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Conservation Service

Ecological site R081BY348TX

Steep Adobe 23-31 PZ

Last updated: 9/19/2023
Accessed: 12/22/2024

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

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Figure 1. Mapped extent

Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 081B–Edwards Plateau, Central Part

This area is entirely in south-central Texas. It makes up about 11,125 square miles (28,825 square kilometers). The towns of Fredericksburg, Junction, Menard, Rocksprings, and Sonora are in this MLRA. Interstate 10 crosses the middle part of the area. A few State parks and State historic sites are in this MLRA.

Classification relationships

USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2006.
-Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 81B

Ecological site concept

Steep Adobe sites are located on uplands with greater than 20 percent slope. They have soils less than 20 inches deep over the Glenrose Formation.

Associated sites

R081BY320TX	Adobe 23-31 PZ The Adobe site are on slopes less than 20 percent.
R081BY328TX	Deep Redland 23-31 PZ The Deep Redland site has deeper soils on slopes less than 20 percent with red subsoil and Post oak trees.
R081BY340TX	Redland 23-31 PZ The Redland site has slopes less than 20 percent with red subsoil and Post oak trees.

R081BY320TX

Adobe 23-31 PZ

The Adobe site are on slopes less than 20 percent.

R081BY328TX

Deep Redland 23-31 PZ

The Deep Redland site has deeper soils on slopes less than 20 percent with red subsoil and Post oak trees.

R081BY340TX

Redland 23-31 PZ

The Redland site has slopes less than 20 percent with red subsoil and Post oak trees.

Similar sites

R081BY350TX	Steep Rocky 23-31 PZ The Steep Rocky site has the same slopes but has more gravels, cobbles, and stones on the surface and in the soil.
R081BY320TX	Adobe 23-31 PZ The Adobe site are the same soils but on slopes less than 20 percent.

R081BY350TX

Steep Rocky 23-31 PZ

The Steep Rocky site has the same slopes but has more gravels, cobbles, and stones on the surface and in the soil.

R081BY320TX

Adobe 23-31 PZ

The Adobe site are the same soils but on slopes less than 20 percent.

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	(1) Quercus virginiana (2) Quercus buckleyi
Shrub	Not specified
Herbaceous	(1) Schizachyrium scoparium (2) Sorghastrum nutans

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Physiographic features

The Steep Adobe site is found on steep upland ridges and foothills. Slopes are complex and range from 20 to 50 percent. This site is found primarily along the base of limestone hills that slope toward rivers or larger permanent or ephemeral creeks. Areas are irregular in shape and range from a few to several hundred acres. Runoff is medium to high and the potential erosion is high. The elevation ranges from 1,000 to 2,500 feet.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Plateau > Ridge
Runoff class	Medium to high
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	305 – 762 m
Slope	20 – 50%
Aspect	Aspect is not a significant factor

Climatic features

The climate in the MLRA 81B is subtropical subhumid on the eastern portion and subtropical steppe on the western portion of the MLRA. Winters are dry, and the summers are hot and humid. The precipitation increases from west to east and the temperatures increase from north to south. The area usually receives 65 to 70 percent sunshine each year. The majority of the rainfall occurs during the warm months of April to October. Most precipitation comes from thunderstorms that vary in the amount of water received and the areas covered. Spring is characterized by fluctuating patterns, but mild temperatures prevail. July and August are relatively dry and hot with little weather variability day-to-day. As summer progresses through fall, an increase of precipitation usually occurs in the eastern portions while a decrease of precipitation occurs to the west. Winter temperatures are mild, but polar Canadian air masses bring rapid drops in temperature. These cold spells last 2 or 3 days. Prevailing winds are southerly with March and April the windiest months.

Table 3. Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)	210-270 days
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)	240-290 days
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	635-711 mm
Frost-free period (actual range)	210-270 days
Freeze-free period (actual range)	240-290 days
Precipitation total (actual range)	610-762 mm
Frost-free period (average)	230 days
Freeze-free period (average)	265 days
Precipitation total (average)	686 mm

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 3. Monthly minimum temperature range

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 4. Monthly maximum temperature range

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Figure 5. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature

