Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site F089XY013WI
Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands
Last updated: 9/27/2023
Accessed: 11/13/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 089X–Wisconsin Central Sands
The Wisconsin Central Sands (MLRA 89) corresponds closely to Central Sand Plains Ecological Landscape published by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR, 2015). Much of the following brief overview of this MLRA is borrowed from that publication.
The Wisconsin Central Sands MLRA is entirely in Wisconsin. The total land area is 2,187,100 acres (3,420 square miles, 8858 square kilometers). It is bordered to the east by Johnstown-Hancock end moraines, which were pushed to their extent by the west side of the Green Bay Lobe (Clayton & Attig, 1999). It is bordered to the southwest by highly eroded, unglaciated valleys and ridges. The dominant feature of this MLRA is the remarkably flat, sandy plain, composed of lacustrine deposits and outwash sand, that was once the main basin of Glacial Lake Wisconsin. It also features extensive pine and oak barrens and wetland complexes.
Glacial Lake Wisconsin was fed primarily by glacial meltwater from the north and east. The lake deposited silt overlain by tens of meters of sand (Clayton & Attig, 1989). The silty layers are closer to the surface in some areas, where they impede drainage and contribute to the formation of extensive wetland complexes. It is believed that Glacial Lake Wisconsin drained within several days after a breach in the ice dam that supported it. The catastrophic flood that followed flowed to the south and carved the scattered buttes and mesas protruding from the sandy plain in the southern portion of this MLRA. Before vegetation established after glacial recession, strong winds formed aeolian sand dunes that now support xeric pine and oak stands within the Wisconsin Central Sands.
The surface of the northwestern portion is mostly undulating. The sandy surface sediment was mostly deposited by meltwater during the Wisconsin glaciation. Gentle hills are a result of underlying bedrock topography. Valleys and floodplains are formed by stream action. The underlying bedrock controls the water table elevation and contributes to the formation of numerous wetlands.
Historically, the Wisconsin Central Sands were dominated by large wetland complexes, sand prairies, and oak forests, savannas, and barrens. Some pine and hemlock forests were found in the northwest portion. The Wisconsin Central Sands was subject to frequent fires, leading to today’s need for prescribed burns to maintain the area.
Classification relationships
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): Wisconsin Central Sands (89)
USFS Subregions: Neillsville Sandstone Plateau (222Rb)
Small sections occur in the Lincoln Formation Till Plain - Mixed Hardwoods (212Qb) and Central Wisconsin Sand Plain (222Ra) Subregions
Relationship to Established Framework and Classification Systems:
Habitat Types of N. & S. Wisconsin (Kotar, 2002 & 1996): The sites of this ES keyed out to five habitat types: Acer-Quercus/Viburnum, Geranium variant (AQVb-Gr); Acer-Tilia-Fraxinus/Circaea(ATiFrCi); Pinus/Vaccinium-Hamamelis (PVHa); Pinus/Vaccinium-Rubus hispidus(PVRh); Tsuga/Maianthemum-Coptis (TMC).
Biophysical Settings (Landfire, 2014): This ES is largely mapped as Laurentian-Acadian Northern Hardwoods Forest, North-Central Interior Maple-Basswood Forest, and Eastern Cool Temperate Row Crop.
WDNR Natural Communities (WDNR, 2015): This ES is most similar to the Mesic Hardwood Forest, Central Sands, Pine-Oak Forest, an Northern Dry-Mesic Forest communities.
Ecological site concept
The Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands ecological site is widespread on hills and pediments in the northern portion of MLRA 89 where loamy till was deposited during the Wisconsin glaciation and where the depth to bedrock is relatively shallow. These sites are characterized by very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that formed in loamy materials over loamy residuum weathered from the underlying interbedded sandstone and shale. Precipitation, runoff from adjacent uplands, and groundwater discharge are the primary sources of water. Soils range from very strongly acid to strongly acid.
