need to be present. This may require deferment from grazing prior to treatment. Post management is critical to ensure success. This can range from two or more years of rest to partial growing season deferment, depending on the condition of the understory at the time of treatment and the growing conditions following treatment. In the case of an intense wildfire that occurs when desirable plants are not completely dormant, the length of time required to reach the HCPC may be increased and seeding of natives is recommended. • Brush management, followed by frequent and severe grazing, will convert the plant community to the Blue Grama Sod Plant Community.

State 4
Blue grama Sod

Community 4.1
Blue grama Sod

This plant community is the result of frequent and severe yearlong grazing, which has adversely affected the perennial grasses as well as impacted the shrub component. Other factors that can affect the shrubs include drought, heavy browsing, wildfires, and/or human brush control measures. A dense sod of blue grama with patches of threadleaf sedge dominates this state. Pricklypear cactus can become dense enough in patches so that livestock cannot graze forage growing within the cactus clumps. Big sagebrush has been reduced to small patches or in some cases removed. Rubber rabbitbrush may be the sole remaining shrub on the site. When compared to the Historic Climax Plant Community, blue grama and threadleaf sedge,have increased. Pricklypear has invaded. All cool-season mid-grasses, forbs, and most shrubs have been greatly reduced. Production has been significantly decreased. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 200 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 100 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 300 lbs./acre in above average years. This sod is extremely resistant to change and continued frequent and severe grazing or the removal of grazing does not seem to affect the plant composition or structure of the plant community. The biotic integrity of this state is not functional and plant diversity is extremely low. The plant vigor is significantly weakened and replacement capabilities are limited due to the reduced number of cool-season grasses. This sod bound plant community is very resistant to water infiltration. While this sod protects the site itself, off-site areas are affected by excessive runoff that can cause rills and gully erosion. Water flow patterns are obvious in the bare ground areas and pedestalling is apparent along the sod edges. Rill channels are noticeable in the interspaces and down slope. The watershed may or may not be functioning, as runoff may affect adjoining sites. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Grazing land mechanical treatment (chiseling, etc.) and pricklypear cactus control (if needed), followed by prescribed grazing, and possibly seeding of natives will return this plant community to near Historic Climax Plant Community condition.

State 5
Salt Tolerant Shrub/ Bare Ground

Community 5.1
Salt Tolerant Shrub/ Bare Ground

This plant community can occur on sites subjected to frequent and severe grazing and on soils influenced by elevated amounts of soluble salts. Salt tolerant shrubs replace Wyoming big sagebrush as the major overstory species while the preferred cool season grasses have been eliminated or greatly reduced. Bare ground and weedy grasses and forbs dominate the understory. This state is dominated by an overstory of salt tolerant shrubs, such as greasewood, birdfoot sagebrush and saltbushes, which can vary widely in their composition and production. The leaves of some of these plants contain high amounts of sodium and other salts, and when shed these soluble salts are transferred to the soils underneath the plants. Consequently, the soil can exhibit wide variations in soluble salts, which can explain the variation in shrub composition. Big sagebrush and rubber rabbitbrush are present but are mostly in small patches. Perennial cool season mid-grasses have been removed leaving mostly patches of blue grama and annuals. Cheatgrass and weedy annual forbs such as halogeton, Russian thistle, and kochia, will occupy the site if a seed source is available. Noxious weeds such as Russian knapweed may also invade the site. Plant diversity is moderate to poor. When compared to the HCPC, grass production has diminished but is off set by the increase in shrub production. The interspaces between plants have expanded leaving the amount of bare ground more prevalent. Surface salts have increased, especially on sites dominated by greasewood and saltbushes. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 450 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 250 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 550 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is resistant to change. These areas are actually more resistant to fire as less fine fuels are available and the bare ground between the shrubs has increased. Continued frequent and severe grazing does not affect the composition or structure of the plant community. Plant diversity is moderate to poor. The biotic integrity of this state is mostly dysfunctional because of the predominant salt tolerant shrub overstory and absence of perennial cool-season grasses. Soil erosion is accelerated because of increased bare ground. Water flow patterns and pedestalling are obvious. Infiltration is reduced and runoff is increased. Rill channels may be noticeable in the interspaces and gullies may be establishing where rills have concentrated down slope. Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Prescribed grazing or possibly long-term prescribed grazing, will convert this plant community to the Salt Tolerant Shrub/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass Plant community. Recovery to near Historic Climax Plant Community condition is difficult to impossible due to the resistance of these shrubs to herbicides and other brush management techniques. In addition, the increase in surface salts has had accumulated effects on the soil so most of the herbaceous plants associated with the HCPC are no longer suitable for this site. The most notable exception is the rhizomatous wheatgrasses and bottlebrush squirreltail. Soil remediation to reduce the surface salts is not recommended, as this is mostly ineffective and extremely costly. Seeding more salt-tolerant native grasses and forbs will improve the productivity of site and plant cover.

State 6
Salt Tolerant Shrub/ Rhizomatous Wheatgrasses

Community 6.1
Salt Tolerant Shrub/ Rhizomatous Wheatgrasses

This plant community can occur where the Salt Tolerant/Bare Ground Plant Community is rested and a prescribed grazing management practice is implemented. Salt tolerant shrubs and Wyoming big sagebrush remain a significant component of the plant community but preferred cool season grasses have reestablished. This site is dominated by an overstory of a variety of shrubs, such as Wyoming big sagebrush, rubber rabbitbrush, greasewood, and a variety of saltbushes. Some perennial cool season mid-grasses have once again reestablished such as rhizomatous wheatgrasses and bottlebrush squirreltail. Other important grasses include prairie junegrass, Sandberg bluegrass and blue grama. Patches of annuals such as cheatgrass and other weedy annual forbs such as halogeton, Russian thistle, and kochia, will persist on this site. Noxious weeds such as Russian knapweed may also remain if not treated. The interspaces between plants will have diminished in size. When compared with the HCPC or the Perennial Grass/Big Sagebrush Plant Communities, the annual production is somewhat similar, but the plant species are mostly unique. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 650 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 400 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 800 lbs./acre in above average years. This plant community is mostly resistant to change, but species composition can be altered through long-term overgrazing. The herbaceous component is stable, but does not include most climax species. Plant vigor and replacement capabilities are sufficient. The biotic community is not intact because of the predominant salt tolerant shrub overstory and lack of climax grass species. Plant diversity is moderate. Soils are mostly stable and recent soil loss is minimal. This should not be confused with evidence of remnant erosion. Water flow patterns and litter movement is stable but is still occurring on steeper slopes. Incidence of pedestalling is improving. The watershed may or may not be functioning Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Frequent and severe grazing will convert the plant community to the Salt Tolerant Shrub/Bare Ground Plant Community. • Recovery to near Historic Climax Plant Community condition is difficult to impossible due to the resistance of these shrubs to herbicides and other brush management techniques. In addition, the increase in surface salts has had accumulated effects on the soil so most of the herbaceous plants associated with the HCPC are no longer suitable for this site. The most notable exception is the rhizomatous wheatgrasses and bottlebrush squirreltail. Soil remediation to reduce the surface salts is not recommended, as this is mostly ineffective and extremely costly. Seeding more salt-tolerant grasses and forbs will improve the productivity of site and plant cover, but will not improve the biotic integrity.