Natural Resources
Conservation Service

Ecological site R058BY166WY

Shallow Sandy (SwSy) 10-14” PZ

Last updated: 9/15/2024
Accessed: 11/21/2024

Home / Esd catalog / MLRA 058B / Ecological site R058BY166WY

USC

Metric

General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

Click to explore map

Figure 1. Mapped extent

Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 058B–Northern Rolling High Plains, Southern Part

MLRA 58B is located in northeastern Wyoming (95 percent) and extreme southeastern Montana (5 percent). It is comprised of sedimentary plains, scoria hills, and river valleys. The major rivers include the Powder, Tongue, Belle Fourche, Cheyenne, and North Platte. Tributaries include the Little Powder River, Little Missouri River, Clear Creek, Crazy Woman Creek, and others. This MLRA is traversed by Interstates 25 and 90, and U.S. Highways 14 and 16. The extent of MLRA 58B covers approximately 12.3 million acres. Major land uses include rangeland (approximately 93 percent), cropland, pasture, and hayland (approximately 2 percent), and forest, urban, and miscellaneous uses (approximately 5 percent). Cities include Buffalo, Casper, Sheridan, and Gillette, WY. Land ownership is mostly private. Federal lands include the Thunder Basin National Grassland (U.S. Forest Service) and lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management. Areas of interest in MLRA 58B in Wyoming include Fort Phil Kearny State Historic Site, Glendo State Park, and Lake DeSmet. The elevations in MLRA 58B increase gradually from north to south and range from approximately 2,900 to 5,900 feet. A few buttes are higher than 6,800 feet. The average annual precipitation in this area ranges from 10 to 17 inches per year. Precipitation occurs mostly during the growing season, often during rapidly developing thunderstorms. Mean annual air temperature is 46 degrees Fahrenheit. Summer temperatures may exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Winter temperatures may drop to below zero. Snowfall averages 45 inches per year, but varies from 25 to over 70 inches in some locales.

Classification relationships

USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS):
Land Resource Region─G Western Great Plains Range and Irrigation; Major Land Resource Area (MLRA)─58B Northern Rolling High Plains, Southern Part (USDA, 2006)

Relationship to Other Classifications:

USDA Forest Service (FS) Classification Hierarchy:

Province─331 Great Plains-Palouse Dry Steppe; Section─331G-Powder River Basin; Subsections─331Gb Montana Shale Plains, 331Ge Powder River Basin, 331Gf South Powder River Basin-Scoria Hills (Cleland et al, 1997)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Classification Hierarchy:

Level III Ecoregion─43 Northwestern Great Plains; Level IV Ecoregion─43p Scoria Hills, 43q Mesic-Dissected Plains, 43w Powder River Basin (EPA, 2013)
https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregions

Ecological site concept

The Shallow Sandy 10-14" PZ occurs on nearly level to steeply sloping hills and ridges, on sedimentary plains or uplands. Primary production is from cool-season midgrasses (bunch and rhizomatous), warm-season midgrasses (bunch), and secondary warm-season shortgrasses. There are also lesser component of forbs and shrubs. Soils have a root limiting or root restriction between 10 to 20 inches from the soil surface.

Associated sites

R058BY150WY	Sandy (Sy) 10-14” PZ Sandy have deep soils with higher production. Sandy occur lower on the landform or on lower sloping slopes of the landform.

R058BY150WY

Sandy (Sy) 10-14” PZ

Sandy have deep soils with higher production. Sandy occur lower on the landform or on lower sloping slopes of the landform.

Similar sites

R058BY266WY	Shallow Sandy (SwSy) 15-17” PZ Shallow Sandy 15-17” PZ has higher production.

R058BY266WY

Shallow Sandy (SwSy) 15-17” PZ

Shallow Sandy 15-17” PZ has higher production.

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	Not specified
Shrub	(1) Atriplex canescens
Herbaceous	(1) Hesperostipa comata (2) Calamovilfa longifolia

Download full description

Physiographic features

This site occurs on nearly level to steeply sloping hills and ridges, on sedimentary plains or uplands. This site occurs on all aspects. Aspect is not a significant factor.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Hill (2) Ridge
Runoff class	Negligible to medium
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	3,400 – 6,800 ft
Slope	45%
Water table depth	80 in
Aspect	Aspect is not a significant factor

Climatic features

The average annual precipitation ranges from 10 to 17 inches per year across MLRA 58B. There are two precipitation zones (PZ). The 10 to 14 inch precipitation zone is predominant across the MLRA, including portions of Sheridan, Johnson, and Natrona Counties; portions of Campbell and Converse Counties; and smaller portions of Weston and Niobrara Counties. The 15 to 17 inch precipitation zone occurs in northern and eastern portions of the MLRA, including portions of Sheridan, Campbell, and western Crook Counties. Wide fluctuations in precipitation may occur from year to year, and occasional periods of extended drought (longer than one year in duration) can be expected. Two-thirds of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season from May through September. Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT) is 46 degrees Fahrenheit. Cold air outbreaks from Canada in winter move rapidly from northwest to southeast and account for extreme minimum temperatures. Chinook winds may also occur in winter and bring rapid rises in temperature. Extreme storms may occur during the winter, but most severely affect ranching operations during late winter and spring. High-intensity afternoon thunderstorms may occur during the summer. Annual wind speeds average about 5 mph. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime winds. Occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts of more than 75 mph. The average length of the freeze-free period (28 degrees Fahrenheit) is 125 days and generally occurs from May 16 to September 19. The average frost-free period (32 degrees Fahrenheit) is 101 days and generally occurs from June 1 to September 9.

The growth of native cool-season plants begins in late April to early May with peak growth occurring in mid to late June. Native warm-season plants begin growth in late May to early June and continue into August. Regrowth of cool-season plants occurs in September in most years, depending upon moisture.