Figure 6. Annual precipitation pattern

Figure 7. Annual average temperature pattern

Climate stations used

(1) BRADY [USC00411017], Brady, TX
(2) EDEN [USC00412741], Eden, TX
(3) FREDERICKSBURG [USC00413329], Fredericksburg, TX
(4) FT MCKAVETT [USC00413257], Fort Mc Kavett, TX
(5) HUNT 10 W [USC00414375], Hunt, TX
(6) JUNCTION KIMBLE CO AP [USW00013973], Junction, TX
(7) JUNCTION 4SSW [USC00414670], Junction, TX
(8) MENARD [USC00415822], Menard, TX
(9) ROCKSPRINGS 1S [USC00417706], Rocksprings, TX
(10) SAN SABA [USC00417992], San Saba, TX

Soil features

The soils are very shallow, shallow, and moderately deep on steep upland ridges and foothills. They are moderately alkaline grayish brown gravelly clay loam to pale brown gravelly loam, 8 to 40 inches deep. Underlying layers vary from weakly cemented platy limestone that becomes chalky and marly with depth to weakly cemented limestone fragments to very pale clay loam that has rock-like structure. These soils have low natural fertility. They are well drained. Permeability is moderate and water capacity is very low. The root zone is shallow. The hazard of water erosion is severe, and the hazard of soil blowing is moderate. The soils are not suitable for cultivation. Soil series correlated to this site include: Brackett, Kerrville, Real, and Stilskin.

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Residuum – limestone
Surface texture	(1) Gravelly loam (2) Gravelly clay loam
Family particle size	(1) Loamy-skeletal (2) Loamy
Drainage class	Well drained
Permeability class	Moderate
Depth to restrictive layer	20 – 102 cm
Soil depth	20 – 102 cm
Surface fragment cover <=3"	0 – 30%
Surface fragment cover >3"	0 – 30%
Available water capacity (0-101.6cm)	1.52 – 10.92 cm
Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm)	40 – 85%
Electrical conductivity (0-101.6cm)	0 – 2 mmhos/cm
Sodium adsorption ratio (0-101.6cm)	0
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm)	7.4 – 8.4
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (10.2-101.6cm)	5 – 45%
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (10.2-101.6cm)	2 – 20%

Table 5. Representative soil features (actual values)

Drainage class	Not specified
Permeability class	Slow to moderate
Depth to restrictive layer	Not specified
Soil depth	Not specified
Surface fragment cover <=3"	Not specified
Surface fragment cover >3"	Not specified
Available water capacity (0-101.6cm)	Not specified
Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm)	Not specified
Electrical conductivity (0-101.6cm)	Not specified
Sodium adsorption ratio (0-101.6cm)	Not specified
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm)	Not specified
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (10.2-101.6cm)	Not specified
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (10.2-101.6cm)	Not specified

Ecological dynamics

The Steep Adobe site was most likely a mid and tallgrass savannah. Slope and geologic structure has a strong influence on the composition of the plant community. Slopes below about 20 percent, usually with deeper soils and more soil moisture, normally produced more grass cover. The higher production was not only valuable for forage and erosion control but provided fuel for periodic fires. Caused by lightning or set by Native Americans, fire helped keep the woody species suppressed. Slopes ranging from 20 to 50 percent tended to be rockier, droughtier, less productive and more varied in topography, thus experiencing less intensive and spottier fires. This created a more mosaic pattern of herbaceous and woody vegetation. On average, fires occurred every 7 to 12 years.

Besides fire and climate, including extended periods of drought, grazing greatly influenced the plant community. Although preferring more open country, resident herds of pronghorn could forage on the lower, flatter slopes. Populations of white-tailed deer made use of the browse and forbs available. Bison grazing was intermittent. The large resident herds ranged to the north and west, but the area was visited periodically by bison when conditions were favorable. Furbearers, quail, dove, and songbirds fed on seeds and fruit produced, as did Rio Grande turkey. This interaction between herbivores and plants helped maintain the reference community.

Extremes in climate exerted tremendous influence on the site long before European man arrived. Geologic formations, archeological findings and rainfall records since the mid-1900’s show wide variations in precipitation, with cycles of long, dry periods going back thousands of years. Reference community plants developed ways to withstand periods of drought. The grasses and forbs shaded the ground, reduced soil temperature, improved infiltration and maintained soil moisture. Roots of midgrass, tallgrass, and perennial forbs reached deeper into the soil, utilizing deep soil moisture no longer available to short-rooted plants. In extreme periods of drought, many species could go virtually dormant, preserving the energy stored in underground bases and roots until wetter weather arrived. Their seeds could stay viable in the soil for long periods, sprouting when conditions improved.

