Wet Upland Depression Prairie
Scenario model
Current ecosystem state
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Management practices/drivers
Select a transition or restoration pathway
- Transition T1A More details
- Transition T1B More details
- Transition T1C More details
- Restoration pathway R2A More details
- Transition T2A More details
- Restoration pathway R2B More details
- Transition T3A More details
- Transition T3B More details
- Restoration pathway R3A More details
- Restoration pathway T4A More details
- Restoration pathway R4A More details
- Transition T5B More details
- Restoration pathway T5C More details
- Transition T5A More details
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No transition or restoration pathway between the selected states has been described
Target ecosystem state
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Description
The reference plant community is categorized as a wet-mesic tallgrass prairie and includes grasses, sedges, forbs, and varying components of shrubs. The two community phases within the reference state are dependent on a fire frequency of approximately every one to six years as well as periodic ponding. Shorter fire intervals maintain dominance by grasses, while less frequent intervals allow woody vegetation to increase their importance in the plant canopy. Grazing and drought disturbances have less impact in the reference phases, but do contribute to overall species composition, diversity, cover, and productivity.
Submodel
Description
The woody-invaded state occurs as a result of long-term fire suppression efforts and exclusion of haying. Frequent, periodic fires historically kept shrubs and trees from invading the prairie, as well as maintained species diversity. However, as the prairies were settled fire suppression efforts were instituted. Similarly, wet prairies proved to be a challenge to early settlers and were often excluded from haying operations so as to avoid damage to equipment. The lack of disturbances resulted in rapid woody encroachment (LANDFIRE 2009; Nelson 2010).
Submodel
Description
The cool-season grassland state occurs when the reference state has been anthropogenically-altered for livestock production. Fire suppression, seeding of non-native cool-season grasses, removal of woody vegetation, and grazing by domesticated livestock transition and maintain this simplified grassland state (Rosburg 1994). Early settlers seeded such non-native cool-season species as Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) in order to help extend the grazing season (Smith 1998). Over time, as lands were continually grazed by large herds of cattle, the non-native species were able to spread and expand across the prairie habitat, reducing the native species diversity.
Submodel
Description
Loess is the main contributing factor to the Midwest’s highly-productive agricultural soils, and as a result, much of the MLRA has been converted to cropland including significant portions of this ecological site (USGS 1999). The installation of agricultural drain tiles and the continuous use of tillage, row-crop planting, and chemicals (i.e., herbicides, fertilizers, etc.) have effectively eliminated the reference community and many of its natural ecological functions in favor of crop production. Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) are the dominant crops for the site. These areas are likely to remain in crop production for the foreseeable future.
Submodel
Description
Prairie reconstructions have become an important tool for repairing natural ecological functioning and providing habitat protection for numerous grassland-dependent species. The historic plant community of wet prairies was extremely diverse and complex, and prairie replication is not considered to be possible once the native vegetation has been altered by post-European settlement land uses. Therefore ecological restoration should aim to aid the recovery of degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems. A successful restoration will have the ability to structurally and functionally sustain itself, demonstrate resilience to the natural ranges of stress and disturbance, and create and maintain positive biotic and abiotic interactions (SER 2002). The reconstructed wet prairie state is the result of a long-term commitment involving a multi-step, adaptive management process. Diverse, species-rich seed mixes are important to utilize as they allow the site to undergo successional stages that exhibit changing composition and dominance over time (Smith et al. 2010). On-going post-planting management will help the site progress from an early successional community dominated by annuals and some weeds to a later seral stage composed of native perennial grasses, forbs, and shrubs (Steinauer et al. 2003). Establishing a prescribed fire regimen that mimics natural disturbance patterns can increase native species cover and diversity while reducing cover of non-native forbs and grasses. Controlled grazing that carefully regulates the location, intensity, and season of use can help promote species richness, reduce litter, and limit non-native cool-season grasses (Steinauer et al. 2003; Brudvig et al. 2007). Grazing accompanied with fire can control the encroachment of woody vegetation (Brudvig et al. 2007).
Submodel
Mechanism
Fire suppression transitions this site to the woody-invaded state (2).
Mechanism
Overgrazing, interseeding non-native cool-season grasses, and brush control transition this site to the cool-season grassland state (3).
Mechanism
Installation of drain tiles, tillage, seeding of agricultural crops, and non-selective herbicide transition this site to the cropland state (4).
Mechanism
Mechanical or chemical control of brush and non-native species and reintroduction of a historic fire regime restore the site back to the reference state (1).
Mechanism
Brush control and interseeding of non-native, cool-season grasses transition this site to the cool-season grassland state (3).
Mechanism
Site preparation, invasive species control, and seeding native species transition this site to the reconstructed wet prairie state (5).
Mechanism
Land is abandoned and transitions this site to the woody-invaded state (2).
Mechanism
Installation of drain tiles, tillage, seeding of agricultural crops, and non-selective herbicide transition this site to the cropland state (4).
Mechanism
Site preparation, invasive species control, and seeding native species transition this site to the reconstructed wet prairie state (5).
Mechanism
Non-selective herbicide and seeding of non-native cool-season grasses transitions the site to the cool-season grassland state (3).
Mechanism
Site preparation, invasive species control (native and non-native), and seeding native species transition this site to the reconstructed wet prairie state (5).
Mechanism
Fire suppression transitions this site to the woody-invaded state (2).
Mechanism
Land is converted to the cool-season grassland state through the use of non-selective herbicide and seeding of non-native cool-seas.
Model keys
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