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Conservation Service

Ecological site R087AY009TX

Wet Sandy Draw

Last updated: 9/21/2023
Accessed: 11/21/2024

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

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Figure 1. Mapped extent

Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 087A–Texas Claypan Area, Southern Part

This area is entirely in south-central Texas. It makes up about 10,535 square miles (27,295 square kilometers). The towns of Bastrop, Bryan, Centerville, College Station, Ennis, Fairfield, Franklin, Giddings, Gonzales, Groesbeck, La Grange, Madisonville, and Rockdale are in this MLRA. Interstate 45 crosses the northern part of the area, and Interstate 10 crosses the southern part. A number of State Parks are located throughout this area. The parks are commonly associated with reservoirs.

Classification relationships

USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2006.
-Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 87A

Ecological site concept

The Wet Sandy Draw exists on sandy upland depressions and the head of drainageways. The poorly drained sandy soils create a unique and productive plant community.

Associated sites

R087AY008TX	Very Deep Sand Very Deep Sand

R087AY008TX

Very Deep Sand

Very Deep Sand

Similar sites

R087AY010TX	Sandy Bottomland Sandy Bottomland

R087AY010TX

Sandy Bottomland

Sandy Bottomland

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	(1) Quercus phellos (2) Quercus nigra
Shrub	(1) Morella cerifera (2) Baccharis halimifolia
Herbaceous	(1) Panicum hemitomon (2) Phanopyrum gymnocarpon

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Physiographic features

This site occurs as a nearly level to moderately sloping concave prairie that occupies foot slopes and heads of drains. A water table is near the surface throughout most of year, except during prolonged droughty conditions. The soils can pond water for very brief to brief durations during wet periods.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Plains > Drainageway (2) Plains > Depression
Runoff class	Negligible
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding duration	Very brief (4 to 48 hours) to brief (2 to 7 days)
Ponding frequency	None to rare
Elevation	300 – 650 ft
Slope	2%
Ponding depth	6 in
Water table depth	9 – 80 in
Aspect	Aspect is not a significant factor

Climatic features

The climate for MLRA 87A is humid subtropical and is characterized by hot summers, especially in July and August, and relatively mild winters. The summer months have little variation in day-to-day weather except for occasional thunderstorms that dissipate the afternoon heat. The moderate temperatures in spring and fall are characterized by long periods of mild days and cool nights. The average annual precipitation in this area is 41 inches. Most of the rainfall occurs in spring and fall. The freeze-free period averages about 276 days and the frost-free period 241 days.

Table 3. Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (average)	241 days
Freeze-free period (average)	276 days
Precipitation total (average)	41 in

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Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range

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Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature

Figure 4. Annual precipitation pattern

Figure 5. Annual average temperature pattern

Climate stations used

(1) BARDWELL DAM [USC00410518], Ennis, TX
(2) ELGIN [USC00412820], Elgin, TX
(3) FRANKLIN [USC00413321], Franklin, TX
(4) BELLVILLE 6NNE [USC00410655], Bellville, TX
(5) LA GRANGE [USC00414903], La Grange, TX
(6) MADISONVILLE [USC00415477], Madisonville, TX
(7) SMITHVILLE [USC00418415], Smithville, TX
(8) CROCKETT [USC00412114], Crockett, TX
(9) FAIRFIELD 3W [USC00413047], Fairfield, TX
(10) GONZALES 1N [USC00413622], Gonzales, TX
(11) SOMERVILLE DAM [USC00418446], Somerville, TX
(12) COLLEGE STN [USW00003904], College Station, TX

Influencing water features

This is a wet site receiving water from runoff and seepage of adjacent sandy sites. It often has a perched water table at or near the surface for much of the year.

Wetland description

This site is considered hydric, but onsite delineations are needed to verify wetlands status.

Soil features

The soils of this site are very deep, poorly drained, rapidly permeable soils formed in sandy sediments. Because of the seepage from the adjoining slopes, water seeps to the surface for some time following rains. The soil is saturated or nearly saturated most of the year because of the seepage. Soil correlated to this site include: Cadelake, Melhomes, and Sealy.

