Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R060AY010SD
Loamy 13-16" P.Z.
Accessed: 04/24/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 060A–Pierre Shale Plains
MLRA Notes:
The Pierre Shale Plains (MLRA 60A) consists of approximately 10,150 square miles, the majority of which is located in South Dakota (70 percent) and small portions are in Montana (2 percent), Nebraska (8 percent), and Wyoming (20 percent). It encircles the Black Hills (MLRA 62) and the Dakota Hogback (MLRA 61). MLRA 60A includes portions of the Oglala, Buffalo Gap and the Thunder Basin National Grasslands. It also includes small sections of the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, Badlands National Park, and Black Hills National Forest. The Cheyenne and Belle Fourche Rivers flow through the MLRA.
MLRA 60A is in the unglaciated section of the Missouri Plateau, of the Great Plains Province of the Interior Plains. It is an area of old plateaus and terraces that have been deeply eroded. Cretaceous Pierre Shale underlies almost all of this MLRA. This is a marine sediment with layers of volcanic ash that has been altered to smectitic clay. These clays shrink as they dry and swell as they receive moisture. Soils are shallow to very deep and generally are well drained and clayey.
Elevations generally range from 2,620 to 3,610 feet throughout the MLRA, but can range up to 4,260 feet. The average annual precipitation for the western side of the MLRA is 13 to 16 inches, whereas the eastern side receives 16 to 18 inches. A suite of ecological sites have been written specifically for these two precipitation zones. The Locator Map shows the break between the two precipitation zones.
This area supports a mixed natural prairie vegetation consisting of both cool- and warm-season grasses and forbs. Wyoming big sagebrush occurs primarily in the drier western portion of the MLRA; however, small remnant stands can be found in the eastern portion. Dominant land uses of the area primarily are ranching and, to a lesser extent, farming. Major resource concerns to this MLRA are wind erosion and surface water quality.
Classification relationships
USDA - Land Resource Region G – Western Great Plains Range and Irrigated Region, Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 60A – Pierre Shale Plains.
EPA - Level IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States: 43e – Sagebrush Steppe, 43g Semiarid Pierre Shale Plains, and 43k – Dense Clay Prairie.
Ecological site concept
The Loamy 13-16" PZ ecological site occurs on the western side of the MLRA. It is located on upland landscapes and does not receive additional moisture from runoff or overflow. The typical slopes range is from 0 to 15 percent. The soil surface textures range from loam to silty clay loam. Carbonates can be found between 10 to 25 inches below the surface. The vegetation in Reference consists of a mix of cool- and warm-season grasses, however, mid-statured cool-season grasses will be the dominant group. Rhizomatous wheatgrass, needle and thread, green needlegrass, and prairie Junegrass are the dominant cool-season grasses; and sideoats grama, blue grama and buffalograss are the dominant warm-season grasses. Forbs are common and diverse. Dominant shrubs include Wyoming big sagebrush, winterfat, and rose. Wyoming big sagebrush is almost always present unless the site has burned within the last several decades.
Associated sites
| R060AY009SD |
Sandy The Sandy site can be found adjacent to this site, but will have more silver sagebrush and less Wyoming big sagebrush. |
|---|---|
| R060AY011SD |
Clayey 13-16" P.Z. The Clayey 13-16” PZ site can be found adjacent to this site. |
| R060AY012SD |
Thin Upland The Thin Upland site will be found on steeper slopes adjacent to this site. |
| R060AY020SD |
Loamy Overflow The Loamy Overflow site will be found on drainageways adjacent to this site. |
| R060AY024SD |
Shallow Loamy The Shallow Loamy site can be located on steep slopes above this site. |
Similar sites
| R060AY020SD |
Loamy Overflow The Loamy Overflow site will have less needle and thread, more big bluestem, and higher production. |
|---|---|
| R060AY011SD |
Clayey 13-16" P.Z. The Clayey 13-16” PZ site will have similar production, with more green needlegrass and less needle and thread. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Pascopyrum smithii |
Physiographic features
This site occurs on nearly level to moderately steep uplands.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Fan
(2) Hill (3) Plain |
|---|---|
| Flooding frequency | None |
| Ponding frequency | None |
| Elevation | 2,500 – 4,300 ft |
| Slope | 15% |
| Water table depth | 80 in |
| Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
The climate in this MLRA is typical of the drier portions of the Northern Great Plains where sagebrush steppes to the west yield to grassland steppes to the east. Annual precipitation ranges from 13 to 16 inches per year, with most occurring during the growing season. Temperatures show a wide range between summer and winter and between daily maximums and minimums, due to the high elevation and dry air, which permits rapid incoming and outgoing radiation. Cold air outbreaks from Canada in winter move rapidly from northwest to southeast and account for extreme minimum temperatures. Chinook winds may occur in winter and bring rapid rises in temperature. Extreme storms may occur during the winter, but most severely affect ranch operations during late winter and spring. The normal average annual temperature is about 46°F. January is the coldest month with average temperatures ranging from about 19°F (Moorcroft CAA, WY) to about 22°F (Belle Fourche, SD). July is the warmest month with temperatures averaging from about 70°F (Moorcroft CAA, WY) to about 72°F (Belle Fourche, SD). The range of normal average monthly temperatures between the coldest and warmest months is about 51°F. Hourly winds are estimated to average about 11 miles per hour annually, ranging from about 13 miles per hour during the spring to about 10 miles per hour during the summer. Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime and occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts to more than 50 miles per hour. Growth of cool-season plants begins in early to mid-March, slowing or ceasing in late June. Warm-season plants begin growth about mid-May and can continue to early or mid-September. Green-up of cool-season plants may occur in September and October when adequate soil moisture is present.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 115 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 128 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 15 in |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 4. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 5. Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
-
(1) ALBION 1 N [USC00240088], Alzada, MT
-
(2) REDBIRD [USC00487555], Lance Creek, WY
-
(3) BELLE FOURCHE 22 NNW [USC00390565], Belle Fourche, SD
-
(4) COLONY [USC00481905], Aladdin, WY
-
(5) EDGEMONT [USC00392557], Edgemont, SD
-
(6) UPTON [USC00489205], Upton, WY
-
(7) MOORCROFT 3S [USW00024088], Moorcroft, WY
Influencing water features
No significant water features influence this site.
Soil features
The soils in this site are well drained and formed in alluvium or residuum from silty or clayey materials. The surface layer is 4 to 12 inches thick. The surface textures are silty, silty loam, and loam. The soils have a moderate infiltration rate.
Occasionally carbonates will occur at or near the surface on this site. This site should show slight to no evidence of rills, wind-scoured areas, or pedestalled plants. Water flow paths are broken, irregular in appearance, or discontinuous with numerous debris dams or vegetative barriers. The soil surface is stable and intact. Subsurface soil layers are non-restrictive to water movement and root penetration.
Major soils correlated to Loamy 13-16” PZ include: Altvan, Bidman, Blackpipe, Nuncho, Nunn, Onita, Recluse, Satanta, Savo, and Thirtynine.
