Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R038XA108AZ
Clayey Slopes 12-16" p.z.
Last updated: 5/07/2020
Accessed: 12/22/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 038X–Mogollon Transition South
AZ 38.1 – Lower Mogollon Transition
Elevations range from 3000 to 4500 feet and precipitation averages 12 to 16 inches per year. Vegetation includes canotia, one-seed juniper, mesquite, catclaw acacia, jojoba, turbinella oak, ratany, shrubby buckwheat, algerita, skunkbush, tobosa, vine mesquite, bottlebrush squirreltail, grama species, curly mesquite, desert needlegrass and New Mexico feathergrass. The soil temperature regime is thermic and the soil moisture regime is ustic aridic. This unit occurs within the Transition Zone Physiographic Province and is characterized by canyons and structural troughs or valleys. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock classes occur on rough mountainous terrain in association with less extensive sediment filled valleys exhibiting little integrated drainage.
Associated sites
| R038XA103AZ |
Clay Loam Upland 12-16" p.z. |
|---|---|
| R038XA106AZ |
Limy Upland 12-16" p.z. |
| R038XA126AZ |
Limy Slopes 12-16" p.z. |
Similar sites
| R040XA103AZ |
Clayey Slopes 10"-13" p.z. |
|---|---|
| R041XB216AZ |
Clayey Slopes 8-12" p.z. |
| R041XC303AZ |
Clayey Slopes 12-16" p.z. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) simmondsia chinensis |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Pleuraphis mutica |
Physiographic features
This site occurs at the lowest elevations of the interior chaparral zone in the Mogollon Transition area. It occurs in an upland position; on steep hill slopes and ridges.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Hill
(2) Scarp slope (3) Ridge |
|---|---|
| Flooding frequency | None |
| Elevation | 945 – 1,402 m |
| Slope | 15 – 45% |
| Aspect | N, E, S |
Climatic features
Precipitation in this common resource area averages 12 to 16 inches annually. The winter-summer rainfall ratio ranges from about 60/40% in the northwest part of the area to 50/50% in the southeast part. Summer rains fall July through September; are from high-intensity, convective thunderstorms. This moisture originates primarily from the Gulf of Mexico, but can come from the remnants of Pacific hurricanes in September. Winter moisture is frontal, originates in the north Pacific, and falls as rain or snow in widespread storms of low intensity and long duration. Snowfall ranges from a trace to 10 inches per year and can occur from November through March. Snow seldom persists for more than a day except on north aspects. May and June are the driest months of the year. Humidity is generally low all year. Average annual air temperatures range from 59 to 70 degrees F (thermic temperature regime). Daytime temperatures in the summer are commonly in the high 90’s. Freezing temperatures are common from October through April, usually during the night or early morning hours. The actual precipitation, available moisture and temperature vary, depending on, region, elevation, rain shadow effect and aspect.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 230 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 285 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 406 mm |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
There are no water features associated with this site.
Soil features
These soils are moderately deep to deep (30-60 inches) and dark colored in the surface (6-12 inches). They are clayey textured, gravelly and well drained. They have formed in alluvium and colluvium from a variety of parent materials. Soil surfaces are well covered by gravels, cobbles and/or stones. The erosion hazard is moderate due to gravel, cobble and rock covers and clayey textures. Soils mapped to date on this site include: SSA-627 Mohave County Southern Part MU Wagonbow-41; SSA-637 Yavapai County Western Part MU's ARP-ArD & AwE, Gaddesl-GwD, Jacks-JaD, Lonti-LkD, LnF, LoD & LrD, Thunderbird-TdE & VtE; SSA-663 Gila-Duncan Area MU Aravaipa-3; SSA-675 San Carlos Indian Reservation MU's Eloma-595 & Ryallen-505.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Surface texture |
(1) Gravelly loam (2) Very gravelly loam (3) Very gravelly clay loam |
|---|---|
| Family particle size |
(1) Clayey |
| Drainage class | Well drained |
| Permeability class | Moderately slow to slow |
| Soil depth | 76 – 152 cm |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 35 – 60% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 1 – 15% |
| Available water capacity (0-101.6cm) |
7.62 – 16.51 cm |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm) |
1 – 15% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 2 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 2 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm) |
7 – 8.2 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
35 – 55% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
0 – 10% |
Ecological dynamics
The historic native plant community is dominated by tobosa and other perennial warm season grasses with a mixture of desert shrubs, half shrubs, succulents and forbs. This includes a diverse flora of native annual grasses and forbs of both the winter and summer seasons. Periodic wildfires occurred at moderate intervals (15 to 30 years) and helped to maintain a balance between grasses and shrubs. The interactions of drought, fire and continuous livestock grazing can, over time, result in the loss of palatable grasses, half shrubs and suffrutescent forbs on this site. The lack of fire for very long periods can lead to increases in large shrubs/succulents like prickly pear, and whitethorn acacia. Trees like juniper, mesquite and canotia can increase as well. In some situations non-native annuals can dominate the site. These species can, over time, diminish the soil seed-bank of native annual species. Non-native annuals can act to increase the fire frequency of areas of the site near roads and urban areas, where the incidence of man-made fires is high.
