Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site F105XY002WI
Wet Sandy Floodplain
Last updated: 2/23/2024
Accessed: 05/04/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 105X–Upper Mississippi River Bedrock Controlled Uplands and Valleys
The Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills MLRA area corresponds closely to the Western Coulees and Ridges and Southwest Savanna Ecological Landscapes. Some of the following brief overview is borrowed from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Ecological Landscape publication (2015).
Fifty-two percent of the Upper Mississippi River Bedrock Controlled Uplands and Valleys MLRA is in Wisconsin; Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois contain the rest. This region is the only area in Wisconsin that has not been covered by glaciers within the past 2.4 million years. The Wisconsin portion of this MLRA is approximately 7.4 million acres (11,600 square miles). The landscape is characterized by dissected topography with deeply-incised, steep-walled valleys between bedrock controlled ridges.
Though it’s called the “Driftless Region”, some glacial drift is found in the major river valleys of this region in the form of outwash, deposited by proglacial streams of glacial meltwater. Wisconsin’s most recent glaciations also impacted the sediment of the area through the deposition of loess. After the glacier receded and before vegetation established, the bare surfaces of the glaciated areas were highly susceptible to wind erosion. As a result, a veneer of loess (wind-blown silt) was deposited over the entire region. The thickest deposits—nearly five meters—are on ridges near the Mississippi River and gradually thin moving eastward. The loess caps in Dane and Green counties are generally 0.5-1.5 meters deep. Much of the loess has eroded downslope and collected in floodplains.
Bedrock is shallow throughout this MLRA and is a major influence on topography and hydrology. Most of the MLRA has bedrock within two meters, except in the deep river valleys that are filled with outwash and alluvium materials. Sandstone is the dominant bedrock type in MLRA 105, but the southernmost portion is dominated by dolomite. Military Ridge is an escarpment that straddles the boundary between sandstone and dolomite bedrock. The sandstone north of the ridge is weaker than the erosion-resistant dolomite south of the ridge. The sandstone is deeply cut and dissected into steep slopes and valleys. The dolomite-controlled ridges tend to be less dissected and broader with more gentle, south sloping topography. Geomorphic and fluvial processes formed these landscapes by way of sheet wash, soil creep, and flowage. These processes eroded the hillslopes, cut into bedrock, and transported the debris to streams, forming floodplains and terraces.
Underfit streams are common in MLRA 105, especially in the southern portion. These streams currently occupy large river valleys—especially those of the Black, Chippewa, Mississippi, and Wisconsin Rivers—that were carved by proglacial meltwater streams carrying much larger quantities of water than what’s present today. As the climate dried, waterflow decreased and the valleys filled with alluvial sediment. Narrow meanders were formed by the shrinking streams and are often dissimilar to the meanders of the larger valleys they occupy. Fluvial landforms – including terraces, oxbow lakes, sandbars, eroding bluffs, and large floodplain complexes – are found within these large valleys and are subject to varying flooding frequencies, intensities, and durations.
Karst topography formed in this region from dissolution of carbonate bedrock by surface and groundwater. Dolomite and limestone are more easily affected by dissolution, but karst topography also formed in sandstone. Erosion by water (stream meanders, rain/runoff, and groundwater), wind, and frost weaken joints and bedding planes that can cause collapse. In addition, sandstone materials collapse into cavities in underlying dolomite or limestone.
Historically, MLRA 105 was dominated by oak forests and oak openings making up more than 50% of the area. Prairies were significant and covered 32% of the area south of Military Ridge. Maple-basswood forests covered 19% of the area north of Military Ridge. Dominant tree species were white oak (Quercus alba), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), black oak (Quercus velutina), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum).
Classification relationships
Relationship to Established Framework and Classification Systems:
Habitat Types of S. Wisconsin (Kotar, 1996): No Wetland Forest Habitat Types exist for the region, but it is likely to be a Fraxinus nigra-Acer rubrum/Impatiens type.
Biophysical Settings (Landfire, 2014): This ES is largely mapped as Central Interior and Appalachian Floodplain Forest, Central Interior and Appalachian Floodplain Shrubland, and Central Interior and Appalachian Shrub Wetlands.
Hierarchical Framework Relationships:
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): Upper Mississippi River Bedrock Controlled Uplands and Valleys (105)
USFS Subregions: Menominee Eroded Pre-Wisconsin Till (222La), Melrose Oak Forest and Savannah (222Lb), Mississippi-Wisconsin River Ravines (222Lc)
Wisconsin DNR Ecological Landscapes: Western Coulee and Ridges
Ecological site concept
Wet Sandy Floodplains account for approximately 140,000 acres of MLRA 105, or about 2% of total land area. They are often found in the wide river valleys of the Chippewa, Black, and Wisconsin Rivers, which carried large loads of sandy and gravelly outwash and during the Late Wisconsin glaciation. The soils consist of very deep, sandy and loamy deposits of outwash and alluvium. They are subject to flooding, primarily in the spring and fall. Their primary water source is stream overflow but precipitation, runoff from adjacent uplands, and groundwater discharge are also significant waters sources.
Associated sites
| F105XY009WI |
Sandy Upland These sites form in deep sandy materials deposits by water and wind. They are moderately well to somewhat excessively drained. They are sometimes found adjacent to Wet Sandy Floodplains on higher-elevation outwash terraces. |
|---|---|
| R105XY018WI |
Dry Mollic or Umbric Upland These sites form in sandy materials deposited by wind, water, or weathered from sandstone bedrock. They have deep, dark surfaces. They are moderately well to excessively drained. They are often found adjacent to Wet Sandy Floodplains on higher-elevation outwash terraces. |
| F105XY019WI |
Dry Upland These sites form in sandy materials deposited by wind, water, gravity, or weathered from sandstone bedrock. They are well drained to excessively drained. They are often frequently adjacent to Wet Sandy Floodplains on higher-elevation outwash terraces. |
Similar sites
| F105XY003WI |
Wet Loamy-Clayey Floodplain These sites form in deep, loamy alluvium deposits along floodplains, especially those along smaller tributaries to the Chippewa, Black, and Wisconsin rivers. Like Wet Sandy Floodplains, they are sometimes saturated long enough for hydric conditions to occur and will support vegetation tolerant of seasonal flooding, though they have a higher nutrient status. |
|---|---|
| F105XY004WI |
Wet Sandy Lowland These sites form in depressions and drainageway in deep, sandy outwash deposits. They are very poorly or poorly drained and are saturated long enough for hydric conditions to occur. They may sometimes host vegetative communities similar to those found in Wet Sandy Floodplains. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
(1) Fraxinus nigra |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Alnus incana |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Carex |
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.
Ecosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
| 1.1A | - | Ponding frequency and duration increase. |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1B | - | Ponding frequency and duration increase dramatically. |
| 1.2B | - | Very infrequent ponding. |
| 1.2A | - | Ponding frequency and duration increase moderately. |
| 1.3A | - | Ponding frequency and duration decrease. |