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Ecological site F094AB020MI

Acidic Sandy Depression

Last updated: 2/25/2025
Accessed: 04/23/2025

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

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Figure 1. Mapped extent

Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 094A–Northern Michigan Sandy Highlands

This area is dominated by outwash plains and moraines. The terrain can be steep on the moraines and flat in the areas of outwash. Elevation ranges from 177 to 520 m (580 to 1705 ft). Local topographic relief averages 14 m and ranges up to 188 m (45 to 615 ft). This area is covered entirely by drift. Bedrock consisting of Devonian limestone and dolomite with interbedded shale, chert, and anhydrite stringers is at various depths below the surface because of the curvature of the Michigan basin. However, bedrock exposures completely absent, as the depth of glacial drift ranges from 60 to 300 m (200-1000 ft). The Au Sable, Manistee, Au Gres, and Pine Rivers are the major streams draining this MLRA, in both the Lake Michigan and Lake Huron watersheds. The Muskegon River has its headwaters in this area.

About 70 percent of this area is forested, and about 15 percent is cropland or hayland. About one-third of the area is in small, privately owned holdings, and another one-third consists of national and State forests. The forests are used mainly for timber production and recreation. Dairy and beef operations are very important enterprises in the area. Forage and feed grains for dairy cattle and other livestock are the principal crops. Wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, and hay also are grown in the area. The Huron and Manistee National Forests, Hartwick Pines State Park, Camp Grayling (Department of Defense), Pigeon River Country State Forest are among the most notable conservation lands in the area. Reaches of the Au Sable and Pine Rivers are National Wild and Scenic Rivers.

Summary of existing land use:
Upland Forest (58%)
Hardwood (41%)
Conifer (15%)
Swamps and Marshes (14%)
Developed (11%)
Agricultural (10%)
Grassland (5%)

Classification relationships

According to the USFS (Bailey) system of ecoregions, the site is located mostly within 212Hg (Kirtland's Warbler High Sand Plains) and 212Hh (Gladwin Silty Lake Plain) subsections. According to the EPA (Omernik) system of ecoregions, the site is located in 50ae (Mio Plateau), 50ah (Tawas Lake Plain) and eastern 50ad (Vanderbilt Moraines) level IV ecoregions. This site roughly corresponds to PArVCo, in the Kotar system. This site corresponds to the Lowland, ecological land type phase, 62, in the USFS Ecological Land Type system.

Ecological site concept

The central concept of Acidic Sandy Depression is lowlands with a seasonal high watertable 25 to 100 cm deep (moderately well drained or somewhat poorly drained) and a soil pH of the upper 50 cm less than 5.5, and a low base saturation, including Spodosols, Ultic subgroups, and dysic great groups and families. Site occurs on sandy drift (outwash, ice contact, or lake plains) where soil textures are sand or loamy sand (upper 50 cm >70% sand). Site is outside the heavy snowfall belt, mostly east of Houghton Lake where fire was frequent. Vegetation trending towards mesophytic forest with an acidophilic species composition.

Associated sites

F094AB021MI	Wet Acidic Sandy Depression Wet Acidic Sandy Depression has a higher water table, and is hydric. Consequently, the vegetation is wetland, such as hardwood-conifer swamp.
F094AB019MI	Dry Sandy Plains Dry Sandy Plains has a lower amount of spodic development reflecting higher productivity or has lower pH, which drives lower productivity. Vegetation tends to be more open with more jack pine and higher fire frequencies.

F094AB021MI

Wet Acidic Sandy Depression

Wet Acidic Sandy Depression has a higher water table, and is hydric. Consequently, the vegetation is wetland, such as hardwood-conifer swamp.

F094AB019MI

Dry Sandy Plains

Dry Sandy Plains has a lower amount of spodic development reflecting higher productivity or has lower pH, which drives lower productivity. Vegetation tends to be more open with more jack pine and higher fire frequencies.

Similar sites

F094AA007MI	Snowy Acidic Sandy Depression Snowy Acidic Sandy Depression has a greater amount of annual snowfall, and a lower fire frequency. Consequently, the species composition is less pine and more hemlock.

F094AA007MI

Snowy Acidic Sandy Depression

Snowy Acidic Sandy Depression has a greater amount of annual snowfall, and a lower fire frequency. Consequently, the species composition is less pine and more hemlock.