These soils are mainly susceptible to water erosion. The hazard of water erosion increases on slopes greater than about 10 percent. More information can be found in the various soil survey reports. Contact the local USDA Service Center for soil survey reports that include more detail specific to your location.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Surface texture |
(1) Silt loam (2) Silty clay loam (3) Loam |
|---|---|
| Family particle size |
(1) Loamy |
| Drainage class | Well drained |
| Permeability class | Slow to moderate |
| Soil depth | 20 – 80 in |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | Not specified |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | Not specified |
| Available water capacity (0-40in) |
5 – 8 in |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in) |
15% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-40in) |
8 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in) |
5 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in) |
6.1 – 8.4 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
30% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
15% |
Ecological dynamics
This site developed under Northern Great Plains climatic conditions, natural influences of large herbivores, occasional fire, and other biotic and abiotic factors that typically influence soil/site development. Changes will occur in the plant communities due to short-term weather variations, impacts of native and/or exotic plant and animal species, and management actions. While the following plant community descriptions specify more typical transitions between communities that will occur, severe disturbances, such as periods of well-below average precipitation, can cause significant shifts in plant communities and/or species composition.
The western portion of this MLRA is located in the eastern extent of Wyoming big sagebrush. Wyoming big sage is an important habitat element for may obligate species, including the greater sage-grouse. It is also essential to maintaining native plants and limiting the invasion of exotic plants in sagebrush communities (Beck et al., 2010).
Non-native cool-season grasses, primarily annual brome species, and fire can dramatically alter the dynamics of this site. Fire return intervals have become more frequent with the introduction of annual bromes, and the use of prescribed burning has, and continues to be used, to increase herbaceous cover for grazing. Historically, Wyoming big sagebrush recovery from wildfire was extremely slow. It is a non-root sprouter and highly susceptible to fire injury and is likely to require well over 100 years to reach pre-burn sagebrush cover (Cooper et al., 2001). As a result many of the native plant communities on this site are at-risk of being converted to a Burned Native/Invaded State.
The plant community upon which interpretations are primarily based is the Reference Plant Community (1.1). The Reference Plant Community has been determined by studying rangeland relic areas, areas protected from excessive disturbance, and areas under long-term rotational grazing regimes. Trends in plant community dynamics ranging from heavily grazed to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts also have been used. Plant communities, states, transitional pathways, and thresholds have been determined through similar studies and experience.
The following is a diagram that illustrates the common plant communities that can occur on the site and the transition pathways between communities. The ecological processes are discussed in more detail in the plant community descriptions following the diagram.
State and transition model
Figure 6. Loamy 13-16" PZ - R060AY010SD.
Figure 7. Loamy 13-16" PZ - R060AY010SD.
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
Ecosystem states
States 1, 5 and 2 (additional transitions)
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference State
This State represents what is believed to show the natural range of variability that dominated the dynamics of the ecological site prior to European settlement. This site in the Reference State (1.0), is dominated by cool-season grasses and subdominant warm-season grass. Shrubs, including Wyoming big sagebrush, are important components within this State. Grazing, fire, and drought are the major drivers between plant communities. Heavy, continuous season-long grazing can push this State to a warm-season shortgrass-dominated State (2.0). Invasion of non-native cool-season annual grasses and fire will result in a transition to a Burned Native/Invaded State (4.0).
Community 1.1
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover
Figure 8. Loamy 13-16" PZ - PCP 1.1.
The interpretive plant community for this site is the Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover Plant Community. This is also considered the Reference Plant Community (1.1). This plant community can be found on areas that are properly managed with grazing, and occasional short periods of deferment. The potential vegetation consists of about 80 to 90 percent grasses or grass-like plants, 5 to 10 percent forbs, and 1 to 10 percent shrubs. Cool- season grasses dominate this plant community. The major grasses include rhizomatous wheatgrass, needle and thread, and green needlegrass. Other grasses occurring on the site include blue grama, sideoats grama, prairie Junegrass, buffalograss, and sedge. Significant forbs include scarlet globemallow, prairie coneflower, purple prairie clover, penstemon, American vetch, and milkvetch. The significant shrubs that occur include Wyoming big sagebrush, winterfat, and rose. Big sagebrush canopy typically ranges from 2 to 5 percent. This plant community is well adapted to the Northern Great Plains climatic conditions. Individual species can vary greatly in production depending on growing conditions (timing and amount of precipitation and temperature). The diversity in plant species allows for high drought tolerance. This is a healthy and sustainable plant community. Moderate or high available water capacity provides a favorable soil-water-plant relationship. Overall the interpretive plant community has the appearance of being stable, diverse, and productive. Plant litter is properly distributed with very little movement off-site, and natural plant mortality is very low.
Figure 9. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 1095 | 1652 | 2010 |
| Shrub/Vine | 15 | 105 | 195 |
| Forb | 90 | 143 | 195 |
| Total | 1200 | 1900 | 2400 |
Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD6001, Pierre Shale Plains, cool-season dominant. Cool-season dominant..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 4 | 12 | 25 | 36 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Community 1.2
Big Sagebrush > 5% Cover/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass
This plant community develops from proper grazing use, and the absence of fire, for an extended period of time. It is made up of 70 to 80 percent cool-season midgrasses and warm-season shortgrasses, 5 to 10 percent forbs, and 5 to 15 percent shrubs. The dominant grasses include rhizomatous wheatgrass, needle and thread, green needlegrass, and blue grama. Forbs commonly found on this plant community include cudweed sagewort, scarlet globemallow, common yarrow, and scurfpea. Big sagebrush canopy typically ranges from 5 to 15 percent of the community. When compared to the Reference Plant Community (1.1), big sagebrush has increased. Production of cool-season grasses, particularly needle and thread and green needlegrass, has been reduced slightly. The sagebrush canopy protects the cool-season midgrasses by making them less available for grazing. Under proper management, this plant community is stable. The soil erosion is low to moderate. Infiltration and runoff are moderate.
Figure 11. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 6. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 670 | 1160 | 1385 |
| Shrub/Vine | 155 | 320 | 550 |
| Forb | 75 | 120 | 165 |
| Total | 900 | 1600 | 2100 |
Figure 12. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD6003, Pierre Shale Plains, cool-season/warm-season co-dominant.. Cool-season, warm-season co-dominant.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 20 | 28 | 21 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Community 1.3
Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover
This plant community develops under heavy, continuous season-long grazing or from overutilization during extended drought periods. The potential vegetation is made up of approximately 75 to 85 percent grasses and grass-like species, 5 to 15 percent forbs, and 1 to 10 percent shrubs. The dominant grasses include blue grama and rhizomatous wheatgrass. Other grasses and grass-like species may include sedge, buffalograss, needle and thread, and prairie Junegrass. Significant forbs include scarlet globemallow, scurfpea, western ragweed, and green sagewort. The dominant shrubs that occur include prickly pear cactus, broom snakeweed, fringed sagewort, and rose. Big sagebrush canopy typically ranges from 1 to 5 percent. Compared to the Reference Plant Community (1.1), the shortgrass species, including blue grama and threadleaf sedge, have increased. The cool-season species, including western wheatgrass and green needlegrass, have decreased in composition. Annual bromes, curlycup gumweed, sweetclover, and other annual grasses and forbs can invade the site. This plant community can have the appearance of a mosaic, with sod and mixed grass communities intermingled. This plant community is resistant to change. The dominant herbaceous species are very adapted to grazing; however, the midgrass species and the more palatable forbs will decrease. If the herbaceous component is intact, it tends to be resilient if disturbance is not long-term. Because of the sod-forming habit of the shortgrass species, water infiltration is low, and runoff is moderate to high. Typically the runoff is very clean because of the low potential for on-site soil erosion. However, off-site areas may be affected by increased runoff.