Note: The climate described here is based on historic climate station data and is averaged to provide an overview of the annual precipitation, temperatures, and growing season. Future climate is beyond the scope of this document. However, research to determine the effects of elevated CO2 and heating on mixed-grass prairie ecosystems, and how it may relate to future plant communities, is ongoing.

For detailed information, or to find a specific climate station, visit the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) website: Western Regional Climate Center, Historical Data, Western U.S. Climate summaries, NOAA Coop Stations, Wyoming (Note: Montana climate stations are also listed under the Wyoming link).
https://wrcc.dri.edu/summary/Climsmwy.html

Wind speed averages can be found at the WRCC home page, under the Specialty Climate tab: https://wrcc.dri.edu/

The following tables represent area-wide climate data for the 10 to 14 inch precipitation zone:

Table 3. Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)	92-103 days
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)	121-128 days
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	12-13 in
Frost-free period (actual range)	86-107 days
Freeze-free period (actual range)	116-129 days
Precipitation total (actual range)	10-14 in
Frost-free period (average)	101 days
Freeze-free period (average)	125 days
Precipitation total (average)	13 in

Characteristic range

Actual range

Bar

Line

Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range

Characteristic range

Actual range

Bar

Line

Figure 3. Monthly minimum temperature range

Characteristic range

Actual range

Bar

Line

Figure 4. Monthly maximum temperature range

Bar

Line

Figure 5. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature

Figure 6. Annual precipitation pattern

Figure 7. Annual average temperature pattern

Climate stations used

(1) SHERIDAN CO AP [USW00024029], Sheridan, WY
(2) CASPER NATRONA CO AP [USW00024089], Casper, WY
(3) DULL CTR 1SE [USC00482725], Douglas, WY
(4) KAYCEE [USC00485055], Kaycee, WY
(5) MIDWEST [USC00486195], Midwest, WY
(6) WESTON 1 E [USC00489580], Weston, WY
(7) BUFFALO [USC00481165], Buffalo, WY
(8) WRIGHT 12W [USC00489805], Gillette, WY
(9) GLENROCK 5 ESE [USC00483950], Glenrock, WY

Influencing water features

This upland ecological site is not influenced by a water table or run in from adjacent sites. Due to the semi-arid climate in which it occurs, the water budget is normally contained within the soil pedon. Soil moisture is recharged by spring rains, but it rarely exceeds field capacity in the upper 20 inches before being depleted by evapotranspiration. During intense precipitation events, precipitation rates frequently exceed infiltration rates and the site delivers moisture to downslope sites through surface runoff. Moisture loss through evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation for a majority of the growing season. Soil moisture is the primary limiting factor for vegetative production on this ecological site.

Wetland description

N/A

Soil features

The soils on this site are well drained to excessively drained, shallow to bedrock, and formed in slope alluvium and residuum weathered from sandstone. They typically have a moderately rapid to rapid permeability class, but range to very rapid in some soils. The available water capacity is typically very low. As fineness of texture increases, there is a general increase in available moisture storage from sands to loams and silt loams. The surface layer of the soils in this site are typically fine sandy loam or sandy loam but may include loamy fine sand or loamy sand. The surface layer ranges from a depth of 1 to 5 inches thick. The subsoil is typically fine sandy loam or sandy loam. Soils in this site typically have carbonates at the surface; but some soils may be leached as deep as 3 to 6 inches. These soils are susceptible to erosion by water and wind. The potential for water erosion accelerates with increasing slope.The soil moisture regime of the Shallow Sandy site is typically ustic aridic. The soil temperature regime is mesic.

Major soil series correlated to this ecological site include Taluce, Tassel, and Niobrara.

The following attributes represent 0-20 inches in depth or to the first restrictive layer.

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Slope alluvium – sandstone (2) Residuum – sandstone (3) Eolian deposits
Surface texture	(1) Fine sandy loam (2) Sandy loam (3) Loamy fine sand (4) Loamy sand
Drainage class	Well drained to excessively drained
Permeability class	Moderately rapid to rapid
Soil depth	10 – 20 in
Available water capacity (Depth not specified)	0.8 – 2 in
Calcium carbonate equivalent (Depth not specified)	10%
Electrical conductivity (Depth not specified)	2 mmhos/cm
Sodium adsorption ratio (Depth not specified)	3
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (Depth not specified)	6.1 – 8.4
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	10%
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified)	5%

Ecological dynamics

The Reference state is the plant community in which interpretations are primarily based and is used as a reference in order to understand the original potential of the site. The Reference state evolved under the combined influences of climatic conditions, periodic fire activity, grazing by large herbivores, and impacts from small mammals and insects. Changes may occur to the Reference state due to management actions such as continuous season-long or year-long grazing, increased stocking rates, climatic conditions such as drought, and natural events such as fires. The Reference state is characterized by cool-season bunch midgrass and warm-season rhizomatous midgrass. Secondary grasses are warm-season mid- and shortgrasses, and cool-season rhizomatous midgrasses.

The Sod Bound state is characterized by warm-season shortgrass and grass-likes. The Eroded State is characterized by threeawn, annual grasses, forbs (annuals), and shrubs (broom snakeweed, soapweed yucca, and pricklypear). Invasives include cool-season annual bromes such as cheatgrass and field brome (also known as Japanese brome).

This site developed with occasional fire as part of the ecological processes. Historic fire frequency (pre-industrial), was randomly distributed and started by lightning at various times throughout the growing season. It is thought that early human inhabitants also were likely to start fires for various reasons (deliberate or accidental). It is believed that fires were set as a management tool for attracting herds of large migratory herbivores (Stewart, 2002). The impact of fire over the past 100 years has been relatively insignificant due to the human control of wildfires and the lack of acceptance of prescribed fire as a management tool.