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	(1) Pinus strobus
Shrub	Not specified
Herbaceous	(1) Cornus canadensis

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Physiographic features

Site occurs on coarse textured ice contact, glacial till, outwash, and lake plain deposits. Landforms are gently sloping lower slope positions and depressions.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Outwash plain (2) Kame (3) Lake plain
Runoff class	Negligible to low
Elevation	177 – 479 m
Water table depth	25 – 99 cm
Aspect	Aspect is not a significant factor

Climatic features

Mean annual temperatures are 5.7 to 7.6 °C (42 to 46 °F). The warmest six months average 14.3 to 16.1 °C (58 to 61 °F). Mean July temperatures range from 19.1 to 20.8 °C (66 to 69 °F). Mean January temperatures range from -8.2 to -6.0 °C (17 to 21 °F). The maximum monthly average daily highs are 25.9 to 27.7 °C (79 to 82 °F). The minimum monthly average daily lows are -13.2 to -10.7 °C (8 to 13 °F).Temperatures generally decrease with elevation and latitude. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 700 to 870 mm (28 to 34 in). Precipitation decreases from west to east. Average 0 °C (32 °F) frost-free season ranges from 73 to 144 days. Average -2 °C (28 °F) freeze-free season is 106 to 172 days. Mean annual snowfall ranges from 1.1 to 2.9 m (40 to 120 in). Snowfall decreases from northwest to southeast. Mean annual extreme minimum temperatures range from -33.3 to -23.1 °C (-28 to -10 °F), or hardiness zones 4a to 6a.

Table 3. Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)	76-110 days
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)	119-143 days
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	737-787 mm
Frost-free period (actual range)	52-113 days
Freeze-free period (actual range)	114-150 days
Precipitation total (actual range)	711-838 mm
Frost-free period (average)	92 days
Freeze-free period (average)	133 days
Precipitation total (average)	762 mm

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 3. Monthly minimum temperature range

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 4. Monthly maximum temperature range

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Figure 5. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature

Figure 6. Annual precipitation pattern

Figure 7. Annual average temperature pattern

Climate stations used

(1) MIO HYDRO PLT [USC00205531], Mio, MI
(2) WEST BRANCH 3SE [USC00208800], West Branch, MI
(3) HOUGHTON LK ROSCOMMON AP [USW00094814], Houghton Lake, MI
(4) EAST TAWAS [USC00202423], Tawas City, MI
(5) VANDERBILT 11ENE [USC00208417], Vanderbilt, MI
(6) HALE LOUD DAM [USC00203529], Glennie, MI
(7) GRAYLING [USC00203391], Grayling, MI

Soil features

Soils are somewhat poorly drained to moderately well drained sands. They are commonly classified Oxyaquic Haplorthods, Typic Endoaquods, and Alfic Oxyaquic Haplorthods, and commonly mapped as Croswell, Au Gres, and Morganlake series or components. The top 50 cm has a typical pH of 5.4 and is 90% sand and 1.3% organic matter. At depth, pH ranges up to 6.4, and texture averages 90% sand and 5% clay. Depth to impeded hydraulic conductivity or root restrictive layers averages >200 cm. Depth to carbonates averages >200 cm.

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Outwash
Surface texture	(1) Sand
Drainage class	Somewhat poorly drained to moderately well drained
Permeability class	Moderately rapid to rapid
Soil depth	201 cm
Surface fragment cover <=3"	0 – 1%
Surface fragment cover >3"	0%
Available water capacity (0-100.1cm)	3.99 – 10.01 cm
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-50cm)	3.5 – 5.5
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (0-150.1cm)	0 – 10%
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (0-150.1cm)	0 – 5%

Ecological dynamics

Acidic Sandy Depression tends to share the same ecological dynamics as Natureserve/Landfire system, Laurentian-Acadian Pine-Hemlock-Hardwood Forest. Stand replacing fires occurred every 150-600 years, with light surface fires every 30-115 years. Overstory was dominated by fire dependent, early successional pine (Pinus spp.) or oak (Quercus spp.). The moist low nutrient status of the soil tends to support Ericaceae, and species with boreal affinities like dwarf dogwood (Cornus canadensis). Kotar community, PArVCo (Pinus spp.-Acer rubrum/Vaccinium spp.-Cornus canadensis), understory indicator species include: Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia borealis, Coptis trifolia, Cornus canadensis, Eurybia macrophylla, Gaultheria procumbens, Lysimachia borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Medeola virginiana, Mitchella repens, Osmundastrum cinnamomeum, Pteridium aquilinum, Vaccinium angustifolium, and Viburnum lentago (Wild Sarsaparilla, Yellow Bluebead-Lily, Goldthread, Bunchberry, Big-leaved Aster, Teaberry, Star-flower, Canada Mayflower, Indian Cucumber-root, Partridge-berry, Cinnamon Fern, Bracken Fern, Northern Lowbush Blueberry, and Nannyberry).

