Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R035XC341AZ
Gypsum Hills 10-14" p.z. Calcareous
Accessed: 11/13/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 035X–Colorado Plateau
AZ CRA 35.3 – Colorado Plateau Sagebrush – Grasslands
Elevations range from 4500 to 6000 feet and precipitation averages 10 to 14 inches. Vegetation includes Wyoming big sagebrush, Utah juniper, Colorado pinyon - cliffrose, Mormon tea, fourwing saltbush, blackbrush Indian ricegrass, needle and thread, western wheatgrass Galleta, black grama, blue grama, and sand dropseed. The soil temperature regime is mesic and the soil moisture regime is ustic aridic. This unit occurs within the Colorado Plateau Physiographic Province and is characterized by a sequence of flat to gently dipping sedimentary rocks eroded into plateaus, valleys and deep canyons. Sedimentary rock classes dominate the plateau with volcanic fields occurring for the most part near its margin.
Associated sites
| R035XC308AZ |
Limestone/Sandstone Hills 10-14" p.z. |
|---|---|
| R035XC342AZ |
Gypsum Hills 10-14" p.z. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
(1) Juniperus osteosperma |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Coleogyne ramosissima |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Sporobolus nealleyi |
Physiographic features
This desert shrub-blackbrush site occurs in an upland position. It does not benefit from runin moisture, but excessive run-off can occur because of steep slopes. Landform and position are summits and backslopes of hills, plateaus, mesas and escarpments.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Hill
(2) Plateau (3) Mesa |
|---|---|
| Flooding frequency | None |
| Ponding frequency | None |
| Elevation | 1,280 – 1,829 m |
| Slope | 15 – 75% |
| Aspect | N, E |
Climatic features
Winter summer moisture ratios range from 70:30 to 60:40. Late spring is usually the driest period, and early fall moisture can be sporadic. Summer rains fall from June through September; moisture originates in the Gulf of Mexico and creates convective, usually brief, intense thunderstorms. Cool season moisture from October through May tends to be frontal; it originates in the Pacific and the Gulf of California and falls in widespread storms with longer duration and lower intensity. Precipitation generally comes as snow from December through February. Accumulations above 12 inches are not common but can occur. Snow usually lasts for 3-4 days, but can persist much longer. Summer daytime temperatures are commonly 95 - 100 F and on occasion exceed 105 F. Winter air temperatures can regularly go below 10 F and have been recorded below - 20 F.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 168 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 193 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 356 mm |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
Soil features
Moisture regime is ustic aridic; temperature regime is mesic. Subsoil textures are crystalline gypsum, gypsite. Geologic parent material is old tectonics that have shaped landform and exposed gypsum, parent material is formed in local alluvium derived from gypsum, influence of colluvial surface layer on soil properties is pronounced. pH range is 7.8-8.0.
Plant-soil moisture relationship is hindered by shallow depths and the gypsum content that make plant-available water capacity very low.
Major soils are in:
SSA-623 Shivwits Area MU's 50 & 75 Tanbark.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Parent material |
(1)
Alluvium
–
rock gypsum
|
|---|---|
| Surface texture |
(1) Cobbly loam (2) Very cobbly sandy loam |
| Drainage class | Well drained |
| Permeability class | Moderate |
| Soil depth | 5 – 36 cm |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 0 – 5% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 30 – 40% |
| Available water capacity (0-101.6cm) |
0.25 – 2.03 cm |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm) |
1 – 5% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-101.6cm) |
2 – 4 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 5 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm) |
7.4 – 8.4 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
0 – 5% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
0 – 10% |
Ecological dynamics
The plant communities found on an ecological site are naturally variable. Composition and production will vary with yearly conditions, location, aspect, and the natural variability of the soils. The Historical Climax Plant Community represents the natural potential plant communities found on relict or relatively undisturbed sites. Other plant communities described here represent plant communities that are known to occur when the site is disturbed by factors such as fire, grazing, or drought.
Production data provided in this site description is standardized to air dry weight at the end of the summer growing season. The plant communities described in this site description are based on near normal rainfall years.
NRCS uses a Similarity Index to compare existing plant communities to the plant communities described here. Similarity index is determined by comparing the production and composition of a plant community to the production and composition of a plant community described in this site description. To determine Similarity index, compare the production (air dry weight) of each species to that shown in the plant community description. For each species, count no more than the maximum amount shown for the species, and for each group, count no more than the maximum amount shown for each group. Divide the resulting total by the total normal year production shown in the plant community description. If the rainfall has ben significantly above or below normal, use the total production shown for above or below normal years. If field data is not collected at the end of the summer growing season, then the field data must be corrected to the end of the year production before comparing it to the site description. The growth curve can be used as a guide for estimating production at the end of the summer growing season.