As this site begins to shift from a combination of frequent and severe defoliation during the growing season, bunchgrasses such as needle and thread will decrease in both frequency and production. Grasses such as blue grama, threadleaf sedge, and sixweeks fescue will increase. Under continued frequent and severe defoliation with no rest periods, rhizomatous wheatgrasses will also begin to decrease. Forbs and shrubs such as curlycup gumweed, western ragweed, hairy false goldenaster, pricklypear, and broom snakeweed also will increase. If continued, the plant community will become sod-bound, and all midgrasses will be mostly removed from the plant community. Over the long-term, this continuous use in combination with high stocking rates will result in broken sod with areas of bare ground developing, and species such as broom snakeweed, prickly pear, and annual forbs increasing, and non-native species invading.

There are various transitional stages which may occur on this ecological site. The information presented is representative of a dynamic set of plant communities that illustrate the complex interaction of several ecological processes.

State and transition model

Custom diagram

Standard diagram

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Reference

2. Sod Bound

3. Eroded

T1A	-	Excessive grazing without adequate recovery periods or frequent and severe defoliation
T2A	-	Long-term excessive grazing or frequent and severe defoliation, without adequate recovery between grazing events

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Prairie Sandreed, and Needle and Thread

1.2. Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Prairie Sandreed, and Blue Grama

1.1A	-	Excessive grazing without adequate recovery between grazing events, or frequent and severe defoliation, drought, or fire
1.2A	-	Grazing that allows for adequate recovery between grazing events, along with proper stocking rates

State 2 submodel, plant communities

2.1. Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Threadleaf Sedge, Blue Grama, Hairy False Goldenaster, and Cuman Ragweed

State 3 submodel, plant communities

3.1. Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Cheatgrass, Hairy False Goldenaster, and Cuman ragweed

State 1
Reference

The Reference state is characterized by two distinct plant communities. The plant communities, and various successional stages between them, represent the natural range of variability within the Reference state.

Dominant plant species

skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), shrub
soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca), shrub
prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), grass
needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata), grass
blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), grass

Community 1.1
Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Prairie Sandreed, and Needle and Thread

This community developed with grazing by large herbivores and is suited to grazing by domestic livestock. Historically, fires likely occurred infrequently, and were randomly distributed. This community can be found on areas where grazed plants receive adequate periods of recovery during the growing season. The potential vegetation is about 75 percent grasses and grass-likes,15 percent forbs, and 10 percent woody plants (total lbs./acre air-dry). This community consists predominantly of needle and thread and prairie sandreed. Secondary grasses are western wheatgrass, thickspike wheatgrass, and blue grama. Minor grasses and grasslikes that may occur include Indian ricegrass, prairie Junegrass, threadleaf sedge, and sand dropseed. A variety of forbs such as scarlet globemallow, lemon scurfpea, Indian breadroot, textile onion, and biscuitroot; half-shrubs such as silver sagebrush, and shrubs such big sagebrush and yellow rabbitbrush (also known as green rabbitbrush) also occur. Plant diversity is high. In the Shallow Sandy 10 to 14” Precipitation Zone (PZ) ecological site, the total annual production (air-dry weight) is about 1,000 pounds per acre during an average year, but it can range from about 600 pounds per acre in unfavorable years to about 1,300 pounds per acre in above-average years. Defoliation levels should be determined as part of a grazing management plan based on objectives. Nutrient and water cycles, and energy flow are functioning properly. Infiltration rates are moderate, and soil erosion is low. Litter is properly distributed where vegetative cover is continuous. Plant decadence and natural plant mortality are low. This community is resistant to many disturbances except excessive grazing, and development into urban or other uses.

Figure 8. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 5. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Grass/Grasslike	900	1425	1950
Shrub/Vine	150	238	325
Forb	90	143	195
Total	1140	1806	2470

Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY1401, 10-14NP upland sites.

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
0	0	0	10	30	35	10	5	5	5	0	0

Community 1.2
Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Prairie Sandreed, and Blue Grama

This plant community developed with excessive grazing without adequate recovery opportunity during the growing season. The community has a reduced component of midgrasses with an understory of short sod-forming grasses. Dominant grasses include needle and thread, blue grama, and prairie sandreed. A cool-season/warm-season shift may occur depending on the predominant season of use. Recurrent excessive grazing in the spring, over time, will eventually reduce the cool-season grasses such as needle and thread and the rhizomatous wheatgrasses. Likewise, recurrent excessive grazing in the summer will reduce the warm-season midgrasses such as prairie sandreed and little bluestem. The significant forbs include dotted blazing star (also known as dotted gayfeather), scarlet globemallow, and upright prairie coneflower. Shrubs in this community include prairie sagewort (also known as fringed sagewort), and broom snakeweed. Compared to the community 1.1, blue grama and threadleaf sedge have increased. All midgrass species are present but in lesser amounts, especially the bunchgrasses. Plant diversity is moderate. The risk of losing key midgrasses and important forbs and shrubs is a major concern. Prescribed grazing with adequate recovery periods between grazing events will maintain the vegetation or move it toward the Reference Plant Community. Natural disturbances such as drought or fire can contribute to this shift. In the Shallow Sandy 10 to 14“ PZ ecological site, the total annual production (air-dry weight) is about 800 pounds per acre during an average year, but it can range from about 500 pounds per acre in unfavorable years to about 1,000 pounds per acre in above-average years. Total aboveground biomass has been reduced. Reduction of rhizomatous wheatgrasses, nitrogen-fixing forbs, and increased warm-season shortgrasses have begun to alter the biotic integrity of this community. Water and nutrient cycles may be impaired. Nearly all plant species typically found in community 1.1 are present and will respond to changes in grazing management.

Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY5803, Northern Rolling High Plains, Southern Part, cool-season/warm-season co-dominant. Cool-season/warm-season co-dominant.

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
		3	10	20	28	21	10	5	3

Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2

Excessive grazing without adequate recovery between grazing events, or frequent and severe defoliation, drought, or fire, can shift this plant community toward community 1.2. Over a period of years, plant species less tolerant to frequent and severe defoliation will begin to decrease, and those more tolerant will begin to increase. Biotic integrity and water and nutrient cycles may become impaired because of this community pathway.

Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1

Grazing that allows for adequate recovery between grazing events, along with proper stocking rates, shift community 1.2 back toward community 1.1. Natural disturbances such as return to normal precipitation will contribute to this shift.

State 2
Sod Bound

This state is characterized by the sod-bound shortgrass plant community. An ecological threshold has been crossed and a significant amount of production and diversity has been lost when compared to the Reference state. Significant biotic and soil changes have negatively impacted energy flow, and nutrient and hydrologic cycles. This is a very stable state, resistant to change due to the high tolerance of blue grama and threadleaf sedge to grazing, the development of a shallow root system (root pan), and subsequent changes in hydrology and nutrient cycling. Loss of other functional/structural groups such as cool-season bunch- and rhizomatous grasses, forbs, and shrubs reduces the biodiversity productivity of this site.

Dominant plant species

skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), shrub
soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca), shrub
threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia), grass
blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), grass
hairy false goldenaster (Heterotheca villosa), other herbaceous
Cuman ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya), other herbaceous

Community 2.1
Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Threadleaf Sedge, Blue Grama, Hairy False Goldenaster, and Cuman Ragweed

This community develops under long-term frequent and severe defoliation. This typically occurs when the community has been excessively grazed with heavy stocking rates, throughout the growing season over a period of many years. Initially, this plant community is dominated by sod-forming grasses and grass-likes, such as blue grama and threadleaf sedge, with remnants of midgrasses such as prairie sandreed, and some rhizomatous wheatgrasses. Forbs include Cuman ragweed (western ragweed), lemon scurfpea, hairy false goldenaster, and skeletonplant. Shrubs such as prairie (fringed) sagewort, broom snakeweed, and pricklypear continue to increase. Under long-term frequent and severe defoliation, blue grama and threadleaf sedge have become sod-bound in localized colonies and exhibit a mosaic appearance. Other minor grasses are sand dropseed, Fendler’s threeawn, and annuals. The midgrasses and palatable forbs have been eliminated. Plant diversity is very low. Energy flow and the water and mineral cycles have been negatively affected. Litter levels are very low and unevenly distributed. In the Shallow Sandy 10 to 14“ PZ ecological site, the total annual production (air-dry weight) is about 500 pounds per acre during an average year, but it can range from about 350 pounds per acre in unfavorable years to about 650 pounds per acre in above-average years. This sod-bound community is extremely resistant to change. Many plant species are missing, and a seed source is not readily available. Also, sod-forming grasses tend to maintain themselves due to their resistance to any further overgrazing.

Figure 11. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY5803, Northern Rolling High Plains, Southern Part, cool-season/warm-season co-dominant. Cool-season/warm-season co-dominant.

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
		3	10	20	28	21	10	5	3

State 3
Eroded

The Eroded state develops with heavy, excessive grazing with overstocking, or frequent and severe defoliation. An ecological threshold has been crossed. Soil erosion and loss of organic matter and carbon reserves are resource concerns.

Dominant plant species

skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), shrub
soapweed yucca (Yucca glauca), shrub
cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), grass
hairy false goldenaster (Heterotheca villosa), other herbaceous
Cuman ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya), other herbaceous

Community 3.1
Skunkbush Sumac, Soapweed Yucca, Cheatgrass, Hairy False Goldenaster, and Cuman ragweed

This community occurs where the rangeland is grazed year-round at high stock densities. Physical impact such as trampling, soil compaction, and trailing typically contribute to this transition. The plant composition is made of annuals with a few species of perennial forbs and grasses that are very tolerant to frequent and severe defoliation. The dominant grasses include blue grama, threadleaf sedge, and Fendler’s threeawn. Annual grasses and forbs such as cheatgrass, sixweeks fescue, Russian thistle, and kochia have increased or invaded. The dominant forbs include curlycup gumweed, Cuman (western) ragweed, and hairy false goldenaster. Soapweed yucca, pricklypear, snakeweed, and prairie (fringed) sagewort will increase. In the Shallow Sandy 10 to 14“ PZ ecological site, the total annual production (air-dry weight) is about 500 pounds per acre during an average year, but it can range from about 350 pounds per acre in unfavorable years to about 650 pounds per acre in above-average years. The hazard of soil erosion has increased due to the increase of bare ground. Runoff is typically high, and infiltration is low. All ecological functions are impaired. Desertification is advanced.

Figure 12. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY5803, Northern Rolling High Plains, Southern Part, cool-season/warm-season co-dominant. Cool-season/warm-season co-dominant.

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
		3	10	20	28	21	10	5	3

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

Excessive grazing without adequate recovery periods or frequent and severe defoliation will shift this plant community across an ecological threshold toward the Sod Bound state. Biotic integrity and hydrologic function will be impaired because of this transition.

Transition T2A
State 2 to 3

Long-term excessive grazing or frequent and severe defoliation, without adequate recovery between grazing events, or heavy, excessive grazing with overstocking will cause a shift across an ecological threshold to the Eroded state. Non-native annual bromes begin to invade in this transition.