State and transition model

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Reference State

2. Cultivated State

3. Seminatural State

T1A	-	Clear vegetation; cultivate crop species.
T1B	-	Clear vegetation, invasive species introduced.
R2	-	Remove crop species; restore native species.
T2A	-	Abandoned, succession.
R3	-	Control invasive species; restore native species.
T3A	-	Clear vegetation; cultivate crop species.

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Mesophytic Forest: Tsuga canadensis - Fagus grandifolia - (Acer saccharum) Great Lakes Forest

1.2. Disturbed Forest: Pinus strobus - Populus tremuloides - (Acer rubrum) / Pteridium aquilinum Ruderal Forest

1.3. Jack Pine Woodland: Pinus banksiana / Vaccinium spp. / Pleurozium schreberi Woodland

1.1A	-	Blowdown/clearcut/fire.
1.2A	-	Succession

State 2 submodel, plant communities

2.1. Conservation Agriculture

2.2. Conventional Agriculture

2.3. Conservation Feature.

State 3 submodel, plant communities

3.1. Ruderal Meadow & Shrubland: Dactylis glomerata - Festuca spp. - Solidago canadensis Ruderal Mesic Meadow Alliance

3.2. Exotic Ruderal Forest: Acer platanoides - Ailanthus altissima - Pinus spp. Exotic Ruderal Forest Alliance

State 1
Reference State

Community 1.1
Mesophytic Forest: Tsuga canadensis - Fagus grandifolia - (Acer saccharum) Great Lakes Forest

Dominant plant species

eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), tree
American beech (Fagus grandifolia), tree
sugar maple (Acer saccharum), tree

Community 1.2
Disturbed Forest: Pinus strobus - Populus tremuloides - (Acer rubrum) / Pteridium aquilinum Ruderal Forest

Dominant plant species

eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), tree
quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), tree
red maple (Acer rubrum), tree
western brackenfern (Pteridium aquilinum), other herbaceous

Community 1.3
Jack Pine Woodland: Pinus banksiana / Vaccinium spp. / Pleurozium schreberi Woodland

Figure 8. Jack pine intermixed with black spruce.

Dominant plant species

jack pine (Pinus banksiana), tree
velvetleaf huckleberry (Vaccinium myrtilloides), shrub

Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2

Blowdown/clearcut/fire.

Conservation practices

Prescribed Burning
Forest Stand Improvement

Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1

Succession

State 2
Cultivated State

Site can be used for Christmas tree farms or pasture, but otherwise growing season too short and soils too infertile for most food crops.

Community 2.1
Conservation Agriculture

Community 2.2
Conventional Agriculture

Community 2.3
Conservation Feature.

Can be a grassed waterway, conservation reserve, a small patch pollinator garden, or other land taken out of its primary cultural production to mitigate or reduce impacts of adjacent land use, and is not by itself a permanent restoration of a complete native biological community and associated ecosystem services.

Pathway 2.1A
Community 2.1 to 2.2

Apply unsustainable farming techniques.

Pathway 2.1B
Community 2.1 to 2.3

Establish conservation feature.

Conservation practices

Conservation Cover
Grassed Waterway

Pathway 2.2A
Community 2.2 to 2.1

Apply sustainable farming techniques.

Conservation practices

Conservation Crop Rotation
Cover Crop
Nutrient Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Pathway 2.2B
Community 2.2 to 2.3

Establish conservation feature.

Conservation practices

Conservation Cover
Grassed Waterway

Pathway 2.3A
Community 2.3 to 2.1

Revert to sustainable agriculture.

Conservation practices

Conservation Crop Rotation
Cover Crop
Nutrient Management
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Pathway 2.3B
Community 2.3 to 2.2

Revert to unsustainable agriculture.