State and transition model
Figure 4. MLRA 39 (17-22"), Meadow
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Native Midgrass State
Community 1.1
Historic Native Plant Community
The historic native plant community is dominated by tobosa and other warm season perennial grasses with a mixture of desert shrubs, half-shrubs, suffrutescent forbs and succulents. A rich flora of native annual forbs and grasses, of both the winter and summer seasons, exist in the plant community. Natural fires, which burned at moderate intervals in this region, helped to maintain a balance between perennial grasses and shrubs.
Figure 5. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (kg/hectare) |
Representative value (kg/hectare) |
High (kg/hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 359 | 673 | 986 |
| Shrub/Vine | 39 | 168 | 342 |
| Forb | 8 | 56 | 213 |
| Tree | – | 17 | 84 |
| Total | 406 | 914 | 1625 |
Table 6. Soil surface cover
| Tree basal cover | 0-1% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana basal cover | 2-5% |
| Grass/grasslike basal cover | 6-12% |
| Forb basal cover | 0-1% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 1-5% |
| Litter | 15-65% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 35-60% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 1-15% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 5-35% |
Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
| Height Above Ground (m) | Tree | Shrub/Vine | Grass/ Grasslike |
Forb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.15 | – | 1-5% | 1-10% | 0-10% |
| >0.15 <= 0.3 | – | 2-10% | 5-10% | 1-15% |
| >0.3 <= 0.6 | – | 1-2% | 10-20% | 0-5% |
| >0.6 <= 1.4 | – | 1-5% | 0-5% | 0-2% |
| >1.4 <= 4 | 0-5% | 0-2% | – | – |
| >4 <= 12 | 0-2% | – | – | – |
| >12 <= 24 | – | – | – | – |
| >24 <= 37 | – | – | – | – |
| >37 | – | – | – | – |
Figure 6. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3811, 38.1 12-16" p.z. all sites. Growth begins in the spring, most growth occurs in the summer..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 15 | 20 | 22 | 20 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
State 2
Short Grass State
Community 2.1
Short Grass Plant Community
Tobosa is removed from the plant community over time due to the interactions of fire, continuous grazing and drought. When the canopy cover of tobosa drops below 5% and the distribution of that cover is poor (clumped) then tobosa will not be able to recover on the site. Short grasses; especially curly mesquite and including slender and hairy grama will dominate the herbaceous layer of the plant community. These species fluctuate widely from drought to wet years.
State 3
Exotic Annual Invaded State
Community 3.1
Exotic Annual Invaded Plant Community
Non-native annual grasses like red brome, wild oats, mediterranean grass (schismus) and cheatgrass can invade and dominate areas of the site. These species can, over time, reduce the seed-bank of native annual grasses and forbs. Their presence can increase the fire frequency (of man made fires) especially where roads and urban areas are adjacent to areas of the site. Repeated fires tend to remove the native shrub, grass and forb canopy.
State 4
Shrub Increased State
Community 4.1
Shrub Increased Plant Community
In the absence of fire for long periods of time and with continuous grazing, shrubs like mesquite and whitethorn acacia and succulents like prickly pear and banana yucca can increase to dominate the plant community. Trees including oneseed and redberry juniper and canotia can increase also. Perennial grasses and forbs cannot recover in the face of increased shrub competition.