Additional community tables

Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production (lb/acre)	Foliar cover (%)
Grass/Grasslike
1	Cool-Season Rhizomatous			60–130
	thickspike wheatgrass	ELLAL	Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus	60–130	5–10
	western wheatgrass	PASM	Pascopyrum smithii	60–130	5–10
2	Cool-Season Bunch Midgrasses			330–715
	needle and thread	HECO26	Hesperostipa comata	150–325	5–25
	bluebunch wheatgrass	PSSP6	Pseudoroegneria spicata	60–130	1–10
	Indian ricegrass	ACHY	Achnatherum hymenoides	60–130	1–10
	Cusick's bluegrass	POCU3	Poa cusickii	60–130	1–10
3	Warm-Season Midgrasses			180–390
	prairie sandreed	CALO	Calamovilfa longifolia	120–260	5–20
	little bluestem	SCSC	Schizachyrium scoparium	60–130	1–10
4	Warm-Season Shortgrass			60–130
	blue grama	BOGR2	Bouteloua gracilis	50–100	1–5
	hairy grama	BOHI2	Bouteloua hirsuta	50–100	1–5
5	Miscellaneous			150–325
	Indian ricegrass	ACHY	Achnatherum hymenoides	30–65	1–5
	purple threeawn	ARPU9	Aristida purpurea	30–65	1–5
	prairie Junegrass	KOMA	Koeleria macrantha	30–65	1–5
	Sandberg bluegrass	POSE	Poa secunda	30–65	1–5
	Cusick's bluegrass	POCU3	Poa cusickii	30–65	1–5
	sand dropseed	SPCR	Sporobolus cryptandrus	30–65	1–5
	threadleaf sedge	CAFI	Carex filifolia	30–65	1–5
	Grass, perennial	2GP	Grass, perennial	30–65	1–5
	plains muhly	MUCU3	Muhlenbergia cuspidata	30–65	1–5
Forb
6	Forbs			90–195
	American vetch	VIAM	Vicia americana	30–65	1–5
	upright prairie coneflower	RACO3	Ratibida columnifera	30–65	1–5
	aster	ASTER	Aster	30–65	1–5
	desertparsley	LOMAT	Lomatium	30–65	1–5
	large Indian breadroot	PEES	Pediomelum esculentum	30–65	1–5
	common yarrow	ACMI2	Achillea millefolium	30–65	1–5
	rosy pussytoes	ANRO2	Antennaria rosea	30–65	1–5
	milkvetch	ASTRA	Astragalus	30–65	1–5
	stemless mock goldenweed	STAC	Stenotus acaulis	30–65	1–5
	sulphur-flower buckwheat	ERUM	Eriogonum umbellatum	30–65	1–5
	scarlet beeblossom	GACO5	Gaura coccinea	30–65	1–5
	purple prairie clover	DAPU5	Dalea purpurea	30–65	1–5
	white prairie clover	DACA7	Dalea candida	30–65	1–5
	dotted blazing star	LIPU	Liatris punctata	30–65	1–5
	bluebells	MERTE	Mertensia	30–65	1–5
	textile onion	ALTE	Allium textile	30–65	1–5
	spiny phlox	PHHO	Phlox hoodii	30–65	1–5
	lemon scurfpea	PSLA3	Psoralidium lanceolatum	30–65	1–5
	tapertip hawksbeard	CRAC2	Crepis acuminata	30–65	1–5
	Forb, perennial	2FP	Forb, perennial	30–65	1–5
	scarlet globemallow	SPCO	Sphaeralcea coccinea	30–65	1–5
Shrub/Vine
7	Shrubs			150–325
	fourwing saltbush	ATCA2	Atriplex canescens	60–130	1–10
	yellow rabbitbrush	CHVI8	Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus	30–65	1–5
	winterfat	KRLA2	Krascheninnikovia lanata	30–65	1–5
	skunkbush sumac	RHTR	Rhus trilobata	30–65	1–5
	Shrub (>.5m)	2SHRUB	Shrub (>.5m)	30–65	1–5
	soapweed yucca	YUGL	Yucca glauca	30–65	1–5
	silver sagebrush	ARCA13	Artemisia cana	30–65	1–5
	Wyoming big sagebrush	ARTRW8	Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis	30–65	1–5
	prairie sagewort	ARFR4	Artemisia frigida	30–65	1–5

Interpretations

Animal community

Animal Community – Wildlife Interpretations (from 2001 ESD; will be revised in future updates)

Needleandthread/ Prairie sandreed (Reference): The predominance of grasses in this plant community favors grazers and mixed-feeders, such as bison, elk, and antelope. Suitable thermal and escape cover for deer may be limited due to the low quantities of woody plants. However, topographical variations could provide some escape cover. When found adjacent to sagebrush-dominated states, this plant community may provide brood-rearing and foraging areas for sage grouse, as well as lek sites. Other birds that would frequent this plant community include western meadowlarks, horned larks, and golden eagles. Many grassland-obligate small mammals would occur here.

Needle and thread/Threadleaf Sedge/Broom Snakeweed: These communities provide foraging for antelope and other grazers. They may be used as a foraging site by sage grouse if proximal to woody cover. Generally, these are not target plant communities for wildlife habitat management.

Threadleaf sedge/Fringed sagewort/Yucca: These communities provide limited foraging for antelope and other grazers due to low production. They may be used as a foraging site by sage grouse if proximal to woody cover. Generally, these are not target plant communities for wildlife habitat management.

Animal Community – Grazing Interpretations (updated in 2019 Provisional revision)

The following table is a guide to stocking rates for the plant communities described in the Shallow Sandy 10-14" PZ site. These are conservative estimates for initial planning. On-site conditions will vary, and stocking rates should be adjusted based on range inventories, animal kind and class, forage availability (adjusted for slope, distance to water), and the type of grazing system (number of pastures, planned moves, etc.), all of which is determined in the conservation planning process.

The following stocking rates are based on the total annual forage production in a normal year multiplied by 25% harvest efficiency of preferred and desirable forage species, divided by 912 pounds of ingested air-dry vegetation for an animal unit per month (Natl. Range and Pasture Handbook, 1997). An animal unit month is defined as the amount of forage required by one livestock animal, with or without one calf, for one month, and is shortened to AUM.

Plant Community (PC) Production (total lbs./acre in a normal year) and Stocking Rate (AUM/acre) are listed below:

Example: Reference PC – (1000) (.27)

1,000 lbs. per acre X 25% Harvest Efficiency = 250 lbs. forage demand for one month. 250 lbs. per acre/912 demand per AUM =.27

Plant Community (PC) Production (total lbs./acre in a normal year) and Stocking Rate (AUM/acre) are listed below:

Reference Plant Community 600-1300 .2
Threadleaf sedge/Needleandthread/Broom snakeweed 500-900 .17
Threadleaf sedge/Fringed sagewort/Yucca 400-700 .1

Increased Bare Ground PC (*) (*)

* Highly variable stocking rates must be determined on-site.

Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangelands in this area provide year-long forage under prescribed grazing for cattle, sheep, horses, and other herbivores. During the dormant period, livestock may need supplementation based on reliable forage analysis.

Hydrological functions

Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic groups B and C. Infiltration ranges from rapid to very rapid. Runoff potential for this site varies from low to moderate depending on soil hydrologic group and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75 percent ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. An example of an exception would be where shortgrasses form a strong sod and dominate the site. Areas where ground cover is less than 50 percent have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to Part 630, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for detailed hydrology information).

Rills and gullies should not typically be present. Water flow patterns should be barely distinguishable if at all present. Pedestalled plants and terracettes are not expected on gentle slopes but will occur on slopes steeper than 15% becoming more evident as slopes increase. Fine litter will generally move short distances (less than 6 inches), some coarse litter will move very short distances (less than 3 inches). Litter debris dams are occasionally present. Chemical and physical crusts are rare to non-existent. Cryptogamic crusts are present, but only cover 1 to 2 percent of the soil surface.

Recreational uses

This site provides hunting opportunities for upland game species. The wide variety of plants which bloom from spring until fall have an esthetic value that appeals to visitors.

Wood products

No appreciable wood products are present on the site.

Other products

None noted.

Other information

Site Development & Testing Plan

General Data (MLRA and Revision Notes, Hierarchical Classification, Ecological Site Concept, Physiographic, Climate, and Water Features, and Soils Data):

Updated. All “Required” items complete to Provisional level.

Community Phase Data (Ecological Dynamics, STM, Transition & Recovery Pathways, Reference Plant Community, Species Composition List, Annual Production Table):

Updated. All “Required” items complete to Provisional level.

Annual Production Table is from the “Previously Approved” ESD (2001).

The Annual Production Table and Species Composition List will be reviewed for future updates at the Approved level.

Each Alternative State/Community:

Complete to Provisional level.

Supporting Information (Site Interpretations, Assoc. & Similar Sites, Inventory Data References, Agency/State Correlation, References):

Updated. All “Required” items complete to Provisional level.

Wildlife Interpretations: Narrative is from “Previously Approved” ESD (2001). Wildlife species will need to be updated at the next Approved level.

Livestock Interpretations: Plant community names and stocking rates updated.

Hydrology, Recreational Uses, Wood Products, and Other Products carried over from previously “Approved” ESD (2001).

Existing NRI Inventory Data References updated. More field data collection is necessary to support this site concept.

Reference Sheet:

Rangeland Health Reference Sheet carried over from previously “Approved” ESD (2005).
It will be updated at the next “Approved” level.

“Future work, as described in a project plan, to validate the information in this provisional ecological site description is needed. This will include field activities to collect low and medium intensity sampling, soil correlations, and analysis of that data. Annual field reviews should be done by soil scientists and vegetation specialists. A final field review, peer review, quality control, and quality assurance reviews of the ESD will be needed to produce the final document.” (NI 430_306 ESI and ESD, April 2015)

Supporting information

Inventory data references

Inventory data has been collected on private and federal lands by the following methods:
• Double Sampling (Determining Vegetation Production and Stocking Rates, WY-ECS-1)
• Rangeland Health (Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health, Version 4, 2005)
• Soil Stability (Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health, Version 4, 2005)
• Line Point Intercept (Monitoring Manual for Grassland, Shrubland, and Savanna Ecosystems, Volume II, 2005)
• Soil Pedon Descriptions (Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, Version 3, 2012)
• SCS-RANGE-417 (Production & Composition Record for Native Grazing Lands)

National Resources Inventory (NRI)
Number of Records: 34
Sample Period: 2005-2017
Counties: Converse, Crook, Johnson, Natrona, Niobrara, Platte, Sheridan, Weston

Additional data collection includes ESI data collection in conjunction with Soil Surveys conducted within MLRA 58B; ocular estimates; rangeland vegetative clipping for NRCS program support; field observations from experienced rangeland personnel

Data collection for this ecological site was done in conjunction with the progressive soil surveys within MLRA 58B Northern Rolling High Plains (Southern Part)

Note: Revisions to soil surveys are on-going. For the most recent updates, visit the Web Soil Survey, the official site for soils information: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx

Other references

Anderson, R.C. 2006. Evolution and origin of the central grassland of North America: Climate, fire, and mammalian grazers. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133:626–647.

Bragg, T.B. 1995. The physical environment of the Great Plains grasslands. In: A. Joern and K.H. Keeler (eds) The changing prairie. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pages 49–81.

Branson, D.H. and G.A. Sword. 2010. An experimental analysis of grasshopper community responses to fire and livestock grazing in a northern mixed-grass prairie. Environmental Entomology 39:1441–1446.

Brinson, M.M. 1993. A hydrogeomorphic classification for wetlands. Technical Report WRP–DE–4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

Cleland, D., P. Avers, W.H. McNab, M. Jensen, R. Bailey, T. King, and W. Russell. 1997. National hierarchical framework of ecological units. In: Ecosystem Management: Applications for Sustainable Forest and Wildlife Resources, Yale University Press.

Coupland, R.T. 1958. The effects of fluctuations in weather upon the grasslands of the Great Plains. Botanical Review 24:273–317.

Davis, S.K., R.J. Fisher, S.L. Skinner, T.L. Shaffer, and R.M. Brigham. 2013. Songbird abundance in native and planted grassland varies with type and amount of grassland in the surrounding landscape. Journal of Wildlife Management 77:908–919.

DeLuca, T.H. and P. Lesica. 1996. Long-term harmful effects of crested wheatgrass on Great Plains grassland ecosystems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51:408–409.