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Colluvium – sandstone
Surface texture	(1) Fine sandy loam
Family particle size	(1) Sandy
Drainage class	Poorly drained
Permeability class	Rapid
Soil depth	80 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	Not specified
Surface fragment cover >3"	Not specified
Available water capacity (0-40in)	3 – 4 in
Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in)	Not specified
Electrical conductivity (0-40in)	2 mmhos/cm
Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in)	Not specified
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in)	3.5 – 6
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified)	1%
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified)	Not specified

Ecological dynamics

This site resembles a wet prairie or savannah occupied by a predominance of hydrophytic plants. The dominant herbaceous species include maidencane (Panicum hemitomon), velvet dichanthelium (Dichanthelium scoparium), plumegrass (Erianthus spp.), southern wildrice (Zizaniopsis miliacea), Vasey's grass (Paspalum urvillei), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), common rush (Juncus effusus), and bulrush (Scirpus spp.). Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus), and bushy bluestem (Andropogon glomeratus) occur on the higher slopes. Smartweed (Polygonum spp.), swamp sunflower (Helenium autumnale), and swamp rosemallow (Hibiscus moscheutos) are common forbs. Woody species such as black willow (Salix nigra), willow oak (Quercus phellos), water oak (Quercus nigra), eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia), yaupon (Ilex vomitoria), and wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) may also occur on the site. The savannah structure of this site was probably influenced by the herding and grazing effects of bison and cattle. Wildfires occurring during extreme drought may also have played a role in the maintenance of the savannah landscape.

State and transition model

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Savannhah

2. Shrubland

3. Woodland

T1A	-	Abandonment, no fire, and/or no grazing management
R2A	-	Prescribed grazing, fire, and/or brush management
T2A	-	Abandonment, no fire, and/or no grazing management
R3A	-	Extensive brush management and/or herbicide applications

State 1
Savannhah

One community exists in the Savannah State, the Tallgrass/Wax Myrtle Community. The site is dominated by warm season perennial grasses and has a presence of 5 to 10 percent woody species intermixed.

Community 1.1
Tallgrass/Wax Myrtle Savannah

This reference plant community resembles a wet prairie or wet meadow and is dominated by warm season perennial grasses including maidencane, rice cutgrass, plumegrass, and common rush. Wax myrtle, possumhaw (Ilex decidua), and blackberry (Rubus spp.) are woody shrubs and vines that commonly occur throughout the site. Water oak, willow oak, and black willow provide a 5 to 10 percent canopy and occupy locations influenced by wetness. Water oak occurs on the higher/dryer upslopes while black willow occurs on the lower/wetter position of the site. Willow oak is intermediate between the two. Fire may play a part in the maintenance of the savannah landscape in years of prolonged drought. This site has the potential to produce heavy fine fuel loads but is usually too wet to have fine fuel moisture conditions conducive for burning. Since this site has such favorable moisture regimes, especially during the summer, grazing and browsing by bison, deer, and cattle probably had more influence on the maintenance of the savannah landscape. Due to the wetness of the site, mechanical brush management is rarely a treatment option for this site. The inability to selectively apply broadcast herbicide normally precludes this treatment option, although individual plant treatment with herbicides may be a viable option. Abandonment of the site allows a transitional shift in vegetation towards a shrub-dominated community that, over time, results in a tree/shrub state. The maintenance of the reference plant community seems to require the presence of grazing and browsing animals and periodic fire when conditions permit.

Figure 6. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 5. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Grass/Grasslike	4800	6400	8000
Shrub/Vine	600	800	1000
Tree	300	400	500
Forb	300	400	500
Total	6000	8000	10000

State 2
Shrubland

One community exists in the Shrubland State, the Wax Myrtle/Blackberry Shrubland Community. The state is defined by woody canopy cover from 20 to 40 percent. Herbaceous production is limited compared to the Savannah State (1).

Community 2.1
Wax Myrtle/Blackberry Shrubland

This is a transitional community moving from the Savannah State (1) to Woodland State (3). It occurs when the site is abandoned and no grazing, burning, or brush management is applied over time. Wax myrtle, blackberry, yaupon, and baccharis increase in density and canopy coverage (20 to 40 percent) and begin to hinder herbaceous production. Saplings of water oak, willow oak, black willow, and water elm (Planera aquatica) appear. The invasive Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum) will invade the site. If abandonment continues and no brush management or burning occurs, shrubs and vines continue to increase in density and canopy coverage is greater than 40 percent, which represents a transition to the Woodland State. Saplings begin to become trees and the resulting shading severely reduces the herbaceous production of the site where grazing and fire are no longer treatment options for recovery of the site.

