Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R092XY002WI
Mucky Swamps
Last updated: 4/08/2020
Accessed: 11/13/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 092X–Superior Lake Plain
The Wisconsin portion of the Superior Lake Plain (MLRA 92) corresponds very closely to the Superior Coastal Plain Ecological Landscape published by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR 2015). The following brief overview of this MLRA is borrowed from that publication.
The Superior Coastal Plain is bordered on the north by Lake Superior and on the south by the Northwest Sands, Northwest Lowlands, and North Central Forest Ecological Landscapes. The total land area is approximately 1.2 million acres, which mostly consists of privately-owned forestland. The climate is strongly influenced by Lake Superior, resulting in cooler summers, warmer winters, and greater precipitation compared to more inland locations. The most extensive landform in this ecological landscape is a nearly level plain of lacustrine clays that slopes gently northward toward Lake Superior. The coastal plain is cut by deeply incised stream drainages and interrupted by the comparatively rugged Bayfield Peninsula.
During the Late Wisconsin glacial period, this area was covered with the advancing and retreating lobes of Superior and Chippewa. The landscape was rippled with moraines, but they were subdued by deposition of lacustrine materials. As the glaciers receded, glacial lakes riddled the landscape—most notably, Glacial Lake Duluth. The glacier receded eastward, exposing the western Lake Superior Basin. The ice covered the eastern basin, blocking the outlet of the lake, and continued to recede and contribute meltwaters that filled the glacial lake. The deep, red clays were deposited during this period of glacial lakes. The meltwaters from the glacier also contained sands which were deposited along the edge of the glacial lakes as beach deposits. Deep, narrow valleys have since been carved by rivers and streams flowing north into Lake Superior.
Historically, the Superior Coastal Plain was almost entirely forested. Various mixtures of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), white spruce (Picea glauca), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), white birch (Betula papyrifera), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) occurred on the fine-textured glacio-lacustrine deposits bordering much of the Lake Superior coast. Sandy soils, sometimes interlayered with clays, occur in some places. Such areas supported forests dominated by eastern white pine and red pine (Pinus resinosa). Eastern white pine was strongly dominant in some areas, according to mid-19th century notes left by surveyors of the federal General Land Office (Finley, R. 1976). Dry-mesic to wet-mesic northern hardwoods or hemlock-hardwood forests were prevalent on the glacial tills of the Bayfield Peninsula. Large peatlands occurred along the Lake Superior shoreline, associated with drowned river mouths.
Classification relationships
Habitat Types of N. Wisconsin (Kotar, 2002): This ES keys out to Fraxinus nigra – Abies balsamea / Impatiens capensis, [FnAbI] but some sites are not well represented by this Habitat Type as they are more open sedge-meadow than forested wetland.
Biophysical Setting (Landfire, 2014): This ES is mapped as Eastern Boreal Floodplain, Boreal Acidic Peatland System, and Laurentian – Acadian Alkaline Conifer – Hardwood Swamp.
Biophysical Setting (Landfire, 2014): Laurentian – Acadian Shrub-Herbaceous Wetland Systems.
WDNR Natural Communities (WDNR, 2015): This ES is most similar to Northern Sedge Meadow.
USFS Subregions: Superior-Ashland Clay Plain Subsection (212Ya); May contain small areas of Ewen Dissected Lake Plain Subsection (212Jo), Winegar Moraines Subsection (212Jc), Gogebic-Penokee Iron Range Subsection (212Jb), and NorthShore Highlands Subsection (212Lb)*
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): Superior Lake Plain (92)
Ecological site concept
Mucky Swamps ES occur mostly in the eastern half of MLRA 92, with some sites located up in the Apostle Islands. This ES consists of saprist soils that have formed in deep organic materials in depressions in outwash plains, lake plains, and moraines. The organic materials range in their depth to mineral soil from 40 - >200cm and were formed from both herbaceous and woody origin. They are underlain by sandy to loamy glacial deposits. All the sites are poorly to very poorly drained and remain saturated throughout the year. These are classified as hydric soils. These sites receive water primarily through precipitation, runoff from adjacent uplands, and groundwater discharge. The groundwater flowing through the adjacent upland soils may be high in minerals and influence the organic deposit. The source of groundwater causes the soils to range from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline; those sites with a stronger influence of mineral-filled groundwater are likely to be more alkaline. This ES differs from Peaty Shore Fens in that these sites are underlain by loamy or sandy materials and were formed with some woody origin. Peaty Shore Fens is often surrounded by upland soils that are coarse and sandy, causing the groundwater to be slightly acidic; therefore, Peaty Shore Fens is often more acidic than Mucky Swamps. Peaty Shore Fens was formed primarily from herbaceous origin and is partially decomposed; whereas, Mucky Swamps is highly decomposed. Typical vegetation includes black ash, red maple, and balsam fir. Other vegetation includes tag alder and sedges when flooding or ponding is more frequent or prolonged.
Associated sites
R092XY012WI |
Moist Clayey Lowlands These sites are somewhat poorly drained soils with fine textures that formed in clayey deposits. Some sites have a sandy or loamy mantle. The fine materials cause episaturation in spring and fall and remain saturated for extended period, but the water table can reach depths of 152cm during dry periods. Soils range from strongly acid to strongly alkaline. Carbonates present in some soils beginning at 30cm. These sites are higher up in the drainage sequence than Mucky Swamps. |
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R092XY015WI |
Clayey Uplands These sites are deep, moderately well to well drained soils that formed in clayey till or glaciolacustrine deposits. Some sites have a sandy or loamy mantle. Sites have a seasonally high water table, but does not remain saturated for extended periods. Sites range from strongly acid to moderately alkaline, with carbonates present in many sites. These sites are at the top of the drainage sequence of Mucky Swamps. |
R092XY007WI |
Wet Loamy or Clayey Lowlands These sites are poorly to very poorly drained soils that formed in mainly clayey deposits. Some sites may have a sandy or loamy mantle overlying a clayey deposit. Soils remain saturated throughout the year and frequently experience ponding and flooding in the spring and fall. Water table rarely drops below 30cm in drought conditions. HGM criteria: recharge, Depressional. Most sites have apparent carbonates, and pH ranges from strongly acid to moderately alkaline. This site is often directly adjacent to Mucky Swamps, and is the next step up in the drainage sequence. |
Similar sites
R092XY003WI |
Peaty Shore Fens These sites are composed of deep, permanently saturated, partially decomposed herbaceous organic material. They are fens on active shore complexes of Lake Superior and are influenced by water levels and wave action. The depth of organic materials is greater than 200cm, and lack lithic contact. Sites are slightly acidic. These sites are similar to Mucky Swamps in that they are permanently saturated wetlands. They differ quite greatly in that these sites are more acidic, are influenced directly by lake water levels and wave action, and lack a mineral substratum within 200cm. |
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Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree |
(1) Fraxinus nigra |
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Shrub |
Not specified |
Herbaceous |
(1) Impatiens capensis |
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.
Ecosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
1.1A | - | Flooding frequency and duration decreases |
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1.2A | - | Flooding frequency and duration increases |
1.2B | - | Very infrequent flooding |
1.3B | - | Flooding frequency and duration increases dramatically |
1.3A | - | Flooding frequency and duration increases moderately |