Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R053BY014ND
Choppy Sands
Last updated: 1/11/2024
Accessed: 11/13/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
Classification relationships
Level IV Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States: 42a – Missouri Coteau; 42b – Collapsed Glacial Outwash; 42c – Missouri Coteau Slope; 42d – Northern Missouri Coteau; 42f – Southern Missouri Coteau Slope; 42g – Ponca Plains; and 42h – Southern River Breaks.
Associated sites
R053BY007ND |
Sands |
---|---|
R053BY008ND |
Sandy |
Similar sites
R053BY008ND |
Sandy [Does not receive additional moisture. Found on dry uplands upslope from Loamy Overflow site, down slope from Thin Upland or Shallow Loamy sites. Similar landscape position as Loamy, Sands, Clayey sites; will ribbon up to 1 inch. Indicator species are prairie sandreed with western wheatgrass and green needlegrass intermixed. This site has more production, thicker “A” horizon and a mollic epipedon, lime deeper than 6 inches from the surface, less little bluestem and sand bluestem, less production.] |
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R054XY025ND |
Sands [Does not receive additional moisture. Found on dry uplands, upslope from Loamy Overflow site, down slope from Thin Upland or Shallow Loamy sites. Similar landscape position as Loamy, Sandy, and Clayey sites. Won’t form a ribbon; indicator species are sand bluestem and prairie sandreed evenly mixed, some Canada wildrye, penstemon, and leadplant and western snowberry. This site has more production, thicker “A” horizon and a mollic epipedon, less needleandthread, less choppy landscape.] |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree |
Not specified |
---|---|
Shrub |
Not specified |
Herbaceous |
(1) Andropogon hallii |
Physiographic features
This site typically occurs on gently rolling to strongly sloping uplands.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
Landforms |
(1)
Outwash plain
(2) Terrace |
---|---|
Flooding frequency | None |
Ponding frequency | None |
Elevation | 1,600 – 2,000 ft |
Slope | 25% |
Water table depth | 80 in |
Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
MLRA 53B is considered to have a continental climate – cold winters and hot summers, low humidity, light rainfall, and much sunshine. Extremes in temperature are characteristic. The climate is the result of this MLRA’s location in the geographic center of North America. There are few natural barriers on the northern Great Plains. The air masses move unobstructed across the plains and account for rapid changes in temperature.
Annual precipitation ranges from 15 to 20 inches per year. The normal average annual temperature is about 41° F. January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from about 4° F (Powers Lake, ND) to about 10° F (Pollock, SD). July is the warmest month with temperatures averaging from about 67° F (Powers Lake, ND) to about 72° F (Pollock, SD). The range of normal average monthly temperatures between the coldest and warmest months is about 62° F. This large annual range attests to the continental nature of this MLRA's climate. Winds average about 11 miles per hour annually, ranging from about 13 miles per hour during the spring to about 10 miles per hour during the summer. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime and occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts to more than 50 miles per hour.
Growth of native cool-season plants begins in late March and continues to early to mid July. Native warm-season plants begin growth in mid May and continue to the end of August. Green up of cool-season plants can occur in September and October when adequate soil moisture is present.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
Frost-free period (average) | 135 days |
---|---|
Freeze-free period (average) | 156 days |
Precipitation total (average) | 20 in |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
No significant water features influence this site.
Soil features
These are deep and very deep, excessively drained, coarse textured soils that have a thin surface horizon. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately rapid to very rapid and available water capacity is moderate to very low. Salinity and sodicity are none.
These soils are highly susceptible to wind erosion. This site is on rises and ridges on nearly level to very steep outwash plains and terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. This site should show slight evidence of wind scoured areas or pedestalled plants. Water flow paths are not evident. The soil surface is unstable and areas of blow-outs can occur.
These soils are susceptible to wind erosion. Loss of the soil surface layer can result in a shift in species composition and/or production.