State 5
Eroded State
Community 5.1
Eroded Plant Community
Shrubs like mesquite and whitethorn acacia; trees like juniper and canotia; and succulents like prickly pear and banana yucca can increase to dominate the site. Non-native annual forbs and grasses dominate the under-story. In "El Nino" years herbaceous fuels are sufficient for burning and repeat fires are especially common in areas close to residential zones and roads. Extreme rainfall events coupled with the fire, drought and grazing interaction, can lead to rilling of steep slopes. Compaction of soils can occur with heavy trailing from continuous livestock use. Loss of plant cover after repeated fire can lead to accelerated sheet and rill erosion under these circumstances.
Additional community tables
Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (kg/hectare) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Dominant perennial grasses | 336–673 | ||||
| tobosagrass | PLMU3 | Pleuraphis mutica | 280–560 | – | ||
| big galleta | PLRI3 | Pleuraphis rigida | 0–112 | – | ||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 56–112 | – | ||
| 2 | Cool season grasses | 1–34 | ||||
| squirreltail | ELEL5 | Elymus elymoides | 1–22 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 0–22 | – | ||
| desert needlegrass | ACSP12 | Achnatherum speciosum | 0–6 | – | ||
| 3 | Misc. perennial grasses | 11–112 | ||||
| curly-mesquite | HIBE | Hilaria belangeri | 34–168 | – | ||
| hairy grama | BOHI2 | Bouteloua hirsuta | 0–56 | – | ||
| slender grama | BORE2 | Bouteloua repens | 0–56 | – | ||
| red grama | BOTR2 | Bouteloua trifida | 0–22 | – | ||
| black grama | BOER4 | Bouteloua eriopoda | 0–17 | – | ||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 0–17 | – | ||
| Hall's panicgrass | PAHA | Panicum hallii | 0–17 | – | ||
| Parish's threeawn | ARPUP5 | Aristida purpurea var. parishii | 0–17 | – | ||
| spidergrass | ARTE3 | Aristida ternipes | 0–17 | – | ||
| purple threeawn | ARPU9 | Aristida purpurea | 0–11 | – | ||
| Fendler threeawn | ARPUL | Aristida purpurea var. longiseta | 0–11 | – | ||
| plains bristlegrass | SEVU2 | Setaria vulpiseta | 0–6 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 0–6 | – | ||
| green sprangletop | LEDU | Leptochloa dubia | 0–6 | – | ||
| bush muhly | MUPO2 | Muhlenbergia porteri | 0–6 | – | ||
| Arizona cottontop | DICA8 | Digitaria californica | 0–6 | – | ||
| cane bluestem | BOBA3 | Bothriochloa barbinodis | 0–6 | – | ||
| fall witchgrass | DICO6 | Digitaria cognata | 0–2 | – | ||
| slim tridens | TRMU | Tridens muticus | 0–2 | – | ||
| plains lovegrass | ERIN | Eragrostis intermedia | 0–1 | – | ||
| tanglehead | HECO10 | Heteropogon contortus | 0–1 | – | ||
| spidergrass | ARTEG | Aristida ternipes var. gentilis | 0–1 | – | ||
| 4 | Annual grasses | 2–168 | ||||
| sixweeks fescue | VUOC | Vulpia octoflora | 1–56 | – | ||
| mucronate sprangeltop | LEPAB | Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata | 0–28 | – | ||
| small fescue | VUMI | Vulpia microstachys | 0–22 | – | ||
| sixweeks threeawn | ARAD | Aristida adscensionis | 1–22 | – | ||
| Mexican panicgrass | PAHI5 | Panicum hirticaule | 0–17 | – | ||
| Arizona signalgrass | URAR | Urochloa arizonica | 0–17 | – | ||
| Eastwood fescue | VUMIC | Vulpia microstachys var. ciliata | 0–11 | – | ||
| Rothrock's grama | BORO2 | Bouteloua rothrockii | 0–11 | – | ||
| witchgrass | PACA6 | Panicum capillare | 0–6 | – | ||