Figure 7. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 6. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Shrub/Vine	1200	1800	2400
Forb	900	1500	1800
Grass/Grasslike	600	900	1200
Tree	300	450	600
Total	3000	4650	6000

State 3
Woodland

One community exists in the Woodland State, the Cottonwood/Elm Community. The site is defined by woody canopy cover over 40 percent. The site has reduced herbaceous production compared to the Savannah and Shrubland States.

Community 3.1
Wax Myrtle/Oak Woodland

This is a steady state community that occurs following long periods, greater than 20 years, of little or no management (grazing, burning, or brush control). Water oak, willow oak, black willow, wax myrtle, and yaupon become the dominant plants in the community and severely limit herbaceous production through shading. The herbaceous community will be dominated by sedges (Carex spp.), rushes (Juncus spp.), and shade tolerant forbs. Available treatment options to move this community back to the Savannah State are limited to tree dozing during drought periods or individual plant treatments with herbicides. Neither of these treatments may be economically feasible.

Figure 8. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 7. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Shrub/Vine	1920	2560	3200
Tree	1440	1920	2400
Forb	960	1280	1600
Grass/Grasslike	480	640	800
Total	4800	6400	8000

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

The driver for this transition is abandonment, lack of fire, and/or lack of prescribed grazing. Woody species are allowed to continue to grow until reaching over the threshold of 20 percent. This signifies the transition to the Shrubland State.

Restoration pathway R2A
State 2 to 1

Prescribed grazing, periodic fire, and brush management are practices that will restore the site back to the reference state. The key to successful restoration is controlling the growth of woody species throughout the site.

Transition T2A
State 2 to 3

The driver for the transition to the Woodland State is further abandonment, lack of fire, and lack of prescribed grazing. The woody species have grown to a canopy cover greater than 40 percent, which signifies this transition.

Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 1

The driver for restoration from the Woodland State to the Savannah State is management of woody species. Extensive brush management is required to open up the overstory canopy and allow for more herbaceous growth.

Additional community tables

Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production (lb/acre)	Foliar cover (%)
Grass/Grasslike
1	Grasses			2400–4000
	velvet panicum	DISC3	Dichanthelium scoparium	2400–4000	–
	maidencane	PAHE2	Panicum hemitomon	2400–4000	–
2	Grasses			960–1600
	rice cutgrass	LEOR	Leersia oryzoides	960–1600	–
	giant cutgrass	ZIMI	Zizaniopsis miliacea	960–1600	–
3	Tall/midgrasses			720–1200
	field paspalum	PALA10	Paspalum laeve	720–1200	–
	Vasey's grass	PAUR2	Paspalum urvillei	720–1200	–
	savannah-panicgrass	PHGY2	Phanopyrum gymnocarpon	720–1200	–
	tall horned beaksedge	RHMA6	Rhynchospora macrostachya	720–1200	–
	sortbeard plumegrass	SABRC3	Saccharum brevibarbe var. contortum	720–1200	–
4	tallgrasses			480–800
	bushy bluestem	ANGL2	Andropogon glomeratus	480–800	–
	switchgrass	PAVI2	Panicum virgatum	480–800	–
	little bluestem	SCSC	Schizachyrium scoparium	480–800	–
	Indiangrass	SONU2	Sorghastrum nutans	480–800	–
5	Grasses			240–400
	common carpetgrass	AXFI	Axonopus fissifolius	240–400	–
	common rush	JUEF	Juncus effusus	240–400	–
	softstem bulrush	SCTA2	Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani	240–400	–
Forb
6	forbs			150–250
	swamp smartweed	POHY2	Polygonum hydropiperoides	150–250	–
	Pennsylvania smartweed	POPE2	Polygonum pensylvanicum	150–250	–
7	forbs			90–150
	swamp sunflower	HEAN2	Helianthus angustifolius	90–150	–
	crimsoneyed rosemallow	HIMO	Hibiscus moscheutos	90–150	–
	ovate false fiddleleaf	HYOV	Hydrolea ovata	90–150	–
	floating marshpennywort	HYRA	Hydrocotyle ranunculoides	90–150	–
	seedbox	LUAL2	Ludwigia alternifolia	90–150	–
	pickerelweed	POCO14	Pontederia cordata	90–150	–
	grassy arrowhead	SAGR	Sagittaria graminea	90–150	–
8	forbs			60–100
	swamp milkweed	ASIN	Asclepias incarnata	60–100	–
	tenangle pipewort	ERDE5	Eriocaulon decangulare	60–100	–
	giant goldenrod	SOGI	Solidago gigantea	60–100	–
	Baldwin's ironweed	VEBA	Vernonia baldwinii	60–100	–
	rough cocklebur	XAST	Xanthium strumarium	60–100	–
	Baldwin's yelloweyed grass	XYBA	Xyris baldwiniana	60–100	–
Shrub/Vine
9	shrubs/vines			600–1000
	eastern baccharis	BAHA	Baccharis halimifolia	600–1000	–
	possumhaw	ILDE	Ilex decidua	600–1000	–
	yaupon	ILVO	Ilex vomitoria	600–1000	–
	wax myrtle	MOCE2	Morella cerifera	600–1000	–
	Oklahoma blackberry	RUOK	Rubus oklahomus	600–1000	–
Tree
10	trees			300–500
	water oak	QUNI	Quercus nigra	300–500	–
	willow oak	QUPH	Quercus phellos	300–500	–
	black willow	SANI	Salix nigra	300–500	–