Major soil series correlated to this ecological site can be found in Section II of the Natural Resources Conservation Service Field Office Technical Guide or the following web sites:
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/efotg/
Table 4. Representative soil features
Surface texture |
(1) Loamy sand (2) Loamy fine sand (3) Fine sand |
---|---|
Family particle size |
(1) Sandy |
Drainage class | Excessively drained |
Permeability class | Moderately rapid to very rapid |
Soil depth | 80 in |
Surface fragment cover <=3" | 5% |
Surface fragment cover >3" | Not specified |
Available water capacity (0-40in) |
3 in |
Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in) |
10% |
Electrical conductivity (0-40in) |
2 mmhos/cm |
Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in) |
Not specified |
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in) |
6.1 – 8.4 |
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
25% |
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
5% |
Ecological dynamics
This site developed under Northern Great Plains climatic conditions, and included natural influence of large herbivores and occasional fire. Changes will occur in the plant communities due to climatic conditions and/or management actions. Due to the nature of the soils, the site is considered quite fragile. Under continued adverse impacts, a rapid decline in vegetative vigor and composition will occur. Under favorable vegetative management treatments the site can slowly return to the Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC).
The plant community upon which interpretations are primarily based is the Historic Climax Plant Community. The HCPC has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, and areas under long-term rotational grazing regimes. Trends in plant community dynamics ranging from heavily grazed to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts also have been considered. Subclimax plant communities, states, transitional pathways, and thresholds have been determined through similar studies and experience.
Continuous grazing or continuous seasonal (spring) grazing without adequate recovery opportunities following each grazing event during the growing season will initially cause needleandthread, blue grama and threadleaf sedge to increase. Species such as sand bluestem and prairie sandreed decrease in frequency and production. Heavy continuous grazing results in an increased amount of threadleaf sedge and forbs, and elimination of sand bluestem, prairie sandreed and little bluestem.
Non-use (rest) and/or lack of fire will likely cause litter to increase causing decadence, mortality and increased introduced cool-season grasses. Heavy continuous grazing, wildfire, excessive defoliation or any type of physical disturbance can lead to serious erosion problems on these fragile soils (i.e., blowouts).
The following is a diagram that illustrates the common plant communities that can occur on the site and the transition pathways between communities. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community descriptions following the diagram.
State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Prairie Sandreed/Bluestem/Needlegrass (HCPC)
Community 1.1
Prairie Sandreed/Bluestem/Needlegrass (HCPC)
This is the interpretive plant community and is considered to be the Historic Climax Plant Community (HCPC). This community evolved with grazing by large herbivores and occasional prairie fire. It is well suited for grazing by domestic livestock and can be found on areas that are properly managed with prescribed grazing that allows for proper utilization, changes in season of use and adequate recovery periods following each grazing event. The potential vegetation is about 85% grasses or grass-like plants, 10% forbs, and 5% shrubs. Warm season grasses such as sand bluestem and prairie sandreed dominate the plant community. Other grasses and grass-like plants occurring on the site include needleandthread, little bluestem, blue grama, hairy grama, western wheatgrass and sedges. Significant forbs include penstemon, green sagewort, stiff sunflower, and spiderwort. Leadplant, rose and yucca are the principal shrubs. This plant community is well adapted to the Northern Great Plains climatic conditions. Individual species can vary greatly in production depending on growing conditions (timing and amount of precipitation and temperature). Community dynamics, nutrient cycle, water cycle and energy flow are functioning properly. Plant litter is properly distributed with very little movement off-site and natural plant mortality is very low. The diversity in plant species allows for high drought tolerance. Waterflow patterns may not be present, but there is a very high risk of wind erosion and eventually blowouts if vegetative cover is not adequate. Cryptogamic crusts can be present, but typically only cover 1-2% of the soil surface. Some pedestalling of plants occurs, but it is not very evident on casual observation and occurs on less than 5% of the plants. Overall this site (the interpretive plant community) has the appearance of being stable and productive.
Figure 4. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike | 990 | 1512 | 2035 |
Forb | 80 | 128 | 175 |
Shrub/Vine | 30 | 60 | 90 |
Total | 1100 | 1700 | 2300 |
Figure 5. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ND5304, Missouri Coteau, warm-season dominant, cool-season sub-dominant.. Warm-season dominant, cool-season sub-dominant..