While periodic grazing is a natural component of this ecosystem, overstocking and thus overgrazing by domesticated animals has had a tremendous impact. Arriving in numbers in the 1840’s and 50’s, most early settlers were accustomed to ranching in more temperate zones of the eastern United States or even Europe and misjudged the capacity of the site for sustainable production, expecting more than the land could deliver. Overgrazing, usually in the form of heavy continuous grazing by cattle, sheep, and goats, and fire suppression disrupted ecological processes that took hundreds or thousands of years to develop. Instead of grazing and moving on, domestic livestock was present on the site most of the time. Steep Adobe is often in close proximity to streams and so was particularly hard-hit by livestock traveling to and from water, bedding down, or just being held close to water during roundups. The arrival of barbed wire fencing in the late 1870’s could have been used as a conservation tool, but for the most part, was just used to contain livestock. Another influence on grazing patterns was the advent of windmills during the same period. The windmills allowed large areas to be grazed that were previously unused by livestock due to lack of natural surface water.

As cattle fed primarily on grasses and the forbs and browse were prime forage for sheep, goats, and deer, the more palatable plants such as little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indiangrass (Sorgastrum nutans), cane bluestem (Bothriochloa barbinodis), sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), awnless bushsunflower (Simsia calva) and orange zexmenia (Wedelia hispida) were selected repeatedly and eventually began to disappear. These were replaced by lower successional, less palatable and productive species such as slim tridens (Tridens muticus), silver bluestem (Bothriochloa laguroides ssp. torreyana), hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta), Wright’s three-awn (Aristida purpurea var. purpurea), Queen’s delight (Stillingia sylvatica ssp. sylvatica), and annual forbs. As overgrazing continued, overall production of grasses and forbs declined, more bare ground appeared, soil erosion increased and woody and succulent increasers such as Texas oak (Quercus buckleyi), Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei), cenizo (Leucophyllum frutescens), agarito (Mahonia trifiolata), yucca (Yucca spp.), catclaw mimosa (Mimosa biuncifera), catclaw acacia (Acacia gregii), and mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) began to multiply. The elimination of fire due to the lack of fine fuel or by human interference assisted the rapid encroachment by herbaceous and woody increasers/invaders with a concurrent reduction of usable forage and growing danger from toxic plants.

State and transition model

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Ecosystem states

1. Savannah

2. Wooded

T1A	-	Absence of disturbance and natural regeneration over time, may be coupled with excessive grazing pressure
R2A	-	Reintroduction of historic disturbance return intervals

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Mid and Tallgrass Savannah

1.2. Mid and Shortgrass Savannah

State 2 submodel, plant communities

2.1. Oak/Juniper/Shrub Complex

State 1
Savannah

Dominant plant species

live oak (Quercus virginiana), tree
Texas red oak (Quercus buckleyi), tree
little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), grass
Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), grass

Community 1.1
Mid and Tallgrass Savannah

The reference plant community (1.1) for this site is a savannah composed of mid and tallgrasses with scattered trees and shrubs that evolved under the influence of grazing, periodic fire, and climate. The overstory shades about 10 to 15 percent of the site and consists of trees such as Texas oak, (Quercus buckleyi), live oak (Quercus virginiana), Lacey oak (Quercus laceyi), Texas redbud (Cercis canadensis var. texensis), Ashe juniper, and shrubs such as evergreen sumac (Rhus virens), littleleaf sumac (Rhus microphylla), Texas kidneywood (Eysenhardtia texana), littleleaf leadtree (Leucaena retusa), and elbowbush (Forestiera pubescens). Approximately 75 percent of the vegetative canopy is grasses, with little bluestem being the single most productive species. Other important grasses include Indiangrass, sideoats grama, green sprangletop (Leptochloa dubia), plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia), cane bluestem (Bothriochloa barbinodis), silver bluestem (Bothriochloa laguroides var. torreyana) and tall dropseed (Sporobolus compositus var. compositus). Shorter and/or less productive grasses found in some quantity include several species of muhly (Muhlenbergia spp.), hairy dropseed (Sporobolus compositus var. drummondii), slim tridens, rough tridens (Tridens muticus var. muticus), Wright’s three-awn and fall witchgrass (Digitaria cognata). Perennial forbs such as awnless bushsunflower, catclaw sensitivebriar (Mimosa nutallii), Engelmann’s daisy (Engelmannia perestinia), knotweed leaflower (Phyllanthus polygonoides) and orange zexmenia are a small (around five percent) but important component of the plant community, particularly for foragers such as deer that need a diet higher in protein than that furnished by grass alone. In wet years, annual forbs may produce significant herbaceous vegetation. Plant vigor and reproduction is relatively high in favorable weather but somewhat limited by the high lime content of the soil. Soil erosion, particularly on the flatter slopes is controlled. With high runoff rates and slow infiltration, the vegetative ground cover helps disperse and slow down runoff, thus holding soil in place and enhancing infiltration. Concentrated water flow patterns are rare. Recurrent fire, climate patterns and grazing by herbivores are natural processes that maintain this very fragile ecological site. Change occurs when ecological processes are interrupted. Continued overuse, elimination of fire, and extended drought can result in the decline or disappearance of the historic populations of quality grasses and forbs. More dominant, palatable grasses and perennial forbs decrease and less palatable or productive midgrasses, shortgrasses, forbs, and woody species begin to increase and fill in the void left by the declining species. More prominent in the landscape are grasses like Wright’s three-awn, slim tridens, rough tridens (Tridens muticus var. muticus), hairy dropseed (Sporobolus compositus var. drummondii), and hairy grama. Queen’s delight and annual forbs are more numerous. The woody canopy is approximately double, with noticeable increases in Texas oak and Ashe juniper production. The decrease in vegetative ground cover facilitates lower infiltration, higher runoff rates and concentration of water flow, thus promoting soil erosion. If the process is not reversed, the community shifts toward the Mid and Shortgrass Savannah Community (1.2).