State and transition model
Figure 4. Gypsum Hills, calcareous 10-14" pz = 035XC341AZ
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
Ecosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Historic Climax Plant Community
Community 1.1
Historic Climax Plant Community
This site is primarily desert shrubs (blackbrush, cliffrose, ephedra and rabbitbrush). Scattered pockets of perennial grasses (gyp dropseed, galleta, bottlebrush squirreltail, Indian ricegrass) are present, as are perennial forbs such as globemallow and desert trumpet. Annuals can be a significant component if winter-spring moisture is favorable. Typical perennial plant spacing is 1.5-2.0 feet. Because of the scattered canopy cover an sparse understory, this site does not have a history of regular fire disturbance. Blackbrush plant communities are often quite old and tend to be stable. If it is severely disturbed, this site will revert to an early seral stage of mostly annuals, including an increase of cheatgrass brome, broom snakeweed and rabbitbrush. A more advanced plant community will contain scattered desert shrubs and a small increase in perennial grasses, with little regeneration of blackbrush. It is speculated that blackbrush communities evolved under a different climatic regime, and once removed will not readily return to the site.
Figure 5. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (kg/hectare) |
Representative value (kg/hectare) |
High (kg/hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shrub/Vine | 219 | 303 | 392 |
| Forb | 27 | 39 | 50 |
| Grass/Grasslike | 28 | 39 | 50 |
| Tree | 7 | 10 | 13 |
| Total | 281 | 391 | 505 |
Table 6. Ground cover
| Tree foliar cover | 0-1% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover | 5-20% |
| Grass/grasslike foliar cover | 0-1% |
| Forb foliar cover | 0-1% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0-10% |
| Litter | 0% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 0% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 0% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 0% |
Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
| Height Above Ground (m) | Tree | Shrub/Vine | Grass/ Grasslike |
Forb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.15 | – | – | – | – |
| >0.15 <= 0.3 | – | – | 0-1% | 0-1% |
| >0.3 <= 0.6 | – | – | – | – |
| >0.6 <= 1.4 | – | 5-20% | – | – |
| >1.4 <= 4 | 0-1% | – | – | – |
| >4 <= 12 | – | – | – | – |
| >12 <= 24 | – | – | – | – |
| >24 <= 37 | – | – | – | – |
| >37 | – | – | – | – |
Figure 6. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3503, 35.3 10-14" p.z. galleta. Growth begins in spring, most growth occurs during summer and early fall rainy season. Plants will green up again in the fall..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 20 | 15 | 20 | 30 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3504, 35.3 10-14" p.z. bottlebrush squirreltail. Growth occurs in late winter, spring, and fall. Plants often remain green through the winter..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 5 | 15 | 35 | 25 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 8. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3505, 35.3 10-14" p.z. Indian ricegrass. Growth begins in spring, with semi-dormancy occurring during July through August. Plants will green up again in the fall..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 10 | 20 | 25 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3531, 35.3 10-14" p.z. all sites. Growth begins in the spring and continues through the summer..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 1 | 3 | 17 | 18 | 10 | 19 | 20 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3533, Nevada mormon tea. Grows mainly in spring and early summer..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 5 | 25 | 25 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 11. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3535, 35.3 10-14" p.z. gyp dropseed. Growth occurs mostly during the summer rainy season..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 30 | 50 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 12. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3563, 35.3 10-14" p.z. fourwing saltbush. Growth occurs in late spring through summer..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 25 | 35 | 25 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 13. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ5105, Blackbrush. Cool season grower, shuts down quickly when it gets hot..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 5 | 20 | 50 | 20 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Additional community tables
Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (kg/hectare) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Tree
|
||||||
| 0 | 0–20 | |||||
| Utah juniper | JUOS | Juniperus osteosperma | 0–20 | – | ||
| twoneedle pinyon | PIED | Pinus edulis | 0–20 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 0 | 39–78 | |||||
| blackbrush | CORA | Coleogyne ramosissima | 39–78 | – | ||
| 5 | 6–11 | |||||
| Nevada jointfir | EPNE | Ephedra nevadensis | 20–59 | – | ||
| mormon tea | EPVI | Ephedra viridis | 20–59 | – | ||
| Fredonia buckwheat | ERMO9 | Eriogonum mortonianum | 20–59 | – | ||