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 20 | 38 | 25 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
State 2
Needleandthread/Sedge
Community 2.1
Needleandthread/Sedge
This plant community can quickly develop from the adverse effects of long-term, heavy continuous grazing. Sand bluestem and prairie sandreed have been greatly reduced. Needleandthread and threadleaf sedge have increased and are the dominant species. Other grasses include western wheatgrass, blue grama, red threeawn, sand dropseed, blowout grass and prairie junegrass. Forbs such as western ragweed, green sagewort, hairy goldaster, lemon scurfpea and sweetclover may also be present. Yucca, rose, fringed sagewort and cactus have also increased. Annual production, and consequently litter amounts, have been reduced substantially. Nutrient cycle, water cycle and energy flow are becoming impaired. This plant community is at risk of losing all tall warm season grasses. Wind scoured areas may exist where cover has been reduced or eliminated.
Figure 6. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 6. Annual production by plant type
Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike | 350 | 684 | 1215 |
Forb | 35 | 80 | 125 |
Shrub/Vine | 15 | 36 | 60 |
Total | 400 | 800 | 1400 |
Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ND5302, Missouri Coteau, cool-season dominant, warm-season sub-dominant.. Cool-season dominant, warm-season sub-dominant..
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 23 | 42 | 15 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
State 3
Sedge/Forb
Community 3.1
Sedge/Forb
This plant community developed from heavy continuous grazing without adequate recovery periods between grazing events or continuous seasonal (spring) grazing. An increased amount of threadleaf sedge and forbs characterize this plant community. Sand bluestem and prairie sandreed have been reduced to negligible amounts. Other grasses and grass-likes present include sand dropseed, red threeawn, needleandthread, prairie junegrass and sandbur. Forbs commonly found in this plant community include green sagewort, lemon scurfpea, western ragweed, buffalo bur and hairy goldaster. Shrubs present include fringed sagewort, rose and possibly yucca. Species diversity has shifted from a grass-dominated community to a forb dominated community. Production has been significantly decreased due to reduction of tall and mid-grass species. Energy flow, water cycle and mineral cycle have been negatively affected. Litter levels are very low and unevenly distributed. Soil erosion may be a concern on steeper slopes and exposed areas.
Figure 8. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 7. Annual production by plant type
Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike | 135 | 370 | 705 |
Forb | 45 | 88 | 130 |
Shrub/Vine | 20 | 42 | 65 |
Total | 200 | 500 | 900 |
Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ND5303, Missouri Coteau, cool-season/warm-season co-dominant.. Cool-season, warm-season co-dominant..
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
0 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 21 | 40 | 20 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
State 4
Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter, Forbs
Community 4.1
Low Plant Density, Excessive Litter, Forbs
This plant community develops after an extended period of 10 or more years of non-use by herbivores or exclusion of fire. Non-native grasses, such as Kentucky bluegrass and cheatgrass tend to invade and may dominate this plant community. Other grasses and grass-likes present include sand bluestem, prairie sandreed, little bluestem, Canada wildrye, western wheatgrass, and threadleaf sedge. The common forbs include green sagewort, goldenrod, western wallflower, prairie coneflower, western ragweed and sweetclover. Yucca and fringed sagewort are the principal shrubs. Litter buildup reduces plant vigor and density, and native seedling recruitment declines. Due to a lack of tiller stimulation and sunlight, native bunchgrasses typically develop dead centers and native rhizomatous grasses are limited to small colonies. This plant community is dispersed throughout the pasture, encircling spot grazed areas, and areas distant from water sources. This is a typical pattern found in properly stocked pastures grazed season-long. This plant community is resistant to change without prescribed grazing or fire. The combination of both grazing and fire is most effective in moving this plant community towards the HCPC. Soil erosion is low. Runoff is similar to the HCPC. Once this plant community is reached, time and external resources will be needed to see any immediate recovery in diversity.
Figure 10. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 8. Annual production by plant type
Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike | 600 | 1120 | 1640 |
Forb | 135 | 175 | 215 |
Shrub/Vine | 65 | 105 | 145 |
Total | 800 | 1400 | 2000 |
Figure 11. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). ND5301, Missouri Coteau, cool-season dominant.. Cool-season dominant..