Figure 8. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 6. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (kg/hectare)	Representative value (kg/hectare)	High (kg/hectare)
Grass/Grasslike	857	1480	2219
Tree	106	185	448
Forb	56	95	146
Shrub/Vine	56	95	146
Total	1075	1855	2959

Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). TX3622, Mid and Shortgrass Savannah, 10% canopy. Mid and shortgrasses dominate the site with less than 20 percent forbs, shrubs, and woody plants..

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
J	F	M	A	M	J	J	A	S	O	N	D
2	3	5	13	23	15	4	5	15	7	5	3

Community 1.2
Mid and Shortgrass Savannah

This community still resembles a Mid and Tallgrass Savannah Community (1.1) plant structure to casual observation. However, due to the measurable decline of dominant midgrasses, tallgrasses, and perennial forbs caused by overstocking, elimination of fire, lack of brush management and, possibly, long-term changes in weather patterns, the population of Texas oak, Ashe juniper and other trees and shrubs begins to increase. Vigor and reproduction of the dominant grass species decline and are starting to be replaced by slim tridens, rough tridens, fall witchgrass, Wright’s three-awn, hairy grama, red grama (Bouteloua trifida) and other short grasses. Less palatable annual and perennial forbs increase. Shrub canopy has slightly increased overall but has a higher proportion of less palatable species. More Ashe juniper plants are apparent, as are a few occasional scrubby mesquite seedlings. Production of Texas and other oak species is nearly doubled. Ground cover by litter decreases. Soil organic matter is decreasing. Infiltration begins to drop off and runoff increases. Signs of erosion begin to appear. Encroachment by brush, replacement of mid and tallgrasses, loss of topsoil and loss of soil organic matter make it difficult for these abused areas to return to the historic plant community even if stressors are removed. However, the retrogression at this point can be halted or reversed, particularly on lower slopes, with relatively small labor and cost input if measures are taken soon enough. Application of prescribed grazing is essential to stop the decline of high quality plants. Grazing management is more critical in maintaining the vegetative cover on this steep adobe site due to the increase of erosion potential. Prescribed burning can be used where practical to control small woody plants and their seedlings, especially Ashe juniper up to four feet tall. These can also be controlled through individual plant treatment (ITP) mechanically or with appropriate chemical application.

Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2

Change occurs when ecological processes are interrupted. Continued overuse, elimination of fire, and extended drought can result in the decline or disappearance of the historic populations of quality grasses and forbs. More dominant, palatable grasses and perennial forbs decrease and less palatable or productive midgrasses, shortgrasses, forbs, and woody species begin to increase and fill in the void left by the declining species. More prominent in the landscape are grasses like Wright’s three-awn, slim tridens, rough tridens (Tridens muticus var. muticus), hairy dropseed (Sporobolus compositus var. drummondii), and hairy grama. Queen’s delight and annual forbs are more numerous. The woody canopy is approximately double, with noticeable increases in Texas oak and Ashe juniper production. The decrease in vegetative ground cover facilitates lower infiltration, higher runoff rates and concentration of water flow, thus promoting soil erosion. If the process is not reversed, the community shifts toward the Mid and Shortgrass Savannah Community (1.2).

Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1

This trend in a Steep Adobe reference plant community can likely be reversed and productivity restored, but due to the topography and soil, the window of opportunity is limited, and quick action is imperative if this community is identified. The site is quite fragile, and degradation occurs rapidly once started. Understanding the effects of climate, fire, and grazing on the ecology of the site combined with the use of sound grazing management, judicious brush management and prescribed burning where practical is key to any attempt to return to the reference community.

State 2
Wooded

Dominant plant species

Texas live oak (Quercus fusiformis), tree
Ashe's juniper (Juniperus ashei), tree

Community 2.1
Oak/Juniper/Shrub Complex

This plant community is the result of an extreme shift of site characteristics from the original Mid and Tallgrass Savannah Community (1.1). Texas oak, Lacey oak, Ashe juniper, Hercules-club pricklyash (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis), cenizo, algerita, catclaw mimosa (Mimosa biuncifera), catclaw acacia (Acacia gregii), mesquite, yucca, and other woody increasers/invaders dominate the slopes. Cenizo is very apparent on the lower slopes and will readily take over areas cleared of brush with no follow-up grazing management. This strong competition for water, sunlight, and nutrients has severely limited lower successional short and midgrasses, let alone those of the reference community. Various threeawn (Aristida spp.) species, hairy grama, red grama, hairy tridens (Erioneuron pilosum), Texas wintergrass (Nassella leucotricha), cedar sedge (Carex planostachys), and annuals dominate the grass-like plant population. The forb population is predominantly annuals and unpalatable perennials. Some, such as Queen’s delight, have toxic properties. Up to 80 percent of the ground can be bare of herbaceous vegetation. Bare soil has crusted and is relatively impermeable to moisture. Very little rainfall infiltrates and runoff is rapid. Most of the original, fertile topsoil has eroded away and various-sized gullies have formed, some can be very large.

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

The Mid and Shortgrass Savannah community (1.2) is the most short-lived community on this very fragile Steep Adobe site unless the transition is halted or reversed. If left in place, the factors that caused the transition from the reference community will accelerate and in a relatively short time cause the transition from this community to the Oak/Juniper/Shrub Complex community (2.1).

Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 1

The potential for restoring this community to the reference state within a reasonable amount of time is extremely low. With the possible exception of some lower slopes, decades of transition have robbed the site of the soil properties, species diversity, site integrity, and hydrological features essential for restoration. The difficulties of attempting brush management are usually prohibitive for most land uses due to the terrain and the high extensive cost requirements. Prescribed grazing or even reducing the amount of grazing by livestock can also assist in the development of desirable habitat for wildlife and the recreational activities that accompany it.