| rubber rabbitbrush | ERNAG | Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. glabrata | 20–59 | – | ||
| Bigelow sage | ARBI3 | Artemisia bigelovii | 20–34 | – | ||
| Stansbury cliffrose | PUST | Purshia stansburiana | 20–34 | – | ||
| fourwing saltbush | ATCA2 | Atriplex canescens | 19–31 | – | ||
| yellow rabbitbrush | CHVI8 | Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus | 7–17 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 6–11 | – | ||
| 6 | 4–12 | |||||
| plains pricklypear | OPPO | Opuntia polyacantha | 4–12 | – | ||
| banana yucca | YUBA | Yucca baccata | 4–12 | – | ||
| 7 | 4–12 | |||||
| Bigelow sage | ARBI3 | Artemisia bigelovii | 59–99 | – | ||
| fourwing saltbush | ATCA2 | Atriplex canescens | 59–99 | – | ||
| Stansbury cliffrose | PUST | Purshia stansburiana | 20–59 | – | ||
| Shrub (>.5m) | 2SHRUB | Shrub (>.5m) | 4–12 | – | ||
| Wyoming big sagebrush | ARTRW8 | Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis | 4–12 | – | ||
| winterfat | KRLA2 | Krascheninnikovia lanata | 4–12 | – | ||
| water jacket | LYAN | Lycium andersonii | 4–12 | – | ||
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 0 | 4–20 | |||||
| gyp dropseed | SPNE | Sporobolus nealleyi | 4–20 | – | ||
| 1 | 8–20 | |||||
| Indian ricegrass | ACHY | Achnatherum hymenoides | 8–20 | – | ||
| squirreltail | ELELE | Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides | 8–20 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 0–8 | – | ||
| desert needlegrass | ACSP12 | Achnatherum speciosum | 0–8 | – | ||
| 2 | 4–20 | |||||
| James' galleta | PLJA | Pleuraphis jamesii | 4–20 | – | ||
| 3 | 0–4 | |||||
| Grass, annual | 2GA | Grass, annual | 0–20 | – | ||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–4 | – | ||
| low woollygrass | DAPU7 | Dasyochloa pulchella | 0–4 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 0–4 | – | ||
| burrograss | SCBR2 | Scleropogon brevifolius | 0–4 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 0 | 8–28 | |||||
| desert trumpet | ERIN4 | Eriogonum inflatum | 8–28 | – | ||
| globemallow | SPHAE | Sphaeralcea | 8–28 | – | ||
| desert needlegrass | ACSP12 | Achnatherum speciosum | 0–8 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 0–8 | – | ||
| 4 | 4–20 | |||||
| Forb, annual | 2FA | Forb, annual | 8–28 | – | ||
| lettuce | LACTU | Lactuca | 8–28 | – | ||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 4–20 | – | ||
| aster | ASTER | Aster | 4–20 | – | ||
| pepperweed | LEPID | Lepidium | 4–20 | – | ||
| desert princesplume | STPI | Stanleya pinnata | 4–20 | – | ||
| lettuce | LACTU | Lactuca | 2–11 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
Steep slopes, lack of water and low production of palatable forage limit livestock use of this site. Winter use can be greater due to the more palatable shrub component. This site is rarely found as an extensive area of land - more commonly, small areas are intermixed with other economical uses.
This is mostly winter range for mule deer, and not extensively used. Prescribed burning can improve shrub variety and quantity, but it is difficult to accomplish. Management should be concentrated on prescribed burning and limiting off-road vehicular use.
Potential species present on this site are great horned owl, black-throated sparrow, gopher snake, leopard lizard, coyote, white-throated antelope squirrel, red-tailed hawk, common raven, western rattlesnake, fringed myotis, mule deer, golden eagle, rock wren, collared lizard, deer mouse, badger, and blacktailed rabbit.
Recreational uses
Hiking, hunting, photography and wildlife observations are recreational activities for this site.
Other information
Aspect differences near MLRA boundaries: Near the lower elevation limit, this site may more closely resemble the thermic site D30-2 Gypsum Hills 9-12" pz on hotter south and west faces. Production will decrease and the blackbrush component may increase. At the upper elevation ent the trees, big sagebrush, cliffrose and ephedra components will likely increase while blackbrush decreases.
Supporting information
Type locality
| Location 1: Mohave County, AZ | |
|---|---|
| Township/Range/Section | T40N R12W S14 |
| General legal description | Wolf Hole Mountain East 7.5 quad. |
Other references
Sampling Technique EC GC FC PC
NRCS Range 417 1
NRCS AZ Range-1 2 2
NRCS Dry-Weight Rank 2 1
Contributors
Larry D. Ellicott
Steve Barker
UNKNOWN
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | |
| Date | |
| Approved by | |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
-
Presence of water flow patterns:
-
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
-
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
-
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
-
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
-
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
-
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
-
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
-
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
-
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
-
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
-
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
-
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
-
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
Print Options
Sections
Font
Other
The Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.