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
0 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 24 | 45 | 10 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Additional community tables
Table 9. Community 1.1 plant community composition
Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
1 | Bluestem | 255–340 | ||||
sand bluestem | ANHA | Andropogon hallii | 255–340 | – | ||
little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–85 | – | ||
2 | Other Native Tall Grasses | 170–340 | ||||
prairie sandreed | CALO | Calamovilfa longifolia | 170–340 | – | ||
3 | Needlegrass | 170–340 | ||||
needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 85–255 | – | ||
porcupinegrass | HESP11 | Hesperostipa spartea | 85–255 | – | ||
4 | Grama | 34–85 | ||||
blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 17–85 | – | ||
hairy grama | BOHI2 | Bouteloua hirsuta | 0–51 | – | ||
5 | Other Native Grasses | 85–170 | ||||
western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 17–85 | – | ||
sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 17–34 | – | ||
Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 17–34 | – | ||
Scribner's rosette grass | DIOLS | Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum | 17–34 | – | ||
Canada wildrye | ELCA4 | Elymus canadensis | 17–34 | – | ||
prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 17–34 | – | ||
6 | Grass-Likes | 85–170 | ||||
threadleaf sedge | CAFI | Carex filifolia | 85–119 | – | ||
Pennsylvania sedge | CAPE6 | Carex pensylvanica | 34–51 | – | ||
Grass-like (not a true grass) | 2GL | Grass-like (not a true grass) | 17–34 | – | ||
Forb
|
||||||
8 | Forbs | 85–170 | ||||
Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 17–51 | – | ||
tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 34–51 | – | ||
beardtongue | PENST | Penstemon | 34–51 | – | ||
longbract spiderwort | TRBR | Tradescantia bracteata | 34–51 | – | ||
goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 17–34 | – | ||
scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 17–34 | – | ||
sunflower | HELIA3 | Helianthus | 17–34 | – | ||
hairy false goldenaster | HEVI4 | Heterotheca villosa | 17–34 | – | ||
blazing star | LIATR | Liatris | 17–34 | – | ||
rush skeletonplant | LYJU | Lygodesmia juncea | 17–34 | – | ||
Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 17–34 | – | ||
prairie clover | DALEA | Dalea | 17–34 | – | ||
silky prairie clover | DAVI | Dalea villosa | 17–34 | – | ||
smooth horsetail | EQLA | Equisetum laevigatum | 17–34 | – | ||
sanddune wallflower | ERCAC | Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum | 0–17 | – | ||
blacksamson echinacea | ECAN2 | Echinacea angustifolia | 0–17 | – | ||
milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–17 | – | ||
wavyleaf thistle | CIUN | Cirsium undulatum | 0–17 | – | ||
large Indian breadroot | PEES | Pediomelum esculentum | 0–17 | – | ||
upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 0–17 | – | ||
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
9 | Shrubs | 34–85 | ||||
leadplant | AMCA6 | Amorpha canescens | 34–51 | – | ||
soapweed yucca | YUGL | Yucca glauca | 0–51 | – | ||
rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 17–34 | – | ||
prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 17–34 | – | ||
spinystar | ESVIV | Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara | 0–17 | – | ||
western sandcherry | PRPUB | Prunus pumila var. besseyi | 0–17 | – | ||
dwarf false indigo | AMNA | Amorpha nana | 0–17 | – | ||
Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–17 | – |
Table 10. Community 2.1 plant community composition
Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
1 | Bluestem | 0–16 | ||||
little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–16 | – | ||
sand bluestem | ANHA | Andropogon hallii | 0–8 | – | ||
2 | Other Native Tall Grasses | 0–40 | ||||
prairie sandreed | CALO | Calamovilfa longifolia | 0–40 | – | ||
3 | Needlegrass | 80–200 | ||||
needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 80–200 | – | ||
porcupinegrass | HESP11 | Hesperostipa spartea | 0–40 | – | ||
4 | Grama | 40–72 | ||||
blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 24–64 | – | ||
hairy grama | BOHI2 | Bouteloua hirsuta | 8–32 | – | ||
5 | Other Native Grasses | 16–56 | ||||