Additional community tables

Table 7. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production (kg/hectare)	Foliar cover (%)
Grass/Grasslike
1	Tallgrass			465–869
	little bluestem	SCSC	Schizachyrium scoparium	465–869	–
2	Tallgrass			95–280
	Indiangrass	SONU2	Sorghastrum nutans	95–280	–
3	Midgrasses			185–448
	sideoats grama	BOCU	Bouteloua curtipendula	185–448	–
	silver beardgrass	BOLAT	Bothriochloa laguroides ssp. torreyana	185–448	–
	plains lovegrass	ERIN	Eragrostis intermedia	185–448	–
	green sprangletop	LEDU	Leptochloa dubia	185–448	–
	composite dropseed	SPCOC2	Sporobolus compositus var. compositus	185–448	–
	dropseed	SPORO	Sporobolus	185–448	–
4	Midgrasses			39–151
	tall grama	BOHIP	Bouteloua hirsuta var. pectinata	39–146	–
	Drummond's dropseed	SPCOD3	Sporobolus compositus var. drummondii	39–146	–
5	Midgrasses			39–146
	hairy grama	BOHIH	Bouteloua hirsuta var. hirsuta	39–146	–
	muhly	MUIN	Muhlenbergia ×involuta	39–146	–
	Lindheimer's muhly	MULI	Muhlenbergia lindheimeri	39–146	–
	seep muhly	MURE2	Muhlenbergia reverchonii	39–146	–
6	Midgrasses			39–146
	threeawn	ARIST	Aristida	39–146	–
	Wright's threeawn	ARPUW	Aristida purpurea var. wrightii	39–146	–
	fall witchgrass	DICO6	Digitaria cognata	39–146	–
	slim tridens	TRMU	Tridens muticus	39–146	–
	slim tridens	TRMUE	Tridens muticus var. elongatus	39–146	–
7	Cool Season Grasses			39–146
	cedar sedge	CAPL3	Carex planostachys	39–146	–
	Texas wintergrass	NALE3	Nassella leucotricha	39–146	–
8	Shortgrasses			6–39
	Grass, annual	2GA	Grass, annual	6–39	–
	red grama	BOTR2	Bouteloua trifida	6–39	–
	hairy woollygrass	ERPI5	Erioneuron pilosum	6–39	–
Forb
9	Forbs			56–146
	velvet bundleflower	DEVE2	Desmanthus velutinus	56–146	–
	Engelmann's daisy	ENPE4	Engelmannia peristenia	56–146	–
	milkpea	GALAC	Galactia	56–146	–
	Maximilian sunflower	HEMA2	Helianthus maximiliani	56–146	–
	Chalk Hill hymenopappus	HYTE2	Hymenopappus tenuifolius	56–146	–
	trailing krameria	KRLA	Krameria lanceolata	56–146	–
	dotted blazing star	LIPU	Liatris punctata	56–146	–
	hoary blackfoot	MECIH	Melampodium cinereum var. hirtellum	56–146	–
	showy menodora	MELO2	Menodora longiflora	56–146	–
	Nuttall's sensitive-briar	MINU6	Mimosa nuttallii	56–146	–
	smartweed leaf-flower	PHPO3	Phyllanthus polygonoides	56–146	–
	awnless bushsunflower	SICA7	Simsia calva	56–146	–
	queen's-delight	STSY	Stillingia sylvatica	56–146	–
	creepingoxeye	WEDEL	Wedelia	56–146	–
10	Annual Forbs			6–34
	Forb, annual	2FA	Forb, annual	6–34	–
Shrub/Vine
11	Shrubs/Vines			56–146
	Texas kidneywood	EYTE	Eysenhardtia texana	56–146	–
	stretchberry	FOPU2	Forestiera pubescens	56–146	–
	Texas barometer bush	LEFR3	Leucophyllum frutescens	56–146	–
	winged sumac	RHCO	Rhus copallinum	56–146	–
	littleleaf sumac	RHMI3	Rhus microphylla	56–146	–
	evergreen sumac	RHVI3	Rhus virens	56–146	–
	bully	SIDER2	Sideroxylon	56–146	–
Tree
12	Trees			95–426
	Texas madrone	ARXA80	Arbutus xalapensis	95–426	–
	Texas redbud	CECAT	Cercis canadensis var. texensis	95–426	–
	littleleaf leadtree	LERE5	Leucaena retusa	95–426	–
	Texas red oak	QUBU2	Quercus buckleyi	95–426	–
	Lacey oak	QULA	Quercus laceyi	95–426	–
	live oak	QUVI	Quercus virginiana	95–426	–
	blackhaw	VIPR	Viburnum prunifolium	95–426	–
13	Tree			11–22
	Ashe's juniper	JUAS	Juniperus ashei	11–22	–

Interpretations

Animal community

This site is used to produce domestic livestock and to provide habitat for native wildlife. Cow-calf operations are the primary livestock enterprise, although stocker cattle are also grazed. Sheep, Angora goats, and Spanish goats were formerly raised in large numbers. Sheep are still present in reduced numbers, while meat goats are now present in fairly high numbers. Boer goats have been introduced, either purebred or crossed with Spanish goats, to obtain a larger meat animal. Reports indicate that Boers do not browse as heavily as earlier breeds.

Sustainable stocking rates have declined drastically over the past 100 years due to deterioration of the reference plant community. An assessment of vegetation is needed to determine the site’s current carrying capacity. Calculations used to determine livestock stocking rate should be based on forage production remaining after determining use by resident wildlife, then refined by frequent careful observation of the plant community’s response to animal foraging.

A large diversity of wildlife is native to this site. In the reference plant community, migrating bison, grazing primarily during wetter periods, pronghorn, white-tailed deer and turkey were the more predominant herbivore species. With the subsequent transformation of the plant community, due primarily to the influence of man and climate change, the kind and proportion of wildlife species have been altered.