Derner, J.D. and R.H. Hart. 2007. Grazing-induced modifications to peak standing crop in northern mixed-grass prairie. Rangeland Ecology and Management 60:270–276.

Derner, J.D. and A.J. Whitman. 2009. Plant interspaces resulting from contrasting grazing management in northern mixed-grass prairie: Implications for ecosystem function. Rangeland Ecology and Management 62:83–88.

Derner, J.D., W.K. Lauenroth, P. Stapp, and D.J. Augustine. 2009. Livestock as ecosystem engineers for grassland bird habitat in the western Great Plains of North America. Rangeland Ecology and Management 62:111–118.

Dillehay, T.D. 1974. Late Quaternary bison population changes on the southern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 19:180–196.

Dormaar, J.F. and S. Smoliak. 1985. Recovery of vegetative cover and soil organic matter during revegetation of abandoned farmland in a semiarid climate. Journal of Range Management 38:487–491.

Guyette, Richard P., M.C. Stambaugh, D.C. Dey, and R.M. Muzika. (2012). Predicting fire frequency with chemistry and climate. Ecosystems, 15: 322-335.

Harmoney, K.R. 2007. Grazing and burning Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) on mixed grass rangelands. Rangeland Ecology and Management 60:479–486.

Heitschmidt, R.K. and L.T. Vermeire. 2005. An ecological and economic risk avoidance drought management decision support system. In: J.A. Milne (ed.) Pastoral systems in marginal environments, 20th International Grasslands Congress, July, 2005. Page 178.

Knopf, F.L. 1996. Prairie legacies—Birds. In: F.B. Samson and F.L. Knopf (eds.) Prairie conservation: Preserving North America’s most endangered ecosystem. Island Press, Washington, DC. Pages 135–148.

Knopf, F.L., and F.B. Samson. 1997. Conservation of grassland vertebrates. In: F.B. Samson and F.L. Knopf (eds.) Ecology and conservation of Great Plains vertebrates: Ecological Studies 125. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. Pages 273–289.

Lauenroth, W.K., O.E. Sala, D.P. Coffin, and T.B. Kirchner. 1994. The importance of soil water in recruitment of Bouteloua gracilis in the shortgrass steppe. Ecological Applications 4:741–749.

Laycock, W.A. 1988. History of grassland plowing and grass planting on the Great Plains. In: J.E. Mitchell (ed.) Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains—symposium proceedings, September 16–18, 1987. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-158.

Malloch, D.W., K.A. Pirozynski, and P.H. Raven. 1980. Ecological and evolutionary significance of mycorrhizal symbioses in vascular plants (a review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 77:2113–2118.

Ogle, S.M., W.A. Reiners, and K.G. Gerow. 2003. Impacts of exotic annual brome grasses (Bromus spp.) on ecosystem properties of the northern mixed grass prairie. American Midland Naturalist 149:46–58.

Roath, L.R. 1988. Implications of land conversions and management for the future. In: J.E. Mitchell (ed.) Impacts of the Conservation Reserve Program in the Great Plains—symposium proceedings, September 16–18, 1987. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, General Technical Report RM-158.

Smoliak, S. and J.F. Dormaar. 1985. Productivity of Russian wildrye and crested wheatgrass and their effect on prairie soils. Journal of Range Management 38:403–405.

Smoliak, S., J.F. Dormaar, and A. Johnston. 1972. Long-term grazing effects on Stipa-Bouteloua prairie soils. Journal of Range Management 25:246–250.

Soil Survey Division Staff. 2017. Soil survey manual. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Handbook 18.

Soil Survey Staff. Official Soil Series Descriptions. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available online. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/home/?cid=nrcs142p2_053587. Accessed 15 November, 2017.

Soil Survey Staff. Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th edition. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Soil Survey Staff. 2018. Web Soil Survey. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Available online. https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. Accessed 15 February, 2018.

Soller, D.R. 2001. Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains. U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series I-1970-E, scale 1:3,500,000.

Stewart, Omer C. 2002. Forgotten Fires. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Glossary of landform and geologic terms. National Soil Survey Handbook, Title 430-VI, Part 629.02c. Available online. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242. Accessed 16 January, 2018.

United States Army Corps of Engineers. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Wetlands Research Program Technical Report Y-87-1 (http://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Portals/38/docs/USACE%2087%20Wetland%20Delineation%20Manual.pdf). Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory. 2013. Level III ecoregions of the continental United States. Available online. https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/ecoregions. Accessed 30 January, 2019.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2010a. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States, version 7.0.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2013a. Climate data. National Water and Climate Center. Available online. http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate. Accessed 13 October, 2017.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land resource regions and major land resource areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. Agriculture Handbook 296.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2013b. National Soil Information System. Available online. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/geo/?Cid=nrcs142p2_053552. Accessed 30 October, 2017.

United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 2008. LANDFIRE 1.1.0 Vegetation Dynamics Models. http://landfire.cr.usgs.gov/viewer/.

United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 2011. LANDFIRE 1.1.0 Existing Vegetation Types. http://landfire.cr.usgs.gov/viewer/.

Willeke, G.E. 1994. The national drought atlas [CD ROM]. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Water Resources Support Center, Institute for Water Resources Report 94-NDS-4.

Wilson, S.D. and J.M. Shay. 1990. Competition, fire, and nutrients in a mixed-grass prairie. Ecology 71:1959–1967.

With, K.A. 2010. McCown’s longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii). In: A. Poole (ed.) The birds of North America [online]. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/home.

Augustine, D.J., J. Derner, D. Milchunas, D. Blumenthal, and L. Porensky. 2017. Grazing moderates increases in C3 grass abundance over seven decades across a soil texture gradient in shortgrass steppe. In: Journal of Vegetation Science, DOI:10.1111/jvs.12508.

Clark, J., E. Grimm, J. Donovan, S. Fritz, D. Engrstom, and J. Almendinger. 2002. Drought cycles and landscape responses to past aridity on prairies of the Northern Great Plains, USA. Ecology, 83(3), Pages 595-601.