Scribner's rosette grass | DIOLS | Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum | 8–40 | – | ||
sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 8–40 | – | ||
Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–24 | – | ||
prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 8–16 | – | ||
western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 0–8 | – | ||
mat sandbur | CELO3 | Cenchrus longispinus | 0–8 | – | ||
6 | Grass-Likes | 80–200 | ||||
threadleaf sedge | CAFI | Carex filifolia | 80–200 | – | ||
Grass-like (not a true grass) | 2GL | Grass-like (not a true grass) | 0–40 | – | ||
Pennsylvania sedge | CAPE6 | Carex pensylvanica | 0–24 | – | ||
7 | Non-Native Grasses | 0–40 | ||||
Kentucky bluegrass | POPR | Poa pratensis | 0–40 | – | ||
cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 0–24 | – | ||
smooth brome | BRIN2 | Bromus inermis | 0–8 | – | ||
Forb
|
||||||
8 | Forbs | 40–120 | ||||
sweetclover | MELIL | Melilotus | 0–80 | – | ||
Forb, annual | 2FA | Forb, annual | 8–40 | – | ||
Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 8–40 | – | ||
tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 8–40 | – | ||
Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 8–32 | – | ||
sunflower | HELIA3 | Helianthus | 8–32 | – | ||
scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 8–24 | – | ||
upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 8–16 | – | ||
goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 8–16 | – | ||
beardtongue | PENST | Penstemon | 8–16 | – | ||
hairy false goldenaster | HEVI4 | Heterotheca villosa | 0–16 | – | ||
blazing star | LIATR | Liatris | 8–16 | – | ||
rush skeletonplant | LYJU | Lygodesmia juncea | 8–16 | – | ||
wavyleaf thistle | CIUN | Cirsium undulatum | 0–16 | – | ||
prairie clover | DALEA | Dalea | 8–16 | – | ||
smooth horsetail | EQLA | Equisetum laevigatum | 8–16 | – | ||
sanddune wallflower | ERCAC | Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum | 0–8 | – | ||
blacksamson echinacea | ECAN2 | Echinacea angustifolia | 0–8 | – | ||
milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–8 | – | ||
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
9 | Shrubs | 16–56 | ||||
prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 8–40 | – | ||
rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 8–24 | – | ||
soapweed yucca | YUGL | Yucca glauca | 0–24 | – | ||
dwarf false indigo | AMNA | Amorpha nana | 0–16 | – | ||
spinystar | ESVIV | Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara | 0–8 | – | ||
Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–8 | – | ||
leadplant | AMCA6 | Amorpha canescens | 0–8 | – |
Table 11. Community 3.1 plant community composition
Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
3 | Needlegrass | 25–50 | ||||
needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 25–50 | – | ||
4 | Grama | 5–25 | ||||
blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 5–25 | – | ||
hairy grama | BOHI2 | Bouteloua hirsuta | 0–20 | – | ||
5 | Other Native Grasses | 15–50 | ||||
sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 10–40 | – | ||
Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–15 | – | ||
mat sandbur | CELO3 | Cenchrus longispinus | 5–15 | – | ||
Scribner's rosette grass | DIOLS | Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum | 5–10 | – | ||
prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 0–5 | – | ||
6 | Grass-Likes | 50–175 | ||||
threadleaf sedge | CAFI | Carex filifolia | 50–175 | – | ||
Grass-like (not a true grass) | 2GL | Grass-like (not a true grass) | 0–50 | – | ||
7 | Non-Native Grasses | 0–15 | ||||
cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 0–15 | – | ||
Forb
|
||||||
8 | Forbs | 50–125 | ||||
sweetclover | MELIL | Melilotus | 0–75 | – | ||
Forb, annual | 2FA | Forb, annual | 5–40 | – | ||
Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 5–40 | – | ||
tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 5–40 | – | ||
Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 5–25 | – | ||
sunflower | HELIA3 | Helianthus | 0–20 | – | ||
scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 5–20 | – | ||
wavyleaf thistle | CIUN | Cirsium undulatum | 0–10 | – | ||
prairie clover | DALEA | Dalea | 5–10 | – | ||
smooth horsetail | EQLA | Equisetum laevigatum | 5–10 | – | ||
goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 0–10 | – | ||