| prairie threeawn | AROL | Aristida oligantha | 0–6 | – | ||
| delicate muhly | MUFR | Muhlenbergia fragilis | 0–2 | – | ||
| littleseed muhly | MUMI | Muhlenbergia microsperma | 0–2 | – | ||
| Arizona brome | BRAR4 | Bromus arizonicus | 0–2 | – | ||
| feather fingergrass | CHVI4 | Chloris virgata | 0–2 | – | ||
| canyon cupgrass | ERLE7 | Eriochloa lemmonii | 0–1 | – | ||
| tufted lovegrass | ERPE | Eragrostis pectinacea | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert lovegrass | ERPEM | Eragrostis pectinacea var. miserrima | 0–1 | – | ||
| little barley | HOPU | Hordeum pusillum | 0–1 | – | ||
| Mexican sprangletop | LEFUU | Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia | 0–1 | – | ||
| Bigelow's bluegrass | POBI | Poa bigelovii | 0–1 | – | ||
| needle grama | BOAR | Bouteloua aristidoides | 0–1 | – | ||
| sixweeks grama | BOBA2 | Bouteloua barbata | 0–1 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | Perennial forbs | 6–45 | ||||
| desert globemallow | SPAM2 | Sphaeralcea ambigua | 1–11 | – | ||
| brownplume wirelettuce | STPA4 | Stephanomeria pauciflora | 1–6 | – | ||
| largeflower onion | ALMA4 | Allium macropetalum | 0–6 | – | ||
| weakleaf bur ragweed | AMCO3 | Ambrosia confertiflora | 1–6 | – | ||
| tuber anemone | ANTU | Anemone tuberosa | 0–6 | – | ||
| bluedicks | DICA14 | Dichelostemma capitatum | 1–6 | – | ||
| slender janusia | JAGR | Janusia gracilis | 0–6 | – | ||
| wishbone-bush | MILAV | Mirabilis laevis var. villosa | 0–2 | – | ||
| perennial rockcress | ARPE2 | Arabis perennans | 1–2 | – | ||
| Coues' cassia | SECO10 | Senna covesii | 0–2 | – | ||
| Gila manroot | MAGI | Marah gilensis | 0–2 | – | ||
| lacy tansyaster | MAPI | Machaeranthera pinnatifida | 0–2 | – | ||
| plains blackfoot | MELE2 | Melampodium leucanthum | 0–1 | – | ||
| Lemmon's ragwort | SELE8 | Senecio lemmonii | 0–1 | – | ||
| New Mexico fanpetals | SINE | Sida neomexicana | 0–1 | – | ||
| silverleaf nightshade | SOEL | Solanum elaeagnifolium | 0–1 | – | ||
| branched noseburn | TRRA5 | Tragia ramosa | 0–1 | – | ||
| Louisiana vetch | VILUL2 | Vicia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana | 0–1 | – | ||
| dense ayenia | AYMI | Ayenia microphylla | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert marigold | BAMU | Baileya multiradiata | 0–1 | – | ||
| scarlet spiderling | BOCO | Boerhavia coccinea | 0–1 | – | ||
| climbing wartclub | BOSC | Boerhavia scandens | 0–1 | – | ||
| wavyleaf Indian paintbrush | CAAPM | Castilleja applegatei ssp. martinii | 0–1 | – | ||
| Arizona wrightwort | CAAR7 | Carlowrightia arizonica | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert mariposa lily | CAKE | Calochortus kennedyi | 0–1 | – | ||
| sego lily | CANU3 | Calochortus nuttallii | 0–1 | – | ||
| leatherweed | CRPO5 | Croton pottsii | 0–1 | – | ||
| Gregg's prairie clover | DAGR2 | Dalea greggii | 0–1 | – | ||
| Cooley's bundleflower | DECO2 | Desmanthus cooleyi | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert larkspur | DEPA | Delphinium parishii | 0–1 | – | ||
| tall mountain larkspur | DESC | Delphinium scaposum | 0–1 | – | ||
| narrowleaf silverbush | ARLA12 | Argythamnia lanceolata | 0–1 | – | ||
| white sagebrush | ARLUM2 | Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. mexicana | 0–1 | – | ||
| New Mexico silverbush | ARNE2 | Argythamnia neomexicana | 0–1 | – | ||
| dwarf desertpeony | ACNA2 | Acourtia nana | 0–1 | – | ||