Interpretations

Animal community

The favorable moisture regimes of this site provide conditions that keep plants green and growing during dry summer months and periods of drought. The site is attractive to domestic livestock as well as many species of wildlife including white-tailed deer, bobcat, raccoon, raptors, rodents, song birds, and feral hogs. Animal species use may change as the plant community changes on this site. Livestock have a higher preference for the site in a Savannah State where white-tailed deer and feral hogs may prefer the site in a Shrubland or Woodland State. Management should be applied to the site to produce the habitat for the species of concern.

Hydrological functions

This site is a collection area for seep water coming from the sandy uplands that always surround it. Ponding may occur for periods throughout the year.

Recreational uses

This site may be used for wildlife viewing or hunting.

Wood products

In the Woodland State, willow oak and water oak could provide timber products for firewood, cross ties, hardwood flooring, and lumber. The wetness of the site in addition to the presence of the deep sandy upland soils that typically surround this site make logging and access to the site by log trucks difficult.

Other products

Fruit from blackberries and grapes may be harvested on this site.

Supporting information

Inventory data references

These site descriptions were developed as part a Provisional Ecological Site project using historic soil survey manuscripts, available site descriptions, and low intensity field traverse sampling. Future work to validate the information is needed. This will include field activities to collect low, medium, and high-intensity sampling, soil correlations, and analysis of that data. A final field review, peer review, quality control, and quality assurance review of the will be needed to produce the final document.