blazing star | LIATR | Liatris | 0–5 | – | ||
rush skeletonplant | LYJU | Lygodesmia juncea | 0–5 | – | ||
milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–5 | – | ||
upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 0–5 | – | ||
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
9 | Shrubs | 25–60 | ||||
prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 5–40 | – | ||
rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 5–30 | – | ||
soapweed yucca | YUGL | Yucca glauca | 0–25 | – | ||
Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–10 | – | ||
spinystar | ESVIV | Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara | 0–5 | – |
Table 12. Community 4.1 plant community composition
Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
1 | Bluestem | 28–140 | ||||
sand bluestem | ANHA | Andropogon hallii | 28–140 | – | ||
little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–98 | – | ||
3 | Needlegrass | 70–210 | ||||
needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 70–210 | – | ||
porcupinegrass | HESP11 | Hesperostipa spartea | 0–70 | – | ||
4 | Grama | 0–42 | ||||
blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 0–42 | – | ||
hairy grama | BOHI2 | Bouteloua hirsuta | 0–42 | – | ||
5 | Other Native Grasses | 42–98 | ||||
sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 14–70 | – | ||
western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 0–42 | – | ||
Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–42 | – | ||
mat sandbur | CELO3 | Cenchrus longispinus | 0–28 | – | ||
Scribner's rosette grass | DIOLS | Dichanthelium oligosanthes var. scribnerianum | 14–28 | – | ||
prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 14–28 | – | ||
Canada wildrye | ELCA4 | Elymus canadensis | 0–14 | – | ||
6 | Grass-Likes | 70–210 | ||||
threadleaf sedge | CAFI | Carex filifolia | 70–210 | – | ||
Grass-like (not a true grass) | 2GL | Grass-like (not a true grass) | 0–70 | – | ||
Pennsylvania sedge | CAPE6 | Carex pensylvanica | 0–56 | – | ||
7 | Non-Native Grasses | 70–210 | ||||
Kentucky bluegrass | POPR | Poa pratensis | 28–210 | – | ||
smooth brome | BRIN2 | Bromus inermis | 0–168 | – | ||
cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 0–70 | – | ||
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
2 | Other Native Tall Grasses | 42–140 | ||||
prairie sandreed | CALO | Calamovilfa longifolia | 42–140 | – | ||
9 | Shrubs | 70–140 | ||||
prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 14–70 | – | ||
soapweed yucca | YUGL | Yucca glauca | 0–56 | – | ||
rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 14–42 | – | ||
Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–42 | – | ||
dwarf false indigo | AMNA | Amorpha nana | 0–28 | – | ||
leadplant | AMCA6 | Amorpha canescens | 0–14 | – | ||
spinystar | ESVIV | Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara | 0–14 | – | ||
Forb
|
||||||
8 | Forbs | 140–210 | ||||
sweetclover | MELIL | Melilotus | 0–140 | – | ||
Forb, annual | 2FA | Forb, annual | 14–70 | – | ||
Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 14–70 | – | ||
Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 14–56 | – | ||
tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 14–56 | – | ||
goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 14–56 | – | ||
sunflower | HELIA3 | Helianthus | 14–42 | – | ||
hairy false goldenaster | HEVI4 | Heterotheca villosa | 0–28 | – | ||
blazing star | LIATR | Liatris | 0–28 | – | ||
smooth horsetail | EQLA | Equisetum laevigatum | 14–28 | – | ||
wavyleaf thistle | CIUN | Cirsium undulatum | 0–28 | – | ||
prairie clover | DALEA | Dalea | 14–28 | – | ||
beardtongue | PENST | Penstemon | 14–28 | – | ||
scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 14–28 | – | ||
upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 14–28 | – | ||
longbract spiderwort | TRBR | Tradescantia bracteata | 0–14 | – | ||
silky prairie clover | DAVI | Dalea villosa | 0–14 | – | ||
blacksamson echinacea | ECAN2 | Echinacea angustifolia | 0–14 | – | ||
milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–14 | – | ||
sanddune wallflower | ERCAC | Erysimum capitatum var. capitatum | 0–14 | – | ||
rush skeletonplant | LYJU | Lygodesmia juncea | 0–14 | – |
Interpretations
Animal community
Wildlife Interpretations:
Under development.