| brownfoot | ACWR5 | Acourtia wrightii | 0–1 | – | ||
| San Felipe dogweed | ADPO | Adenophyllum porophylloides | 0–1 | – | ||
| trailing windmills | ALIN | Allionia incarnata | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert tobacco | NIOB | Nicotiana obtusifolia | 0–1 | – | ||
| New Mexico groundsel | PANE7 | Packera neomexicana | 0–1 | – | ||
| Oak Creek ragwort | PAQU8 | Packera quercetorum | 0–1 | – | ||
| toadflax penstemon | PELI2 | Penstemon linarioides | 0–1 | – | ||
| Parry's beardtongue | PEPA24 | Penstemon parryi | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert penstemon | PEPS | Penstemon pseudospectabilis | 0–1 | – | ||
| orange fameflower | PHAU13 | Phemeranthus aurantiacus | 0–1 | – | ||
| slender poreleaf | POGR5 | Porophyllum gracile | 0–1 | – | ||
| glandleaf milkwort | POMA7 | Polygala macradenia | 0–1 | – | ||
| canaigre dock | RUHY | Rumex hymenosepalus | 0–1 | – | ||
| twinleaf senna | SEBA3 | Senna bauhinioides | 0–1 | – | ||
| ragged nettlespurge | JAMA | Jatropha macrorhiza | 0–1 | – | ||
| longflower tube tongue | JULO3 | Justicia longii | 0–1 | – | ||
| Wright's deervetch | LOWR | Lotus wrightii | 0–1 | – | ||
| fleabane | ERIGE2 | Erigeron | 0–1 | – | ||
| Mojave spurge | EUSC6 | Euphorbia schizoloba | 0–1 | – | ||
| southwestern mock vervain | GLGO | Glandularia gooddingii | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert rosemallow | HICO | Hibiscus coulteri | 0–1 | – | ||
| 6 | Annual forbs | 2–168 | ||||
| California poppy | ESCAM | Eschscholzia californica ssp. mexicana | 0–56 | – | ||
| longleaf false goldeneye | HELOA2 | Heliomeris longifolia var. annua | 1–28 | – | ||
| coastal bird's-foot trefoil | LOSA | Lotus salsuginosus | 0–17 | – | ||
| Coulter's lupine | LUSP2 | Lupinus sparsiflorus | 0–17 | – | ||
| Arizona popcornflower | PLAR | Plagiobothrys arizonicus | 0–17 | – | ||
| Coulter's spiderling | BOCO2 | Boerhavia coulteri | 0–17 | – | ||
| exserted Indian paintbrush | CAEXE | Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta | 0–11 | – | ||
| bristly fiddleneck | AMTE3 | Amsinckia tessellata | 0–11 | – | ||
| western tansymustard | DEPI | Descurainia pinnata | 0–11 | – | ||
| Arizona poppy | KAGR | Kallstroemia grandiflora | 0–11 | – | ||
| thelypody | THELY | Thelypodium | 0–11 | – | ||
| woolly tidestromia | TILA2 | Tidestromia lanuginosa | 0–6 | – | ||
| phacelia | PHACE | Phacelia | 0–6 | – | ||
| shaggyfruit pepperweed | LELA | Lepidium lasiocarpum | 0–6 | – | ||
| foothill deervetch | LOHU2 | Lotus humistratus | 0–6 | – | ||
| desertparsley | LOMAT | Lomatium | 0–6 | – | ||
| New Mexico plumeseed | RANE | Rafinesquia neomexicana | 0–6 | – | ||
| desert Indianwheat | PLOV | Plantago ovata | 0–6 | – | ||
| woolly plantain | PLPA2 | Plantago patagonica | 0–6 | – | ||
| slender goldenweed | MAGR10 | Machaeranthera gracilis | 0–6 | – | ||
| tanseyleaf tansyaster | MATA2 | Machaeranthera tanacetifolia | 0–6 | – | ||
| pitseed goosefoot | CHBE4 | Chenopodium berlandieri | 0–6 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–6 | – | ||
| fivewing spiderling | BOIN | Boerhavia intermedia | 0–6 | – | ||
| hyssopleaf sandmat | CHHY3 | Chamaesyce hyssopifolia | 0–2 | – | ||
| New Mexico thistle | CINE | Cirsium neomexicanum | 0–2 | – | ||
| miner's lettuce | CLPEP | Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata | 0–2 | – | ||
| wedgeleaf draba | DRCU | Draba cuneifolia | 0–2 | – | ||
| American wild carrot | DAPU3 | Daucus pusillus | 0–2 | – | ||