Figure 13. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 7. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 545 | 930 | 1315 |
| Forb | 50 | 110 | 170 |
| Shrub/Vine | 5 | 60 | 115 |
| Total | 600 | 1100 | 1600 |
Figure 14. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD6003, Pierre Shale Plains, cool-season/warm-season co-dominant.. Cool-season, warm-season co-dominant.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 20 | 28 | 21 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Community 1.4
Big Sagebrush >5% Cover/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Shortgrass
Figure 15. Loamy 13-16" PZ - PCP 1.4.
This plant community is the result of continuous season-long grazing and no fire. Big sagebrush canopy typically ranges from 10 to 20 percent. The understory of grass includes rhizomatous wheatgrass, needle and thread, blue grama, Sandberg bluegrass, and prairie Junegrass. The sagebrush canopy protects the cool-season grasses, but this protection makes them less available for grazing. When compared to the Reference Plant Community (1.1), big sagebrush has increased. Production of cool-season grasses, particularly needle and thread and green needlegrass, has declined, and blue grama and Sandberg bluegrass has increased.
Figure 16. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 8. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 340 | 428 | 555 |
| Shrub/Vine | 220 | 404 | 550 |
| Forb | 40 | 68 | 95 |
| Total | 600 | 900 | 1200 |
Figure 17. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD6004, Pierre Shale Plains, warm-season dominant, cool-season sub-dominant. Warm season dominant, cool-season sub-dominant.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 18 | 25 | 25 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pathway 1.1C
Community 1.1 to 1.2
Prescribed grazing, including proper stocking, change in season of use and occasional deferment, no fire, and an extended period of time will lead this Plant Community to the Big Sagebrush > 5% Cover/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass Plant Community (1.2).
Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.3
Continuous seasonal grazing during the active growing period of cool-season plants or continuous season-long grazing and drought will lead to the Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover Plant Community (1.3).
Pathway 1.1B
Community 1.1 to 1.4
Continuous season-long grazing, no fire, and an extended period of time will lead to the Big Sagebrush > 5% Cover/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Shortgrass Plant Community (1.4).
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1
Low-temperature fire or prescribed burning that creates a mosaic within the big sagebrush stand, or brush management that is designed to reduce, but not eliminate, big sagebrush cover, followed by prescribed grazing, will move this Plant Community toward the Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover Plant Community (1.1).
Pathway 1.2B
Community 1.2 to 1.3
Fire or prescribed burning or brush management that removes much of the big sagebrush canopy followed by continuous season-long grazing will move this Plant Community toward the Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Canopy Plant Community (1.3).
Pathway 1.2C
Community 1.2 to 1.4
With continuous season-long grazing and no fire, this plant community will in time move to the Big Sagebrush >5% Cover/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Shortgrass Plant Community (1.4).
Pathway 1.3A
Community 1.3 to 1.1
Prescribed grazing, which allows for adequate plant recovery periods and normal precipitation patterns following drought, will move this plant community to the Reference Plant Community (1.1).
Pathway 1.4A
Community 1.4 to 1.1
Low-temperature fire or prescribed burning that creates a mosaic within the big sagebrush stand, or brush management that is designed to reduce, but not eliminate, big sagebrush cover, followed by prescribed grazing, will move this Plant Community toward the Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover Plant Community (1.1).
Pathway 1.4B
Community 1.4 to 1.3
Fire or prescribed burning or brush management that removes much of the big sagebrush canopy, followed by continuous season-long grazing, will move this Plant Community toward the Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Canopy Plant Community (1.3).
State 2
Shortgrass State
The Shortgrass State is dominated by shortgrass species and upland sedges. The State is the result of fire, or heavy disturbance that removed much or all the big sagebrush, and grazing management that did not provide adequate recovery time for cool-season wheatgrasses and needlegrasses. The hydrologic function of this state is dramatically altered. Runoff is high and infiltration is low. This State is very resistant to change through grazing management alone.
Community 2.1
Warm-Season Shortgrass/Prickly Pear Cactus
This plant community develops under heavy continuous season-long grazing, or with continuous seasonal grazing with concentrated use in the early part of the growing season (as in calving/lambing pastures). The potential vegetation is made up of approximately 75 to 85 percent grasses (primarily short, warm-season grasses), 5 to 20 percent forbs, and 1 to 10 percent shrubs. The dominant grasses include blue grama and threadleaf sedge. Other grasses may include rhizomatous wheatgrass, prairie Junegrass, buffalograss, threeawn, and annual brome. The dominant forbs include western ragweed, green sagewort, cudweed sagewort, and scarlet globemallow. The dominant shrubs include prickly pear cactus, fringed sagewort, and broom snakeweed. Big sagebrush may or may not be present in this Plant Community. Compared to the Reference Plant Community (1.1), blue grama and sedge have increased, and the cool-season midgrasses have diminished greatly. Non-palatable forbs and cactus have increased, and non-native species have invaded the site. Plant diversity is low. This plant community is very stable. Generally, this plant community will require significant management inputs (e.g., high animal impact, long-term prescribed grazing, favorable climatic conditions, etc.) and time to move it toward the Blue Grama/Western Wheatgrass Plant Community. On-site soil erosion is low. Infiltration is low, and runoff is high. Typically the runoff is very clean because of the low potential for on-site soil erosion. However, off-site areas can be significantly impacted due to the increased runoff.
Figure 18. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 9. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 375 | 492 | 710 |
| Forb | 25 | 75 | 125 |
| Shrub/Vine | 0 | 33 | 65 |
| Total | 400 | 600 | 900 |
Figure 19. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD6005, Pierre Shale Plains, warm-season dominant. Warm-season dominant..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 15 | 25 | 30 | 15 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
State 3
Early Seral State
The Early Seral State is dominated by weedy annuals, rhizomatous wheatgrass, threeawn and prickly pear cactus. This State is the result of fire, heavy disturbance such as, frequent and severe defoliation, and livestock concentration that removed big sagebrush along with grazing management that did not provide adequate recovery time for cool-season wheat grasses and needlegrasses. The hydrologic function is also likely to be dramatically altered. Runoff is high and infiltration is low. This State is very resistant to change through grazing management alone.