State 3
Seminatural State

Community 3.1
Ruderal Meadow & Shrubland: Dactylis glomerata - Festuca spp. - Solidago canadensis Ruderal Mesic Meadow Alliance

Community 3.2
Exotic Ruderal Forest: Acer platanoides - Ailanthus altissima - Pinus spp. Exotic Ruderal Forest Alliance

Pathway 3.1A
Community 3.1 to 3.2

Succession

Pathway 3.2A
Community 3.2 to 3.1

Blowdown/clearcut

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

Clear vegetation; cultivate crop species.

Transition T1B
State 1 to 3

Clear vegetation, invasive species introduced.

Restoration pathway R2
State 2 to 1

Remove crop species; restore native species.

Conservation practices

Brush Management
Tree/Shrub Site Preparation
Tree/Shrub Establishment
Restoration and Management of Rare and Declining Habitats
Upland Wildlife Habitat Management
Herbaceous Weed Control

Transition T2A
State 2 to 3

Abandoned, succession.

Restoration pathway R3
State 3 to 1

Control invasive species; restore native species.

Conservation practices

Brush Management
Tree/Shrub Site Preparation
Tree/Shrub Establishment
Restoration and Management of Rare and Declining Habitats
Upland Wildlife Habitat Management
Herbaceous Weed Control

Transition T3A
State 3 to 2

Clear vegetation; cultivate crop species.

Additional community tables

Table 5. Community 1.3 forest overstory composition

Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Nativity	Height (m)	Canopy cover (%)	Diameter (cm)	Basal area (square m/hectare)
Tree
jack pine	PIBA2	Pinus banksiana	Native	7.2–15.6	45.5–54.5	15–30	–
black spruce	PIMA	Picea mariana	Native	5–10	3.6–9.4	15	–
jack pine	PIBA2	Pinus banksiana	Native	6–12	1.9–5.1	–	–
black cherry	PRSE2	Prunus serotina	Native	4–8	0.3–0.7	–	–

Table 6. Community 1.3 forest understory composition

Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Nativity	Height (m)	Canopy cover (%)
Grass/grass-like (Graminoids)
Pennsylvania sedge	CAPE6	Carex pensylvanica	Native	0.1–0.2	2.9–7.3
Forb/Herb
starflower	TRBO2	Trientalis borealis	Native	0–0.1	0.1–0.3
rattlesnakeweed	HIVE	Hieracium venosum	Native	0–0.1	0.1
Canada mayflower	MACA4	Maianthemum canadense	Native	0–0.1	0.1
narrowleaf cowwheat	MELI2	Melampyrum lineare	Native	0–0.1	0.1
Fern/fern ally
western brackenfern	PTAQ	Pteridium aquilinum	Native	0.3–0.7	32.4–47.6
Shrub/Subshrub
lowbush blueberry	VAAN	Vaccinium angustifolium	Native	0.2–0.5	8.5–22.5
eastern teaberry	GAPR2	Gaultheria procumbens	Native	0.1–0.2	20.1–21.9
velvetleaf huckleberry	VAMY	Vaccinium myrtilloides	Native	0.1–0.3	5.2–13.8
sheep laurel	KAAN	Kalmia angustifolia	Native	0.2–0.5	3.3–7.5
bristly dewberry	RUHI	Rubus hispidus	Native	0.1–0.3	2.9–7.3
sweet fern	COPE80	Comptonia peregrina	Native	0.2–0.5	0.1–0.3
trailing arbutus	EPRE2	Epigaea repens	Native	0.1–0.3	0.1–0.3
Tree
black spruce	PIMA	Picea mariana	Native	2.5–5	2.2–5.8
black spruce	PIMA	Picea mariana	Native	0.2–0.5	0.6–1.4
balsam fir	ABBA	Abies balsamea	Native	2.5–5	0.6–1.4
black cherry	PRSE2	Prunus serotina	Native	0.2–0.5	0.1–0.3
red maple	ACRU	Acer rubrum	Native	0.2–0.5	0.1–0.3
eastern white pine	PIST	Pinus strobus	Native	2.5–5	0.1–0.2
eastern white pine	PIST	Pinus strobus	Native	0.2–0.5	0.1
Biological Crusts
greygreen reindeer lichen	CLRA60	Cladina rangiferina	Native	–	0.6–10.9
Nonvascular
dicranum moss	DIPO70	Dicranum polysetum	Native	–	32.8–37.2
Schreber's big red stem moss	PLSC70	Pleurozium schreberi	Native	–	5.5–14.5
polytrichum moss	POLYT5	Polytrichum	Native	–	1.4–3.6
leucobryum moss	LEUCO9	Leucobryum	Native	–	0.3–0.7

Supporting information

Inventory data references

Medium intensity field data was collected in 2024 from 2 sites representing community phase 1.3. More data are needed from other community phases to verify this provisional ecological site.