| sorrel buckwheat | ERPO4 | Eriogonum polycladon | 0–2 | – | ||
| purslane | PORTU | Portulaca | 0–2 | – | ||
| Thurber's pepperweed | LETH2 | Lepidium thurberi | 0–2 | – | ||
| spurge | EUPHO | Euphorbia | 0–2 | – | ||
| crestrib morning-glory | IPCO2 | Ipomoea costellata | 0–2 | – | ||
| sawtooth sage | SASU7 | Salvia subincisa | 0–2 | – | ||
| spreading fanpetals | SIAB | Sida abutifolia | 0–2 | – | ||
| sleepy silene | SIAN2 | Silene antirrhina | 0–2 | – | ||
| woollyhead neststraw | STMI2 | Stylocline micropoides | 0–1 | – | ||
| sand fringepod | THCU | Thysanocarpus curvipes | 0–1 | – | ||
| redstar | IPCO3 | Ipomoea coccinea | 0–1 | – | ||
| ivyleaf morning-glory | IPHE | Ipomoea hederacea | 0–1 | – | ||
| star gilia | GIST | Gilia stellata | 0–1 | – | ||
| California goldfields | LACA7 | Lasthenia californica | 0–1 | – | ||
| Gordon's bladderpod | LEGO | Lesquerella gordonii | 0–1 | – | ||
| Fendler's desertdandelion | MAFE | Malacothrix fendleri | 0–1 | – | ||
| Arizona lupine | LUAR4 | Lupinus arizonicus | 0–1 | – | ||
| miniature lupine | LUBI | Lupinus bicolor | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert unicorn-plant | PRAL4 | Proboscidea althaeifolia | 0–1 | – | ||
| doubleclaw | PRPA2 | Proboscidea parviflora | 0–1 | – | ||
| chia | SACO6 | Salvia columbariae | 0–1 | – | ||
| creamcups | PLCA5 | Platystemon californicus | 0–1 | – | ||
| whitestem blazingstar | MEAL6 | Mentzelia albicaulis | 0–1 | – | ||
| green carpetweed | MOVE | Mollugo verticillata | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert evening primrose | OEPR | Oenothera primiveris | 0–1 | – | ||
| Florida pellitory | PAFL3 | Parietaria floridana | 0–1 | – | ||
| combseed | PECTO | Pectocarya | 0–1 | – | ||
| manybristle chinchweed | PEPA2 | Pectis papposa | 0–1 | – | ||
| Texas stork's bill | ERTE13 | Erodium texanum | 0–1 | – | ||
| sacred thorn-apple | DAWR2 | Datura wrightii | 0–1 | – | ||
| flatcrown buckwheat | ERDE6 | Eriogonum deflexum | 0–1 | – | ||
| miniature woollystar | ERDI2 | Eriastrum diffusum | 0–1 | – | ||
| spreading fleabane | ERDI4 | Erigeron divergens | 0–1 | – | ||
| scrambled eggs | COAU2 | Corydalis aurea | 0–1 | – | ||
| cryptantha | CRYPT | Cryptantha | 0–1 | – | ||
| Esteve's pincushion | CHST | Chaenactis stevioides | 0–1 | – | ||
| brittle spineflower | CHBR | Chorizanthe brevicornu | 0–1 | – | ||
| hoary bowlesia | BOIN3 | Bowlesia incana | 0–1 | – | ||
| yellow tackstem | CAPA7 | Calycoseris parryi | 0–1 | – | ||
| white tackstem | CAWR | Calycoseris wrightii | 0–1 | – | ||
| annual agoseris | AGHE2 | Agoseris heterophylla | 0–1 | – | ||
| carelessweed | AMPA | Amaranthus palmeri | 0–1 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 7 | Evergreen shrubs | 11–112 | ||||
| Sonoran scrub oak | QUTU2 | Quercus turbinella | 1–56 | – | ||
| jojoba | SICH | Simmondsia chinensis | 1–56 | – | ||
| longleaf jointfir | EPTR | Ephedra trifurca | 0–6 | – | ||
| red barberry | MAHA4 | Mahonia haematocarpa | 0–2 | – | ||
| algerita | MATR3 | Mahonia trifoliolata | 0–2 | – | ||
| redberry buckthorn | RHCR | Rhamnus crocea | 0–1 | – | ||
| 8 | Miscellaneous large shrubs | 2–28 | ||||
| whitethorn acacia | ACCO2 | Acacia constricta | 1–11 | – | ||
| catclaw acacia | ACGR | Acacia greggii | 1–6 | – | ||
| catclaw mimosa | MIACB | Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera | 0–2 | – | ||
| blue paloverde | PAFL6 | Parkinsonia florida | 0–2 | – | ||