Community 3.1
Annuals/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Threeawn/Prickly Pear Cactus
This plant community developed under heavy, continuous season-long grazing and/or severe disturbance. The plant composition is made up of annuals with a few species of perennial forbs and grasses that are very tolerant to frequent and severe defoliation. The potential plant community is made up of approximately 60 to 80 percent grasses and grass-like species, 15 to 30 percent forbs and 5 to 20 percent shrubs. The dominant grasses include threeawn, sedge and cheatgrass. Other grasses may include blue grama, buffalograss, rhizomatous wheatgrass and sixweeks fescue. The composition of forbs can be highly variable due to climatic conditions. Forbs commonly occurring include fetid marigold, mare’stail, curlycup gumweed, western ragweed, pussytoes, prostrate verbena, and other annual invader-like species. Other plant species, from adjacent ecological sites, can become minor components of this plant community. Compared to the Reference Plant Community (1.1), percent of bare ground has greatly increased which allows for invasion of Canada thistle and other non-native species. Plant diversity is typically low. This plant community is resistant to change toward the Reference State (1.0) because of the loss of plant diversity and overall soil disturbance. It is very susceptible to invasion of non-native plant species. Soil erosion is potentially high because of the bare ground and shallow rooted herbaceous plant community. Water runoff will increase and infiltration will decrease due to animal related soil compaction and loss of root mass due to low plant diversity and vigor. This plant community will require significant economic inputs and time to move toward another plant community. This movement is highly variable in its succession. This is due to the loss of diversity (including the loss of the seed bank), within the existing plant community, and the plant communities on adjacent sites. This site can be renovated to improve the production capability, however if management changes are not made the vegetation could revert back.
Figure 20. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 10. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 270 | 454 | 640 |
| Forb | 100 | 158 | 215 |
| Shrub/Vine | 30 | 88 | 145 |
| Total | 400 | 700 | 1000 |
Figure 21. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). SD6003, Pierre Shale Plains, cool-season/warm-season co-dominant.. Cool-season, warm-season co-dominant.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 20 | 28 | 21 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
State 4
Burned Native/Invaded State
The Burned Native/Invaded State is dominated by rhizomatous wheatgrass, needlegrasses and non-native cool-season annual and/or perennial grasses. The State is the result of the invasion of non-native annual grasses and an increase in fire frequency that has permanently removed the big sagebrush component from the plant communities. This State can resemble the Reference State (1.0) except for the absence of big sagebrush and to what degree it is invaded by non-native cool-season grasses. This State is very resistant to change through grazing management alone.
Community 4.1
Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass-Annual and/or Perennial Non-Native Cool-Season Grasses
This plant community develops from the invasion of non-native cool-season annual grasses followed by an increase in fire events which permanently removes big sagebrush from the Plant Community. It is made up of 80 to 90 percent mid- cool-season and short warm-season grasses, 5 to 10 percent forbs and, 0 to 5 percent shrubs. The dominant grasses include rhizomatous wheatgrass, needle and thread, green needlegrass, annual bromegrass and blue grama. Under long- term non-use Kentucky bluegrass and/or smooth brome may become the dominant grass species. Forbs commonly found on this plant community include cudweed sagewort, scarlet globemallow, common yarrow, and scurfpea. When compared to the Reference Plant Community (1.1), big sagebrush is absent and non-native cool-season grasses are the major drivers of the system. Production in wet years may be very similar or slightly higher than the Reference Plant Community but in dry years is will be much lower. Under proper management, this plant community is stable. The soil erosion is low to moderate. Infiltration and runoff is moderate.
Community 4.2
Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Annual and/or Perennial Non-Native Cool-Season Grasses
This plant community develops from the invasion of non-native cool-season annual grasses followed by an increase in fire events which permanently removes big sagebrush from the Plant Community. It is made up of 80 to 90 percent short warm-season grasses and mid- cool-season grasses, 5 to 10 percent forbs, and 0 to 5 percent shrubs. The dominant grasses and grass-like species include blue grama, buffalograss, threadleaf sedge, rhizomatous wheatgrass, needle and thread, green needlegrass, and annual bromegrass. Under long-term non-use Kentucky bluegrass and/or smooth brome may invade. Forbs commonly found on this plant community include cudweed sagewort, scarlet globemallow, common yarrow, and scurfpea. When compared to the Reference Plant Community (1.1), big sagebrush is absent and non-native cool-season grasses are the major drivers of the system. Production in wet years may be similar to the Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover Plant Community (1.3). Under proper management, this plant community is stable. The soil erosion is low to moderate. Infiltration and runoff is low to moderate.
Pathway 4.1A
Community 4.1 to 4.2
Continuous seasonal grazing during the active growing period of cool-season plants or continuous season-long grazing and drought will lead to Plant Community Phase (4.2).
Pathway 4.2A
Community 4.2 to 4.1
Prescribed grazing, which allows for adequate plant recovery periods, and normal precipitation patterns following drought will move this plant community toward Plant Community Phase (4.1).
State 5
Disturbed State
This State can be transitioned to from any Plant Community. The two separate vegetative Plant Communities are highly variable in nature. They are derived through different management scenarios, and are not related successionally. Infiltration, runoff, and soil erosion varies depending on the vegetation present on the site.
Community 5.1
Go-Back or Introduced
The Go-Back Plant Community can be reached whenever severe mechanical disturbance occurs (e.g., tilled and abandoned land, either past or present). During the early successional stages, the species that mainly dominate are annual grasses and forbs, later replaced by both native and introduced perennials. The species vary greatly, sometimes being dominated by threeawn, annual brome, crested wheatgrass, buffalograss, dropseed, broom snakeweed, verbena, sweet clover, mullein, and nonnative thistles. Other plants that commonly occur on the site include western wheatgrass, deathcamas, prickly lettuce, mare’s-tail, kochia, foxtail, and sunflowers. Bare ground is prevalent due to the loss of organic matter and lower overall soil health. The Introduced Plant Community normally consists of those areas seeded to pubescent or intermediate wheatgrass, alfalfa, crested wheatgrass, or other introduced species. Refer to the associated Forage Suitability Group description in the Field Office Technical Guide (FOTG) for adapted species.
Transition T1B
State 1 to 2
Fire that removes the majority or all of the big sagebrush, heavy, continuous season-long grazing, and a loss of hydrologic function will transition this Plant Community to the Shortgrass State (2.0).
Transition T1A
State 1 to 3
Fire which removes the majority or all big sagebrush, heavy, continuous season-long grazing, or frequent and severe defoliation, or heavy disturbance including livestock feeding areas, and the loss in hydrologic function will transition this State to the Early Seral State (3.0).
Transition T1C
State 1 to 4
Invasion of non-native cool-season annual or perennial grasses followed by fire will transition this State to the Burned Native/Invaded State (4.0). Fire followed by a long period of non-use can also cause this transition.
Transition T6A
State 1 to 5
Heavy disturbance, including tillage, abandoned cropland, or seeding to improved pasture species, or long-term non-use and invasion of non- native cool-season grasses will result in a transition to the Disturbed State (5.0). This transition can occur from any plant community on this site.
Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 1
Removal of the grazing disturbance coupled with long-term prescribed grazing, and favorable climatic conditions, which allow for adequate plant recovery periods, and no fire, may cause a shift to the Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Big Sagebrush <5% Cover Plant Community (1.3). This transition may not be rapid or meet management goals in the end.
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3
Frequent and severe defoliation, and/or heavy disturbance such as livestock feeding areas, and/or extended periods of drought will move this plant community to the Early Seral State (3.0).
Transition T2B
State 2 to 4
Removal of the grazing disturbance coupled with long-term prescribed grazing, and favorable climatic conditions, which allow for adequate plant recovery periods, and fire, may cause a shift to the Burned Native/Invaded State (4.0). This transition may not be rapid or feasible.