Except for a few domestic herds, bison have been eliminated. With the eradication of the screwworm fly, increase in woody vegetation and man-suppressed natural predation, deer numbers have increased and are often in excess of carrying capacity. Where deer numbers are excessive, overbrowsing and overuse of preferred forbs causes deterioration of the plant community. Progressive management of deer populations through hunting can keep populations in balance and provide an economically important ranching enterprise. Achieving a balance between brushy cover and more open plant communities on this and adjacent sites is important to deer management. Competition among deer, sheep, and goats must be a consideration in livestock and wildlife management to prevent damage to the plant community.

Various species of exotic wildlife have been introduced on the site, including deer such as axis, sika, fallow, and red; antelope such as sable, oryx, blackbuck, and nilgai, and sheep such as barbados (mouflon) and aoudad with various degrees of success. Their numbers must be included along with livestock and native wildlife, primarily white-tailed deer, in any management plan. Feral hogs may feed on the site. They can be damaging to the plant community if their numbers are not managed. Smaller mammals include many kinds of rodents, jackrabbit, cottontail, raccoon, ringtail, skunk, and armadillo. Mammalian predators include coyote, red fox, gray fox, bobcat, and mountain lion. Wolves were common in earlier times, bears resided in some areas, and an occasional jaguar or ocelot was encountered. Many species of snakes and lizards are native to the site.

Many species of birds are found on this site including game birds, songbirds, and birds of prey. Major game birds that are economically important are turkey, bobwhite quail, scaled (blue) quail and mourning dove. Turkeys prefer plant communities with substantial amounts of shrubs and trees interspersed with grassland. Quail prefer a combination of low shrubs, bunch grass (critical for nesting cover), bare ground, and low successional forbs. The different species of songbirds vary in their habitat preferences. Habitat on this site that provides a large diversity of grasses, forbs, and shrubs will support a good variety and abundance of songbirds. Birds of prey are important to keep the numbers of rodents, rabbits, and snakes in balance. Different species of raptors benefit from a diverse plant community as well.

Hydrological functions

The soils on this site are well drained with slow/very slow permeability and low/very low water holding capacity. Combined with the slopes of the site, they experience very rapid surface runoff. Water erosion potential is severe.

The existing plant community and its management are essential to the hydrological function of this site. The water cycle functions most effectively when mid and tall bunchgrasses dominate. This condition promotes good soil structure, high organic matter, good porosity and rapid infiltration of water into the soil. Water that does run off will be high quality and erosion and sedimentation will be low.

Loss or reduction of mid and tallgrasses, most frequently through heavy grazing, impairs the water cycle. Ground cover is poor, organic matter is low, soil structure breaks down and the surface becomes capped. Infiltration decreases and runoff increases. Erosion and sedimentation are accelerated. Given the excessive slopes of the site, in this condition it can contribute to increased frequency and flooding within a watershed yet remain droughty between heavy rainfall events.

Recreational uses

With its rugged landscape and diverse foliage the site can be quite scenic, particularly in the fall. Many plants native to the site, such as Texas oak, have been incorporated into home or park landscapes. The site supports a wide variety of wildlife. The area is heavily used for hunting various native and introduced game animals and birds. Other popular uses are hiking, birding, photography, and related eco-tourism enterprises.

Wood products

Oaks and Ashe juniper may be used for fencing, firewood, or in the specialty wood industry. Oils can be extracted from Ashe juniper for commercial uses.

Supporting information

Inventory data references

Information presented here is derived from literature, limited NRCS clipping data (417s), field observations, and personal contacts with range-trained personnel.

Other references

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Archer, S. and F. E. Smeins. 1991. Ecosystem-level processes. Grazing Management: An Ecological Perspective. Edited by R.K. Heischmidt and J.W. Stuth. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

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Foster, J. H. 1917. The spread of timbered areas in central Texas. Journal of Forestry 15(4):442-445.

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Contributors

Bruce Deere
Edits by Travis Waiser, MLRA Leader, NRCS, Kerrville, TX

Approval

Bryan Christensen, 9/19/2023

Acknowledgments

QC/QA completed by:
Bryan Christensen, SRESS, NRCS, Temple, TX
Erin Hourihan, ESDQS, NRCS, Temple, TX

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)	Joe Franklin, Zone RMS, NRCS, San Angelo, Texas
Contact for lead author	325-944-0147
Date	12/02/2005
Approved by	Bryan Christensen
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production