| yellow paloverde | PAMI5 | Parkinsonia microphylla | 0–1 | – | ||
| littleleaf sumac | RHMI3 | Rhus microphylla | 0–1 | – | ||
| skunkbush sumac | RHTR | Rhus trilobata | 0–1 | – | ||
| Arizona necklacepod | SOAR3 | Sophora arizonica | 0–1 | – | ||
| lotebush | ZIOBC | Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens | 0–1 | – | ||
| Wright's beebrush | ALWR | Aloysia wrightii | 0–1 | – | ||
| desert sweet | CHMI2 | Chamaebatiaria millefolium | 0–1 | – | ||
| ocotillo | FOSP2 | Fouquieria splendens | 0–1 | – | ||
| snapdragon penstemon | KEANM | Keckiella antirrhinoides ssp. microphylla | 0–1 | – | ||
| water jacket | LYAN | Lycium andersonii | 0–1 | – | ||
| Berlandier's wolfberry | LYBE | Lycium berlandieri | 0–1 | – | ||
| Arizona desert-thorn | LYEX | Lycium exsertum | 0–1 | – | ||
| whitethorn acacia | ACCOP9 | Acacia constricta var. paucispina | 0–1 | – | ||
| 9 | Dominant half shrubs | 17–112 | ||||
| fairyduster | CAER | Calliandra eriophylla | 11–67 | – | ||
| bastardsage | ERWR | Eriogonum wrightii | 1–17 | – | ||
| littleleaf ratany | KRER | Krameria erecta | 1–11 | – | ||
| rough menodora | MESC | Menodora scabra | 0–11 | – | ||
| prairie acacia | ACAN | Acacia angustissima | 0–2 | – | ||
| Coulter's brickellbush | BRCO | Brickellia coulteri | 0–1 | – | ||
| Eastern Mojave buckwheat | ERFA2 | Eriogonum fasciculatum | 0–1 | – | ||
| 10 | Succulents | 6–62 | ||||
| cactus apple | OPEN3 | Opuntia engelmannii | 6–22 | – | ||
| sacahuista | NOMI | Nolina microcarpa | 0–11 | – | ||
| tulip pricklypear | OPPH | Opuntia phaeacantha | 0–11 | – | ||
| banana yucca | YUBA | Yucca baccata | 1–6 | – | ||
| Christmas cactus | CYLE8 | Cylindropuntia leptocaulis | 0–2 | – | ||
| walkingstick cactus | CYSP8 | Cylindropuntia spinosior | 0–2 | – | ||
| goldenflower century plant | AGCH2 | Agave chrysantha | 0–2 | – | ||
| Palmer's century plant | AGPA3 | Agave palmeri | 0–2 | – | ||
| saguaro | CAGI10 | Carnegiea gigantea | 0–2 | – | ||
| buck-horn cholla | CYAC8 | Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa | 0–1 | – | ||
| jumping cholla | CYFU10 | Cylindropuntia fulgida | 0–1 | – | ||
| common sotol | DAWH2 | Dasylirion wheeleri | 0–1 | – | ||
| pinkflower hedgehog cactus | ECBO2 | Echinocereus bonkerae | 0–1 | – | ||
| Arizona hedgehog cactus | ECCOA | Echinocereus coccineus var. arizonicus | 0–1 | – | ||
| Engelmann's hedgehog cactus | ECEN | Echinocereus engelmannii | 0–1 | – | ||
| redspine fishhook cactus | ECER2 | Echinomastus erectocentrus | 0–1 | – | ||
| pinkflower hedgehog cactus | ECFA | Echinocereus fasciculatus | 0–1 | – | ||
| spinystar | ESVI2 | Escobaria vivipara | 0–1 | – | ||
| candy barrelcactus | FEWI | Ferocactus wislizeni | 0–1 | – | ||
| devil's cholla | GRKU | Grusonia kunzei | 0–1 | – | ||
| Graham's nipple cactus | MAGR9 | Mammillaria grahamii | 0–1 | – | ||
| soaptree yucca | YUEL | Yucca elata | 0–1 | – | ||
| purple pricklypear | OPMA8 | Opuntia macrocentra | 0–1 | – | ||
| 11 | Increaser half-shrubs | 2–28 | ||||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 2–22 | – | ||
| button brittlebush | ENFR | Encelia frutescens | 0–2 | – | ||
| threadleaf snakeweed | GUMI | Gutierrezia microcephala | 0–1 | – | ||
| burroweed | ISTE2 | Isocoma tenuisecta | 0–1 | – | ||
| yerba de pasmo | BAPT | Baccharis pteronioides | 0–1 | – | ||
|
Tree
|
||||||
| 12 | Trees | 0–84 | ||||
| crucifixion thorn | CAHO3 | Canotia holacantha | 0–17 | – | ||