Transition T6A
State 2 to 5
Heavy disturbance, including tillage, abandoned cropland, or seeding to improved pasture species, or long-term non-use and invasion of non- native cool-season grasses will result in a transition to the Disturbed State (5.0). This transition can occur from any plant community on this site.
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 1
Removal of grazing disturbance, and herbaceous weed control to address annual bromes and cactus followed with long-term prescribed grazing that incorporates proper stocking, change in season of use and periodic deferment will potentially transition this Plant Community to the Reference State (1.0). A return to normal or above normal precipitation will help with this transition. This transition may not be rapid or meet management goals in the end.
Transition T3A
State 3 to 4
Removal of the grazing disturbance coupled with herbaceous weed control, and long-term prescribed grazing, along with favorable climatic conditions, which allow for adequate plant recovery periods, may shift this Plant Community to the Burned Native/Invaded State (4.0). This transition may not be rapid or feasible.
Transition T6A
State 3 to 5
Heavy disturbance, including tillage, abandoned cropland, or seeding to improved pasture species, or long-term non-use and invasion of non- native cool-season grasses will result in a transition to the Disturbed State (5.0). This transition can occur from any plant community on this site.
Transition T4A
State 4 to 2
Heavy, continuous season-long grazing and loss in hydrologic function through plant community shift to shortgrass species will transition this Plant Community to the Shortgrass State (2.0).
Transition T4B
State 4 to 3
Heavy, continuous season-long grazing or frequent and severe defoliation, or heavy disturbance including livestock feeding areas, will transition this State to the Early Seral State (3.0).
Transition T6A
State 4 to 5
Heavy disturbance, including tillage, abandoned cropland, or seeding to improved pasture species, or long-term non-use and invasion of non- native cool-season grasses will result in a transition to the Disturbed State (5.0). This transition can occur from any plant community on this site.
Additional community tables
Table 11. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Cool-season Mid Grasses | 950–1140 | ||||
| western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 380–570 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 285–380 | – | ||
| green needlegrass | NAVI4 | Nassella viridula | 95–285 | – | ||
| thickspike wheatgrass | ELLA3 | Elymus lanceolatus | 95–285 | – | ||
| Montana wheatgrass | ELAL7 | Elymus albicans | 0–100 | – | ||
| 2 | Short Grass/Grass-likes | 95–285 | ||||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 38–190 | – | ||
| sedge | CAREX | Carex | 38–190 | – | ||
| buffalograss | BODA2 | Bouteloua dactyloides | 19–95 | – | ||
| 3 | Other Native Grasses | 95–285 | ||||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 95–190 | – | ||
| plains reedgrass | CAMO | Calamagrostis montanensis | 0–95 | – | ||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–95 | – | ||
| big bluestem | ANGE | Andropogon gerardii | 0–95 | – | ||
| bluebunch wheatgrass | PSSP6 | Pseudoroegneria spicata | 0–95 | – | ||
| little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–95 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 19–57 | – | ||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 0–38 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | Forbs | 95–190 | ||||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 0–38 | – | ||
| Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 0–38 | – | ||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–38 | – | ||
| white sagebrush | ARLU | Artemisia ludoviciana | 0–38 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–38 | – | ||
| false boneset | BREU | Brickellia eupatorioides | 0–38 | – | ||
| purple prairie clover | DAPU5 | Dalea purpurea | 0–38 | – | ||
| blacksamson echinacea | ECAN2 | Echinacea angustifolia | 0–38 | – | ||
| hoary puccoon | LICA12 | Lithospermum canescens | 0–38 | – | ||
| dotted blazing star | LIPU | Liatris punctata | 0–38 | – | ||
| scarlet beeblossom | OESU3 | Oenothera suffrutescens | 0–38 | – | ||
| western marbleseed | ONBEO | Onosmodium bejariense var. occidentale | 0–38 | – | ||
| large Indian breadroot | PEES | Pediomelum esculentum | 0–38 | – | ||
| beardtongue | PENST | Penstemon | 0–38 | – | ||
| scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 0–38 | – | ||
| upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 0–38 | – | ||
| goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 0–38 | – | ||
| scarlet globemallow | SPCO | Sphaeralcea coccinea | 0–38 | – | ||
| white heath aster | SYER | Symphyotrichum ericoides | 0–38 | – | ||
| American vetch | VIAM | Vicia americana | 0–38 | – | ||
| tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 0–19 | – | ||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 0–19 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | Shrubs | 19–190 | ||||
| big sagebrush | ARTR2 | Artemisia tridentata | 0–95 | – | ||
| leadplant | AMCA6 | Amorpha canescens | 0–95 | – | ||
| rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 0–57 | – | ||
| snowberry | SYMPH | Symphoricarpos | 0–57 | – | ||
| winterfat | KRLA2 | Krascheninnikovia lanata | 0–57 | – | ||
| Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–57 | – | ||
| prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 0–38 | – | ||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 0–19 | – | ||
| skunkbush sumac | RHTR | Rhus trilobata | 0–19 | – | ||
Table 12. Community 1.2 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Cool-season Mid Grasses | 480–640 | ||||
| western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 240–400 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 160–240 | – | ||
| green needlegrass | NAVI4 | Nassella viridula | 32–80 | – | ||
| Montana wheatgrass | ELAL7 | Elymus albicans | 0–80 | – | ||
| thickspike wheatgrass | ELLA3 | Elymus lanceolatus | 30–80 | – | ||
| 2 | Short Grass/Grass-likes | 160–320 | ||||
| sedge | CAREX | Carex | 80–240 | – | ||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 80–160 | – | ||
| buffalograss | BODA2 | Bouteloua dactyloides | 32–80 | – | ||
| 3 | Other Native Grasses | 80–240 | ||||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 32–80 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 32–80 | – | ||
| little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–80 | – | ||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–48 | – | ||
| big bluestem | ANGE | Andropogon gerardii | 0–32 | – | ||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 0–32 | – | ||
| plains reedgrass | CAMO | Calamagrostis montanensis | 0–32 | – | ||
| bluebunch wheatgrass | PSSP6 | Pseudoroegneria spicata | 0–16 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 0–16 | – | ||
| 4 | Non-Native Grasses | 0–160 | ||||
| cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 32–160 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | Forbs | 80–160 | ||||
| white sagebrush | ARLU | Artemisia ludoviciana | 16–80 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–48 | – | ||
| false boneset | BREU | Brickellia eupatorioides | 0–48 | – | ||
| Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 0–48 | – | ||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–48 | – | ||
| tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 16–48 | – | ||
| scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 16–48 | – | ||
| upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 0–48 | – | ||
| scarlet globemallow | SPCO | Sphaeralcea coccinea | 16–48 | – | ||
| white heath aster | SYER | Symphyotrichum ericoides | 0–48 | – | ||
| goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 16–32 | – | ||
| blacksamson echinacea | ECAN2 | Echinacea angustifolia | 0–32 | – | ||
| hoary puccoon | LICA12 | Lithospermum canescens | 0–32 | – | ||
| dotted blazing star | LIPU | Liatris punctata | 0–32 | – | ||
| scarlet beeblossom | OESU3 | Oenothera suffrutescens | 0–32 | – | ||
| western marbleseed | ONBEO | Onosmodium bejariense var. occidentale | 0–32 | – | ||
| large Indian breadroot | PEES | Pediomelum esculentum | 0–32 | – | ||
| beardtongue | PENST | Penstemon | 0–32 | – | ||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 0–32 | – | ||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 0–32 | – | ||
| purple prairie clover | DAPU5 | Dalea purpurea | 0–16 | – | ||
| curlycup gumweed | GRSQ | Grindelia squarrosa | 0–16 | – | ||
| mullein | VERBA | Verbascum | 0–16 | – | ||
| vervain | VERBE | Verbena | 0–16 | – | ||
| American vetch | VIAM | Vicia americana | 0–16 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | Shrubs | 160–480 | ||||
| big sagebrush | ARTR2 | Artemisia tridentata | 128–320 | – | ||
| prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 16–80 | – | ||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 0–80 | – | ||
| rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 0–48 | – | ||
| snowberry | SYMPH | Symphoricarpos | 16–48 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 0–48 | – | ||
| Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–48 | – | ||
| leadplant | AMCA6 | Amorpha canescens | 0–32 | – | ||
| winterfat | KRLA2 | Krascheninnikovia lanata | 0–16 | – | ||
| skunkbush sumac | RHTR | Rhus trilobata | 0–16 | – | ||
Table 13. Community 1.3 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Cool-season Mid Grasses | 110–330 | ||||
| western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 55–220 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 22–110 | – | ||
| green needlegrass | NAVI4 | Nassella viridula | 11–55 | – | ||
| thickspike wheatgrass | ELLA3 | Elymus lanceolatus | 10–55 | – | ||
| Montana wheatgrass | ELAL7 | Elymus albicans | 0–50 | – | ||
| 2 | Short Grass/Grass-likes | 275–495 | ||||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 110–220 | – | ||
| sedge | CAREX | Carex | 55–110 | – | ||
| buffalograss | BODA2 | Bouteloua dactyloides | 55–110 | – | ||
| 3 | Other Native Grasses | 55–165 | ||||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–55 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 11–55 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 0–55 | – | ||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 22–55 | – | ||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 0–33 | – | ||
| bluebunch wheatgrass | PSSP6 | Pseudoroegneria spicata | 0–33 | – | ||
| little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–22 | – | ||
| plains reedgrass | CAMO | Calamagrostis montanensis | 0–22 | – | ||
| big bluestem | ANGE | Andropogon gerardii | 0–22 | – | ||
| threeawn | ARIST | Aristida | 0–22 | – | ||
| 4 | Non-native Grasses | 0–55 | ||||
| cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 11–55 | – | ||
| bluegrass | POA | Poa | 0–33 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | Forbs | 55–165 | ||||
| white sagebrush | ARLU | Artemisia ludoviciana | 11–55 | – | ||
| tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 11–33 | – | ||
| scarlet beeblossom | OESU3 | Oenothera suffrutescens | 0–22 | – | ||
| blacksamson echinacea | ECAN2 | Echinacea angustifolia | 0–22 | – | ||
| hoary puccoon | LICA12 | Lithospermum canescens | 0–22 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–22 | – | ||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 0–22 | – | ||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 0–22 | – | ||
| Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 0–22 | – | ||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–22 | – | ||
| large Indian breadroot | PEES | Pediomelum esculentum | 0–22 | – | ||
| beardtongue | PENST | Penstemon | 0–22 | – | ||
| scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 0–22 | – | ||
| upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 11–22 | – | ||
| goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 0–22 | – | ||
| scarlet globemallow | SPCO | Sphaeralcea coccinea | 0–22 | – | ||
| white heath aster | SYER | Symphyotrichum ericoides | 0–22 | – | ||
| American vetch | VIAM | Vicia americana | 0–11 | – | ||
| false boneset | BREU | Brickellia eupatorioides | 0–11 | – | ||
| purple prairie clover | DAPU5 | Dalea purpurea | 0–11 | – | ||
| dotted blazing star | LIPU | Liatris punctata | 0–11 | – | ||
| curlycup gumweed | GRSQ | Grindelia squarrosa | 0–11 | – | ||
| western marbleseed | ONBEO | Onosmodium bejariense var. occidentale | 0–11 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | Shrubs | 11–110 | ||||
| prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 0–55 | – | ||
| big sagebrush | ARTR2 | Artemisia tridentata | 0–55 | – | ||
| Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–33 | – | ||
| snowberry | SYMPH | Symphoricarpos | 0–33 | – | ||
| leadplant | AMCA6 | Amorpha canescens | 0–22 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 0–22 | – | ||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 0–22 | – | ||
| skunkbush sumac | RHTR | Rhus trilobata | 0–22 | – | ||
| rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 0–22 | – | ||
| winterfat | KRLA2 | Krascheninnikovia lanata | 0–11 | – | ||
Table 14. Community 1.4 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Cool-season Mid Grasses | 90–225 | ||||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 45–90 | – | ||
| western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 45–90 | – | ||
| Montana wheatgrass | ELAL7 | Elymus albicans | 0–50 | – | ||
| thickspike wheatgrass | ELLA3 | Elymus lanceolatus | 0–50 | – | ||
| green needlegrass | NAVI4 | Nassella viridula | 9–45 | – | ||
| 2 | Short Grass/Grass-likes | 45–180 | ||||
| sedge | CAREX | Carex | 45–135 | – | ||
| buffalograss | BODA2 | Bouteloua dactyloides | 9–45 | – | ||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 18–45 | – | ||
| 3 | Other Native Grasses | 18–45 | ||||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–27 | – | ||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 0–18 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 9–18 | – | ||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 9–18 | – | ||
| little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–18 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 0–18 | – | ||
| plains reedgrass | CAMO | Calamagrostis montanensis | 0–9 | – | ||
| 4 | Non-Native Grasses | 45–90 | ||||
| cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 45–135 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | Forbs | 45–90 | ||||
| Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 9–45 | – | ||
| tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 18–45 | – | ||
| white sagebrush | ARLU | Artemisia ludoviciana | 27–45 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–27 | – | ||
| scarlet globemallow | SPCO | Sphaeralcea coccinea | 0–27 | – | ||
| white heath aster | SYER | Symphyotrichum ericoides | 0–27 | – | ||
| scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 0–27 | – | ||
| upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 0–18 | – | ||
| curlycup gumweed | GRSQ | Grindelia squarrosa | 0–18 | – | ||
| false boneset | BREU | Brickellia eupatorioides | 0–18 | – | ||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–18 | – | ||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 0–18 | – | ||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 0–18 | – | ||
| vervain | VERBE | Verbena | 0–18 | – | ||
| purple prairie clover | DAPU5 | Dalea purpurea | 0–9 | – | ||