The exact nature of pre-European settlement vegetation is difficult to assess at the scale of this Ecological Site. Natural disturbances and activities of native peoples no doubt produced a mosaic of plant community types. However, based on our understanding of ecological characteristics of species currently occupying these sites we can make estimates of the nature of ecological states and transitions that we might expect under current conditions. In our sampling of five representative sites, three species occurred on all of them: Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesred), red maple (A. rubrum) and white pine (P. strobus). Common associates were white oak (Q. alba) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera). One site included several species that are more typical of nutrient-richer sites: White ash (Fraxinus americana), ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) and yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis). This site also included a number of understory species clearly identifying it as a richer Forest Habitat Type, ATiFrCi (Acer-Tilia-Fraxinus/Circaea). Some of these are: Alternate leaved dogwood (Cornus alternifolia), Enchanter’s nightshade (Circaea lutetiana) and Jack-in-the-Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum).
Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands differs from other sites by its drainage, loamy textures, and relatively shallow bedrock. Other somewhat poorly drained loams lack bedrock contact within 80 inches (200 cm) of the surface. In addition to perching the water table, the relatively shallow bedrock restricts root growth which may cause trees to tip. Other somewhat poorly drained sites have sandy or clayey textures. Loamy textures tend to have higher pH and available water capacity than sand, but less than clay. The somewhat poor drainage sets this site apart from other loamy sites.
Associated sites
F089XY004WI |
Loamy Floodplains Loamy Floodplains are found exclusively on floodplains in loamy alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium. Soils are somewhat poorly to poorly drained and are subject to flooding. These sites occur primarily along tributaries to the Yellow River in central Wood County and along the Lemonweir River. They may be adjacent to Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands. |
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F089XY008WI |
Wet Loamy Lowlands Wet Loamy Lowlands form in a loamy or silty mantle 10 to 40 inches (25 to 100 cm) thick overlying sandy residuum weathered from sandstone and shale. Bedrock contact may occur as high at 26 inches (66 cm). These soils are poorly drained, remain saturated for much the growing season, and are sometimes subject to ponding. They are exclusive to the northern third of the Wisconsin Central Sands MLRA, which was covered in loamy glacial deposits prior to the most recent glacial advance. They occur lower on the drainage sequence and are wetter than Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands. |
F089XY019WI |
Loamy Bedrock Uplands Loamy Bedrock Uplands form in loamy alluvium or loess overlain by interbedded sandstone and shale. Bedrock contact occurs within 39 inches (99 cm) of the surface. Soils are moderately well or well drained. These sites are primarily found in the northern portion of the Wisconsin Central Sands MLRA which was covered in loamy glacial deposits prior to the most recent glacial advance and where depth of bedrock is shallow. They occur higher on the drainage sequence and have a deeper water table than Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands. |
Similar sites
F089XY014WI |
Moist Loamy Uplands Moist Loamy Uplands consist of deep loamy alluvium over sandy alluvium or clayey lacustrine deposits. They are somewhat poorly drained and are subject to neither flooding nor ponding. These sites are primarily found in the northwestern portion of the Wisconsin Central Sands MLRA. Their vegetative communities are similar to those of Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands. |
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F089XY004WI |
Loamy Floodplains Loamy Floodplains are found exclusively on floodplains in loamy alluvium underlain by sandy alluvium. Soils are somewhat poorly to poorly drained and are subject to flooding. These sites occur primarily along tributaries to the Yellow River in central Wood County and along the Lemonweir River. Occasional perching of the water table can create conditions on Moist Loamy Bedrock Uplands sites suitable for supporting the same vegetative communities found on Loamy Floodplains. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree |
(1) Pinus strobus |
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Shrub |
(1) Amelanchier |
Herbaceous |
(1) Pteridium aquilinum |
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.
Ecosystem states
T1A | - | Clear cutting or stand-replacing fire. |
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R2A | - | Disturbance-free period 70+ years. |
T2A | - | Livestock grazing commenced. |
T2B | - | Removal of forest vegetation and tilling. |
R3A | - | Removal of livestock grazing. |
T3A | - | Removal of forest vegetation and tilling. |
R4A | - | Cessation of agricultural practices, natural or artificial afforestation. |
State 1 submodel, plant communities
1.1A | - | Light to moderate intensity fires, blow-downs, snow-ice breakage. |
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1.2A | - | Disturbance-free period 30+ years |
State 2 submodel, plant communities
2.1A | - | Establishment of white pine and red maple. |
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2.2A | - | Establishment of white pine and red maple. |
2.3A | - | Establishment of white pine and red maple. |