Connell, L. C., J. D. Scasta, and L. M. Porensky. 2018. Prairie dogs and wildfires shape vegetation structure in a sagebrush grassland more than does rest from ungulate grazing. Ecosphere 9(8):e02390. 10.1002/ecs2.2390

Collins, S. and S. Barber. (1985). Effects of disturbance on diversity in mixed-grass prairie. In: Vegetatio, 64, pages 87-94.

United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Cooperative climatological data summaries. NOAA Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, NV. Available online. http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/climatedata/climsum. Accessed 16 November, 2017.

Egan, Timothy. 2006. The Worst Hard Time. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, New York, NY.

Guyette, R.P., M.C. Stambaugh, D.C. Dey, and R.M. Muzika. 2012. Predicting fire frequency with chemistry and climate. In: Ecosystems, 15: pages 322-335.

Hart, R. and J. Hart. 1997. Rangelands of the Great Plains before European settlement. In: Rangelands, 19(1), pages 4-11.

Hart, R. 2001. Plant biodiversity on shortgrass steppe after 55 years of zero, light, moderate, or heavy cattle grazing. In: Plant Ecology, 155, pages 111-118.

Pellant, M., P. Shaver, D.A. Pyke, and J.E. Herrick. 2005. Interpreting indicators of rangeland health, Version 4. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.

Porensky, L.M. and D.M. Blumenthal. 2016. Historical wildfires do not promote cheatgrass invasion in a western Great Plains steppe. In: Biological Invasions 18:3333-3349: DOI 10.1007/s10530-16-1225-z

Porensky, L., J.D. Derner, and D.W. Pellatz. 2018. Plant community responses to historical wildfire in a shrubland-grassland ecotone reveal hybrid disturbance response. In: Ecosphere. DOI: 9(8):e02363. 10.1002/ecs2.2363.

Mack, Richard N., and J.N. Thompson. 1982. Evolution in steppe with few large, hooved mammals. In: The American Naturalist. 119, No. 6, pages 757-773

Reyes-Fox, M., H. Stelzer, M.J. Trlica, G.S. McMaster, A.A. Andales, D.R. LeCain, and J.A. Morgan. 2014. Elevated CO2 further lengthens growing season under warming conditions. In: Nature, April 23, 2014. Available online. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v510/n7504/full/nature13207.html. Accessed 1 March, 2017.

Schoeneberger, P.J., D.A. Wysockie, E.C. Benham, and Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Stahl, David W., E.R. Cook, M.K. Cleaveland, M.D. Therrell, D.M. Meko, H.D. Grissino-Mayer, E. Watson, and B.H. Luckman. Tree-ring data document 16th century megadrought over North America. 2000. In: Eos, 81(12), pages 121-125.

Stubbendieck, James, S.L. Hatch, and L.M. Landholt. 2003. North American wildland plants. Univ. of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London.

Zelikova, T.J., D.M. Blumenthal, D.G. Williams, L. Souza, D.R. LeCain, and J.Morgan. 2014. Long-term exposure to elevated CO2 enhances plant community stability by suppressing dominant plant species in a mixed-grass prairie. In: Ecology, 2014 https://www.pnas.org/content/111/43/15456.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National Ecological Site Handbook, Title 190, Part 630, 1st Edition. Available online. https://directives.sc.egov.usda.gov/. Accessed 15 September, 2017.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2009. Part 630, Hydrology, National Engineering Handbook

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1972-2012. National Engineering Handbook Hydrology Chapters. Available online. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/water/?&cid=stelprdb1043063. Accessed August, 2015.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 1997, revised 2003.
National Range and Pasture Handbook. Available online. http://www.glti.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/publications/nrph.html
Accessed 26 February, 2018.

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. National Soil Survey Handbook title 430-VI. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs142p2_054242

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Web Soil Survey. Available online. http://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx.(Accessed 15 November, 2017.

Contributors

Everett Bainter
Glenn Mitchell

Approval

Kirt Walstad, 9/15/2024

Acknowledgments

Project Staff:
Kimberly Diller, Ecological Site Inventory Specialist, NRCS MLRA SSO, Pueblo CO
Mike Leno, Project Leader, NRCS MLRA SSO, Buffalo, WY

Partners/Contributors:
Joe Dyer, Soil Scientist, NRCS MLRA SSO, Buffalo, WY
Arnie Irwin, Soil Scientist, BLM, Buffalo, WY
Blaine Horn, Rangeland Extension Educator, UW Extension, Buffalo, WY
Isabelle Giuliani, Resource Soil Scientist, NRCS, Douglas, WY
Mary Jo Kimble, Project Leader, NRCS MLRA SSO, Miles City, MT
Ryan Murray, Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS, Buffalo, WY
Lauren Porensky, Ph.D., Ecologist, ARS, Fort Collins, CO
Chadley Prosser, Rangeland Program Manager, USFS, Bismarck, ND
Bryan Christensen, Ecological Site Inventory Specialist, NRCS-MLRA SSO, Pinedale, WY
Marji Patz, Ecological Site Inventory Specialist, NRCS-MLRA SSO, Powell, WY
Rick Peterson, Ecological Site Inventory Specialist, NRCS-MLRA SSO, Rapid City, SD

Program Support:
John Hartung, WY State Rangeland Management Specialist-QC, NRCS, Casper, WY
David Kraft, NRCS MLRA Ecological Site Inventory Specialist-QA, Emporia, KS
Carla Green Adams, Editor, NRCS-SSR5, Denver, CO
Chad Remley, Regional Director, Northern Great Plains Soil Survey, Salina, KS
Those involved in developing the 2001 version: Everett Bainter, WY State Rangeland Management Specialist, WY-NRCS, and Glen Mitchell, Rangeland Management Specialist, WY-NRCS

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)
Contact for lead author
Date	04/01/2005
Approved by	Kirt Walstad
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production