| redberry juniper | JUCO11 | Juniperus coahuilensis | 0–17 | – | ||
| oneseed juniper | JUMO | Juniperus monosperma | 0–17 | – | ||
| Utah juniper | JUOS | Juniperus osteosperma | 0–17 | – | ||
| western honey mesquite | PRGLT | Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana | 0–1 | – | ||
| velvet mesquite | PRVE | Prosopis velutina | 0–1 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
This site is suitable for grazing year round, and is easily traversed by livestock. Livestock grazing use is concentrated on south slopes and ridge-tops. North aspects are not grazed until southern aspects are over-used. The site is susceptible to erosion in overgrazed areas like bed-grounds, livestock trails and lower slopes adjacent to water.
The site has good habitat diversity for a variety of desert wildlife species. It is home mainly to small mammals and birds and their associated predators. It is a foraging area for larger mammals like deer and javalina. Water developments are very important to both livestock and wildlife on this site.
Hydrological functions
This site has rough surfaces, due to a high cover of gravels and stones, which act to hold water on the site. Due to clayey textured soils it is a good producer of runoff. It produces exceptional runoff when heavy rain falls on snow or moist soils.
Recreational uses
Hunting, camping, horseback riding, backpacking, rock hounding, fossil hunting, photography.
Wood products
Limited fuel-wood for campfires and branding fires. In areas where juniper has increased there may be more wood available for fuel and for fence stays.
Other products
There is some harvest of food plants like prickly pear tunas, jojoba nuts, wild onions and grass nuts. There is limited harvest of medicinal plants like mormon tea. There is limited harvest of fibers from banana yucca and skunkbush sumac. Clay for pot making.
Supporting information
Type locality
| Location 1: Graham County, AZ | |
|---|---|
| Township/Range/Section | T8S R21E S11 |
| General legal description | Eureka Springs Ranch, 3/4 mile from water at Kennedy Falls Springs. East exposure at 4600 feet elevation. |
Contributors
Dan Robinett
Larry D. Ellicott
Approval
Scott Woodall, 5/07/2020
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | |
| Date | 12/22/2024 |
| Approved by | Scott Woodall |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
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Number and extent of rills:
-
Presence of water flow patterns:
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Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
-
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
-
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
-
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
-
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
-
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
-
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
-
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
-
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
-
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
-
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
-
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
-
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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The Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
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