Other references

1. Archer, S. 1994. Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns and proximate causes. In: Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the West, pp. 13-68. Edited by M. Vavra, W. Laycock, R. Pieper. Society for Range Management Publication, Denver, CO.
2. Archer, S. and F.E. Smeins. 1991. Ecosystem-level Processes. Chapter 5 in: Grazing Management: An Ecological Perspective. Edited by R.K. Heitschmidt and J.W. Stuth. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
3. Bestelmeyer, B.T., J.R. Brown, K.M. Havstad, R. Alexander, G. Chavez, and J.E. Herrick. 2003. Development and use of state-and-transition models for rangelands. J. Range Manage. 56(2): 114-126.
4. Brown, J.R. and S. Archer. 1999. Shrub invasion of grassland: recruitment is continuous and not regulated by herbaceous biomass or density. Ecology 80(7): 2385-2396.
5. Foster, J.H. 1917. Pre-settlement fire frequency regions of the United States: a first approximation. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings No. 20.
6. Gould, F.W. 1975. The Grasses of Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 653p.
7. Hamilton, W. and D. Ueckert. 2005. Rangeland Woody Plant Control: Past, Present, and Future. Chapter 1 in: Brush Management: Past, Present, and Future. pp. 3-16. Texas A&M University Press.
8. Scifres, C.J. and W.T. Hamilton. 1993. Prescribed Burning for Brush Management: The South Texas Example. Texas A&M University Press, College Station, TX. 245 p.
9. Smeins, F., S. Fuhlendorf, and C. Taylor, Jr. 1997. Environmental and Land Use Changes: A Long Term Perspective. Chapter 1 in: Juniper Symposium 1997, pp. 1-21. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
10. Stringham, T.K., W.C. Krueger, and P.L. Shaver. 2001. State and transition modeling: and ecological process approach. J. Range Manage. 56(2):106-113.
11. Texas Agriculture Experiment Station. 2007. Benny Simpson’s Texas Native Trees (http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/ornamentals/natives/).
12. Texas A&M Research and Extension Center. 2000. Native Plants of South Texas (http://uvalde.tamu.edu/herbarium/index.html).
13. Thurow, T.L. 1991. Hydrology and Erosion. Chapter 6 in: Grazing Management: An Ecological Perspective. Edited by R.K. Heitschmidt and J.W. Stuth. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
14. USDA/NRCS Soil Survey Manuals counties within MLRA 87A.
15. USDA, NRCS. 1997. National Range and Pasture Handbook.
16. USDA, NRCS. 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
17. Vines, R.A. 1984. Trees of Central Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
18. Vines, R.A. 1977. Trees of Eastern Texas. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX. 538 p.
19. Wright, H.A. and A.W. Bailey. 1982. Fire Ecology: United States and Southern Canada. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Contributors

Mike Stellbaur
Tyson Hart

Approval

Bryan Christensen, 9/21/2023

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)	Mike Stellbauer, David Polk, and Bill Deauman
Contact for lead author	Mike Stellbauer, Zone RMS, NRCS, Bryan, Texas
Date	05/23/2005
Approved by	Bryan Christensen
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
None.
Presence of water flow patterns:
Water flow patterns are not uncommon. Deposition or erosion is uncommon for normal rainfall, but may occur during intense rainfall events.
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Pedestals or terracettes are uncommon for this site when occupied by reference community.
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Expect no more than 20 percent bare ground randomly distributed throughout.
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Gullies are uncommon for this site.
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Under normal rainfall, little litter movement should be expected.
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil surface is resistant to erosion.
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Soil surface structure is 0 to 15 inches thick with colors from dark grayish brown fine sandy loam to black loamy fine sand and subangular blocky structure. SOM is approximately 1 to 6 percent.
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
The savannah of trees, shrubs, vines, grasses, and forbs, along with adequate litter and little bare ground provides for maximum infiltration and little runoff under normal rainfall events.
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None.
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:
Warm-season tallgrasses > Cool-season midgrasses >>

Sub-dominant:

Other:
Trees > Shrubs/Vines > Forbs

Additional:
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
There should be little mortality or decadence for any functional groups.
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Small to large woody litter is common on this site.
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
6,000 pounds per acre for below average moisture years to 10,000 pounds per acre for above average moisture years.
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Potential invasive species include wax myrtle, blackberry, black willow, baccharis, willow oak, water oak, and Chinese tallow.
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All perennial plants should be capable of reproducing, except for periods of prolonged drought conditions, heavy natural herbivory or intense wildfires.

Download reference sheet

Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.

Ecosystem states

1. Savannhah

2. Shrubland

3. Woodland

T1A	-	Abandonment, no fire, and/or no grazing management
R2A	-	Prescribed grazing, fire, and/or brush management
T2A	-	Abandonment, no fire, and/or no grazing management
R3A	-	Extensive brush management and/or herbicide applications

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Tallgrass/Wax Myrtle Savannah

State 2 submodel, plant communities

2.1. Wax Myrtle/Blackberry Shrubland

State 3 submodel, plant communities

3.1. Wax Myrtle/Oak Woodland

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Natural ResourcesConservation Service

Ecological site R087AY009TX

Wet Sandy Draw

Last updated: 9/21/2023 Accessed: 11/21/2024

General information

Figure 1. Mapped extent

MLRA notes

Classification relationships

Ecological site concept

Associated sites

Similar sites

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Ecosystem states

State 1 submodel, plant communities

State 2 submodel, plant communities

State 3 submodel, plant communities

Natural Resources
Conservation Service

Last updated: 9/21/2023
Accessed: 11/21/2024