| dotted blazing star | LIPU | Liatris punctata | 0–9 | – | ||
| goldenrod | SOLID | Solidago | 0–9 | – | ||
| mullein | VERBA | Verbascum | 0–9 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | Shrubs | 315–495 | ||||
| big sagebrush | ARTR2 | Artemisia tridentata | 270–450 | – | ||
| prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 18–72 | – | ||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 18–45 | – | ||
| snowberry | SYMPH | Symphoricarpos | 0–27 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 0–27 | – | ||
| Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–27 | – | ||
| rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 0–18 | – | ||
| skunkbush sumac | RHTR | Rhus trilobata | 0–9 | – | ||
Table 15. Community 2.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Cool Season Mid Grasses | 12–90 | ||||
| Montana wheatgrass | ELAL7 | Elymus albicans | 0–30 | – | ||
| thickspike wheatgrass | ELLA3 | Elymus lanceolatus | 0–30 | – | ||
| green needlegrass | NAVI4 | Nassella viridula | 0–30 | – | ||
| western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 12–30 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 0–12 | – | ||
| 2 | Short Grass/Grass-likes | 270–360 | ||||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 150–270 | – | ||
| buffalograss | BODA2 | Bouteloua dactyloides | 90–120 | – | ||
| sedge | CAREX | Carex | 30–90 | – | ||
| 3 | Other Native Grasses | 30–90 | ||||
| threeawn | ARIST | Aristida | 6–90 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 6–30 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 0–30 | – | ||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–30 | – | ||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 6–18 | – | ||
| plains reedgrass | CAMO | Calamagrostis montanensis | 0–6 | – | ||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 0–6 | – | ||
| little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–6 | – | ||
| 4 | Non-native Grasses | 6–30 | ||||
| cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 6–30 | – | ||
| bluegrass | POA | Poa | 0–12 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | Forbs | 30–120 | ||||
| scurfpea | PSORA2 | Psoralidium | 0–30 | – | ||
| tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 6–30 | – | ||
| white sagebrush | ARLU | Artemisia ludoviciana | 6–30 | – | ||
| Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 6–18 | – | ||
| scarlet globemallow | SPCO | Sphaeralcea coccinea | 6–18 | – | ||
| white heath aster | SYER | Symphyotrichum ericoides | 0–12 | – | ||
| mullein | VERBA | Verbascum | 0–12 | – | ||
| curlycup gumweed | GRSQ | Grindelia squarrosa | 0–12 | – | ||
| hoary puccoon | LICA12 | Lithospermum canescens | 0–12 | – | ||
| scarlet beeblossom | OESU3 | Oenothera suffrutescens | 0–12 | – | ||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–12 | – | ||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 0–12 | – | ||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 0–12 | – | ||
| upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 6–12 | – | ||
| beardtongue | PENST | Penstemon | 0–12 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–6 | – | ||
| false boneset | BREU | Brickellia eupatorioides | 0–6 | – | ||
| purple prairie clover | DAPU5 | Dalea purpurea | 0–6 | – | ||
| fetid marigold | DYPA | Dyssodia papposa | 0–6 | – | ||
| blacksamson echinacea | ECAN2 | Echinacea angustifolia | 0–6 | – | ||
| western marbleseed | ONBEO | Onosmodium bejariense var. occidentale | 0–6 | – | ||
| large Indian breadroot | PEES | Pediomelum esculentum | 0–6 | – | ||
| dotted blazing star | LIPU | Liatris punctata | 0–6 | – | ||
| vervain | VERBE | Verbena | 0–6 | – | ||
| American vetch | VIAM | Vicia americana | 0–6 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | Shrubs | 6–60 | ||||
| prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 6–30 | – | ||
| big sagebrush | ARTR2 | Artemisia tridentata | 0–30 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 6–30 | – | ||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 6–30 | – | ||
| snowberry | SYMPH | Symphoricarpos | 0–18 | – | ||
| Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–18 | – | ||
| leadplant | AMCA6 | Amorpha canescens | 0–6 | – | ||
| skunkbush sumac | RHTR | Rhus trilobata | 0–6 | – | ||
| rose | ROSA5 | Rosa | 0–6 | – | ||
Table 16. Community 3.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Cool-season Mid Grasses | 7–70 | ||||
| western wheatgrass | PASM | Pascopyrum smithii | 7–35 | – | ||
| Montana wheatgrass | ELAL7 | Elymus albicans | 0–20 | – | ||
| thickspike wheatgrass | ELLA3 | Elymus lanceolatus | 0–20 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECOC8 | Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata | 0–14 | – | ||
| 2 | Short Grasses/Grass-likes | 35–105 | ||||
| sedge | CAREX | Carex | 7–70 | – | ||
| buffalograss | BODA2 | Bouteloua dactyloides | 7–35 | – | ||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 7–35 | – | ||
| 3 | Other Native Grasses | 70–315 | ||||
| threeawn | ARIST | Aristida | 70–245 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 0–21 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 0–21 | – | ||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–14 | – | ||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 0–7 | – | ||
| little bluestem | SCSC | Schizachyrium scoparium | 0–6 | – | ||
| plains reedgrass | CAMO | Calamagrostis montanensis | 0–6 | – | ||
| 4 | Non-Native Grasses | 7–70 | ||||
| cheatgrass | BRTE | Bromus tectorum | 7–70 | – | ||
| bluegrass | POA | Poa | 0–14 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | Forbs | 105–210 | ||||
| vervain | VERBE | Verbena | 14–105 | – | ||
| fetid marigold | DYPA | Dyssodia papposa | 14–70 | – | ||
| sweetclover | MELIL | Melilotus | 0–70 | – | ||
| tarragon | ARDR4 | Artemisia dracunculus | 7–56 | – | ||
| white sagebrush | ARLU | Artemisia ludoviciana | 14–35 | – | ||
| Cuman ragweed | AMPS | Ambrosia psilostachya | 7–35 | – | ||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–35 | – | ||
| curlycup gumweed | GRSQ | Grindelia squarrosa | 7–35 | – | ||
| mullein | VERBA | Verbascum | 0–35 | – | ||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 0–7 | – | ||
| dotted blazing star | LIPU | Liatris punctata | 0–7 | – | ||
| upright prairie coneflower | RACO3 | Ratibida columnifera | 0–7 | – | ||
| scarlet globemallow | SPCO | Sphaeralcea coccinea | 0–7 | – | ||
| purple prairie clover | DAPU5 | Dalea purpurea | 0–7 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | Shrubs | 35–140 | ||||
| prairie sagewort | ARFR4 | Artemisia frigida | 14–105 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 70 | – | ||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 7–70 | – | ||
| Subshrub (<.5m) | 2SUBS | Subshrub (<.5m) | 0–35 | – | ||
| big sagebrush | ARTR2 | Artemisia tridentata | 0–21 | – | ||
| snowberry | SYMPH | Symphoricarpos | 0–7 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
The following table lists annual suggested initial stocking rates with average growing conditions. These are conservative estimates that should be used only as guidelines in the initial stages of conservation planning. Often, the current plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in this Ecological Site Description). Therefore, a resource inventory is necessary to document plant composition and production. More accurate carrying capacity estimates should eventually be calculated using the following stocking rate information along with animal preference data and actual stocking records, particularly when grazers other than cattle are involved. With consultation of the land manager, more intensive grazing management may result in improved harvest efficiencies and increased carrying capacity.