Grazing Interpretations:
This site is well adapted to managed grazing by domestic livestock. The predominance of herbaceous plants across all plant community phases best lends these sites to grazing by cattle but other domestic grazers with differing diet preferences may also be a consideration depending upon management objectives. Often, the current plant community does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in the ecological site description). Because of this, a resource inventory is necessary to document plant composition and production. Proper interpretation of this inventory data will permit the establishment of a safe, initial stocking rate for the type and class of animals and level of grazing management. More accurate stocking rate estimates should eventually be calculated using actual stocking rate information and monitoring data.
Hydrological functions
Water is the principal factor limiting herbage production on this site. The site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group A. Infiltration varies from rapid to very rapid and runoff potential varies from negligible to very low depending on soil hydrologic group and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75% ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. Areas where ground cover is less than 50% have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to Section 4, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for runoff quantities and hydrologic curves).
Recreational uses
This site provides hunting opportunities for upland game species. The wide variety of plants which bloom from spring until fall have an esthetic value that appeals to visitors.
Wood products
No appreciable wood products are present on the site.
Other products
Seed harvest of native plant species can provide additional income on this site.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping and other inventory data. Also, field knowledge of range-trained personnel was used. All descriptions were peer reviewed and/or field-tested by various private, state and federal agency specialists. Those involved in developing this site description include: Stan Boltz, NRCS Range Management Specialist; Michael D. Brand, State Land Dept., Director Surface Management; David Dewald, NRCS State Biologist; Paul Drayton, NRCS District Conservationist; Jody Forman, NRCS Range Management Specialist; Dennis Froemke, NRCS Range Management Specialist; Jeff Printz, NRCS State Range Management Specialist; Josh Saunders, NRCS Range Management Specialist; Kevin Sedivec, Extension Rangeland Management Specialist; Darrell Vanderbusch, NRCS Resource Soil Scientist; and Lee Voigt, NRCS Range Management Specialist.
Other references
High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska, 830728 Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0728. (http://hprcc.unl.edu)
USDA, NRCS. National Water and Climate Center, 101 SW Main, Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97204-3224. (http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov)
USDA, NRCS. National Range and Pasture Handbook, September 1997
USDA, NRCS. National Soil Information System, Information Technology Center, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building A, Fort Collins, CO 80526. (http://nasis.nrcs.usda.gov)
USDA, NRCS. 2001. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.1 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
USDA, NRCS, Various Published Soil Surveys.
Contributors
Jeff Printz
Jeff Printz/Stan Boltz
Approval
Suzanne Mayne-Kinney, 1/11/2024
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
Author(s)/participant(s) | Jeff Printz, Stan Boltz, Lee Voigt, Jody Forman |
---|---|
Contact for lead author | Jeff.printz@nd.usda.gov 701-530-2080 |
Date | 03/02/2012 |
Approved by | Suzanne Mayne-Kinney |
Approval date | |
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
None. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
None. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Some pedestalling of bunchgrasses may be observable but roots will not be exposed. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground is 15 to 20%. Patch size is 6 inches or less and not connected. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Occasional small (< a few feet across) areas of blowouts/wind scoured areas with associated depositional areas associated with increased animal activity (i.e. rodent burrows, animal trailing). The areas may increase in number and size following prolonged drought. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Slight movement of small sized litter may be observable on slopes greater than 20%.
-
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Stability averages 5 or greater. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Use soil series description for depth, color and structure of A horizon/surface layer. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Combination of shallow and deep rooted species (mid & tall rhizomatous and tufted perennial cool- and warm-season grasses) with fine and coarse roots positively influences infiltration. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None. Buried A horizon may be present but does not constitute a compaction layer. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Tall, warm-season rhizomatous grasses >Sub-dominant:
Mid, cool-season bunchgrasses >Other:
Grass-likes = forbs > short, warm-season grasses = mid, cool-season rhizomatous grasses = shrubs > short, cool-season grassesAdditional:
Due to differing root structure and distribution, Kentucky bluegrass and smooth bromegrass do not fit into reference plant community F/S groups. -
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
None. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Plant litter is in contact with soil surface. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Representative value = 1700 lbs./ac air dry with a range of 1100 to 2300 lbs./ac air dry depending upon growing conditions. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
State and local noxious weeds, Kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species exhibit high vigor relative to climatic conditions. Do not rate based solely on seed production. Perennial grasses should have vigorous rhizomes or tillers.
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The Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
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