Other references

A PROVISIONAL ECOLOGICAL SITE is a conceptual grouping of soil map unit components within a major land resource area (MLRA) based on the similarities in response to management. A provisional ecological site is a first approximation based on a cursory literature review, personal experience, and limited field reconnaissance. As more adequate literature review, expert opinion, and intensive plot data are collected, the site concept is subject to shifting, broadening, narrowing, subdivision, or re-aggregation in definition. Likewise, the community dynamics will be more elaborate in content, and may also change in structure, upon reaching approved status.

Future work, as described in a project plan, to validate the information in this provisional ecological site description is needed. This will include field activities to collect low and medium intensity sampling, soil correlations, and analysis of that data. Annual field reviews should be done by soil scientists and vegetation specialists. A final field review, peer review, quality control, and quality assurance reviews of the ESD will be needed to produce the final document. Annual reviews of the project plan are to be conducted by the Ecological Site Technical Team.

Albert, D. A. et al., 1995. Vegetation circa 1800 of Michigan. Michigan's native landscape as interpreted from the General Land Office Surveys 1816-1856 (digital map), Lansing: Michigan Natural Features Inventory.

Baker, M.E. and Barnes, B.V., 1998. Landscape ecosystem diversity of river floodplains in northwestern Lower Michigan, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28(9), pp.1405-1418.

Barnes, B. V. and Wagner, W. H., 2004. Michigan trees: a guide to the trees of the Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor (Michigan): University of Michigan Press.

Burger, T. L. and Kotar, J., 2003. A Guide to Forest Communities and Habitat Types of Michigan. Madison, Wisconsin: Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin.

Cleland, D. T. et al., 1994. Field guide: Ecological classification and inventory system of the Huron-Manistee National Forests, s.l.: USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.

Eichenlaub, V.L., 1979. Weather and climate of the Great Lakes region. University of Notre Dame Press, Indiana. 335 pages.

GHCN, 2016. Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Versions 2 and 3 (temperature and precipitation data). NOAA. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/

Kost, M. A. et al., 2010. Natural Communities of Michigan: Classification and Description, Lansing, MI: Michigan Natural Features Inventory.

Landfire, 2017. Landfire Biophysical Settings Review Site. Accessed May, 2017 http://www.landfirereview.org/descriptions.html.

National Ocean Service, 2017. Tides and Currents (historic water level data for US coastal waters). https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/stations.html?type=Water+Levels

NDBC, 2017. National Data Buoy Center (wave height and period data for US coastal waters). NOAA. http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/

PRISM Climate Group. 2013. Gridded 30 Year Normals, 1981-2010. Oregon State University, http://prism.oregonstate.edu

U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, 2011. LANDFIRE: LANDFIRE 1.1.0 Existing Vegetation Type layer. http://landfire.cr.usgs.gov/viewer/

USFS, Witness Tree data for northern Lower Michigan.

Contributors

Gregory J. Schmidt

Approval

Greg Schmidt, 2/25/2025

Acknowledgments

The following individuals made substantive comments regarding the development of the Provisional Ecological Sites: Randy Swaty, The Nature Conservancy; Trevor Hobbs, USFS; Richard A. Corner, USFS; Andy Henriksen, NRCS; Dan Zay, NRCS.

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)
Contact for lead author
Date	11/25/2024
Approved by	Greg Schmidt
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
Presence of water flow patterns:
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:

Sub-dominant:

Other:

Additional:
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Perennial plant reproductive capability:

Download reference sheet

Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.

Ecosystem states

1. Reference State

2. Cultivated State

3. Seminatural State

T1A	-	Clear vegetation; cultivate crop species.
T1B	-	Clear vegetation, invasive species introduced.
R2	-	Remove crop species; restore native species.
T2A	-	Abandoned, succession.
R3	-	Control invasive species; restore native species.
T3A	-	Clear vegetation; cultivate crop species.