Plant Community = Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover (1.1)
Average Annual Production (lbs./ac, air-dry) = 1900
Stocking Rate (AUM/ac) = 0.50*
Plant Community = Big Sagebrush > 5% Cover/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Needlegrass (1.2)
Average Annual Production (lbs./ac, air-dry) = 1600
Stocking Rate (AUM/ac) = 0.35*
Plant Community = Shortgrass-Rhizomatous Wheatgrass/Big Sagebrush < 5% Cover (1.3)
Average Annual Production (lbs./ac, air-dry) = 1100
Stocking Rate (AUM/ac) = 0.28*
Plant Community = Big Sagebrush >5% Cover/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Shortgrass (1.4)
Average Annual Production (lbs./ac, air-dry) = 900
Stocking Rate (AUM/ac) = 0.14*
Plant Community = Warm-Season Shortgrass/Prickly Pear Cactus (2.1)
Average Annual Production (lbs./ac, air-dry) = 600
Stocking Rate (AUM/ac) = 0.16
Based on 912 lbs./acre (air-dry weight) per Animal Unit Month (AUM), and on 25 percent harvest efficiency of preferred and desirable forage species (refer to USDA NRCS, National Range and Pasture Handbook).
*Total annual production on-site may contain vegetation deemed undesirable or untargeted by the grazing animal. Therefore, AUM values may have been reduced to reflect only preferred or desirable forage species.
Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area may provide yearlong forage. During the dormant period, the forage for livestock will likely be lacking protein to meet livestock requirements, and added protein will allow ruminants to better utilize the energy stored in grazed plant materials. A forage quality test (either directly or through fecal sampling) should be used to determine the level of supplementation needed.
Hydrological functions
Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group B and C. Infiltration and runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to high depending on soil hydrologic group, slope and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75 percent ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. An exception would be where shortgrasses form a strong sod and dominate the site. Normally areas where ground cover is less than 50 percent have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to Section 4, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for runoff quantities and hydrologic curves).
Recreational uses
This site provides hunting opportunities for upland game species. The wide variety of plants which bloom from spring until fall have an aesthetic value that appeals to visitors.
Other products
Seed harvest of native plant species can provide additional income on this site.
Other information
Revision Notes: “Previously Approved” Provisional
This Provisional ecological site concept has passed Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) to ensure that the site meets the 2014 NESH standards for a Provisional ecological site. This is an updated “Previously Approved” ESD which represents a first-generation tier of documentation that, prior to the release of the 2014 National Ecological Site Handbook (NESH), met all requirements as an “Approved” ESD as laid out in the 1997, rev.1, 2003 National Range and Pasture Handbook (NRPH). The document fully described the Reference State and Community Phase in the State-and-Transition model. All other alternative states are at least described in narrative form. The “Previously Approved” ESD has been field-tested for a minimum of five years and is a proven functional document for conservation planning. The “Previously Approved” ESD does not contain all tabular and narrative entries as required in the current “Approved” level of documentation but it is expected that the “Previously Approved” ESD will continue refinement towards an “Approved” status.
Site Development and Testing Plan:
Future work, as described in a Project Plan, is needed to validate the information in this Provisional Ecological Site Description. This will include field activities to collect low-, medium-, and high-intensity sampling, soil correlations, and analysis of that data. Annual field reviews should be done by soil scientists and vegetation specialists. The final field review, peer review, quality control, and quality assurance reviews of the ESD will be needed to produce the final document.
Non-discrimination Statement
In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident.
Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English.
To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, available online and at any USDA office, or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632- 9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: program.intake@usda.gov.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data and other inventory data. Field observations from range-trained personnel were also used. Those involved in developing this site description include: Everet Bainter, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Stan Boltz, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Brandon Brazee, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Darrel DuVall, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Jill Epley, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; George Gamblin, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Glen Mitchell, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Ryan Murray, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Cheryl Nielsen, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Rick Peterson, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Lauren Porensky, Range Management Specialist, ARS; Maxine Rasmussen, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; and Mike Stirling, Range Management Specialist, NRCS.
Other references
Beck, Jeffery L., John W. Connelly, Carl L. Wambolt. 2010. Consequences of Treating Wyoming Big Sagebrush to Enhance Wildlife Habitats; Rangeland Ecology and Management 65:444–455, September 2012
Cooper, Stephen V., Peter Lesica, Greg M. Kudray. 2001. Post-fire Recovery of Wyoming Big Sagebrush Steppe in Central and Southeastern Montana; Natural Resources and Environmental Issues, Volume 16; Shrublands: Wildlands and Wildlife Habitats, Article 12.
EPA – Level III and Level IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States. https://www.epa.gov/eco-research/level-iii-and-iv-ecoregions- continental-united-states. Available online. Accessed 01/03/17.
High Plains Regional Climate Center, University of Nebraska. http://www.hprcc.unl.edu/. Available online. Accessed 02/27/17.
USDA, NRCS. Soil Survey Staff. Official Soil Series Descriptions. Available online. Accessed 08/08/17.
USDA, NRCS. Soil Survey Staff. Web Soil Survey. Available online. Accessed 08/08/17.
USDA, NRCS. 2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. Ag Handbook 296.
USDA, NRCS. 2014. National Ecological Site Handbook, 1st Ed.
USDA, NRCS. National Water and Climate Center. http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/. Available online. Accessed 02/27/17. USDA, NRCS. 1997, rev. 1, 2003. National Range and Pasture Handbook.
USDA, NRCS. National Soil Information System, Information Technology Center. http://nasis.nrcs.usda.gov.
USDA, NRCS. 2017. The PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov. Available online. Accessed 08/08/17.
USDA, NRCS. Various Published Soil Surveys.
Contributors
Stan C. Boltz
Rick L. Peterson
Acknowledgments
ESD updated by Rick L. Peterson on 8/15/17
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | Stan Boltz, Ryan Beer, Mitch Iverson, Thad Berrett, Cheryl Nielsen |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | stanley.boltz@sd.usda.gov, 605-352-1236 |
| Date | 06/04/2008 |
| Approved by | Stan Boltz |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
None. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
None, or barely visible and discontinuous. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
None. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
0 to 10 percent is typical. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None should be present. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Litter should fall in place. Slight amount of movement of smallest size class litter is possible, but not normal. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil aggregate stability ratings should typically be 5 to 6, normally 6. Surface organic matter adheres to the soil surface. Soil surface fragments will typically retain structure indefinitely when dipped in distilled water. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
A-horizon should be 5 to 8 inches thick with mollic (dark) colors when moist. Structure typically is medium to fine granular at least in the upper A-horizon. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Combination of shallow and deep rooted species (mid & tall rhizomatous and tufted perennial cool-season grasses) with fine and coarse roots positively influences infiltration. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None – when dry, B horizons can be hard and appear to be compacted, but no platy structure will be present. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Rhizomatous wheatgrasses = mid cool-season bunchgrasses >>Sub-dominant:
Mid warm-season grasses = short warm-season grass = short cool-season grasses and grass-likes >Other:
Forbs = shrubsAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Very little evidence of decadence or mortality. Bunch grasses have strong, healthy centers and shrubs are vigorous. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Production ranges from 1,200-2,400 lbs./acre (air-dry weight). Reference value production is 1,900 lbs./acre (air-dry weight). -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
State and local noxious weeds, Kentucky bluegrass, annual bromes -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species exhibit high vigor relative to climatic conditions. Do not rate based solely on seed production. Perennial grasses should have vigorous rhizomes or tillers.
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