Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site F113XY906IL
Upland Woodland
Last updated: 5/17/2024
Accessed: 11/23/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 113X–Central Claypan Areas
The eastern Illinois portion of the Central Claypan Areas MLRA is in the Till Plains Section of the Central Lowland Province of the Interior Plains (USDA-NRCS, 2006) and includes the Southern Till Plain Natural Division of the natural divisions of Illinois (Schwegman, 1973; 1997; IDNR, 2018) in south-central Illinois. South-central Illinois is a dissected Illinoisan till plain south of the terminal Wisconsin moraine. This region consists of nearly level to gently sloping, old till plains. Stream valleys are shallow and generally are narrow. Elevation is about 660 feet (200 meters), increasing gradually from south to north. Local relief is generally low on the broad, flat till plains and flood plains and high on the dissected hills bordering rivers or drainage systems. The Kaskaskia, Little Muddy, Little Wabash, Embarras, and Skillet Fork rivers are part of this area. This region is covered with loess, which overlies old glacial drift (Illinoisan till) that has a high content of clay. Fragipans are also present. Pennsylvanian limestone and shale bedrock underlay the glacial till. The dominant soil orders in this region are Alfisol and Mollisol. The soils in the area predominantly have a mesic soil temperature regime, an aquic or udic soil moisture regime, and mixed or smectitic mineralogy. They generally are very deep, well drained to poorly drained, and loamy or clayey. (USDA-NRCS, 2006).
Classification relationships
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) (USDA-NRCS, 2006):
113 – Central Claypan Areas, Eastern Part
U.S. Forest Service Ecoregions (Cleland et al. 2007):
Domain: Humid Temperate Domain
Division: Hot Continental Division
Province: Eastern Broadleaf Forest (Continental)
Province Code: 222
Section: Central Till Plains, Oak-Hickory Section
Section Code: 222G
Ecological site concept
The historic pre-European settlement vegetation or reference plant community was an oak-hickory forest with a shade-tolerant herbaceous understory. Upland Woodland ecological sites occurred on convex, gently sloping dissected till plains on soils that formed in loess over glacial till. This reference woodland ecological site had a somewhat open tree canopy dominated by white oak (Quercus alba L.) 1 and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch) along with other oaks and hickories such as mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa (Lam.) Nutt.), pignut hickory (Carya ovalis (Mill.) Sweet), black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) and post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.) (Anderson et. al. 2007; White, 1978; NatureServe 2018).
The tree canopy is moderately tall (60 to 75 feet), rather open-grown with somewhat spreading canopies. Canopy cover can range from 30 to 80 percent, and varies with fire regimes. The woody sapling layer is variable, typically absent or scattered, but increasing in the absence of fire. Shrubs and saplings may include stiff dogwood (Cornus foemina Mill.), American hazelnut (Corylus americana Walter), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), prairie crab apple (Malus ioensis (Alph. Wood) Britton), and fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica Aiton). In the absence of fire, common serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea (Michx. f.) Fernald), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.), hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch), and blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium L.) may increase. The ground layer is a mix of graminoids and forbs. Typical graminoid species may include big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica Lam.), Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicus L.), nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev), eastern bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix L.), Heller's rosette grass (Dichanthelium oligosanthes (Schult.) Gould), Bosc's panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark), and Indian woodoats (Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates). Common herbs include American hogpeanut (Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fernald), purple milkweed (Asclepias purpurascens L.), Drummond's aster (Symphyotrichum drummondii (Lindl.) G.L. Nesom), eastern purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench), hairy sunflower (Helianthus hirsutus Raf.), paleleaf woodland sunflower (Helianthus strumosus L.), violet lespedeza (Lespedeza violacea (L.) Pers.), foxglove beardtongue (Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims), Canadian blacksnakeroot (Sanicula canadensis L.), clustered blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe), elm leaf goldenrod (Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd.), and others. Fires were an important influence on this community, maintaining its open character and preventing shrubby and mesophytic trees from invading. Other disturbances include windstorms, ice storms, and grazing. (Anderson et. al. 2007; Nelson 2010; NatureServe 2018)
1 All plant common and scientific names in this document were obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service National PLANTS Database (USDA NRCS, 2018).
Associated sites
F113XY911IL |
Loamy Till Backslope Forest Loamy Till Backslope Forests have a similar species composition but are found below Upland Woodlands on steeper slopes. |
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F113XY905IL |
Wet Upland Woodland Wet Upland Woodlands are found on similar landscapes but have a wetter soil profile. |
F113XY919IL |
Wet Silty Floodplain Forest Wet Silty Floodplain Woodlands are downslope in valley floodplains. |
Similar sites
F113XY911IL |
Loamy Till Backslope Forest Loamy Till Backslope Forests have a similar species composition but occur below Upland Woodlands on steeper slopes. |
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Table 1. Dominant plant species
Tree |
(1) Quercus alba |
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Shrub |
(1) Corylus americana |
Herbaceous |
(1) Elymus virginicus |
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.
T1A | - | Fire suppression > 30 years; woody invasion; repeated timber harvests; domestic uncontrolled grazing. |
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T1B | - | Tillage; vegetative seeding; grassland management |
T1C | - | Tillage; conservation cropping system; water management |
R2A | - | Forest stand improvement; access control; prescribed fire; long term stand rotation |
T2A | - | Woody removal; tillage; vegetative seeding; grassland management |
T2B | - | Woody removal; tillage; conservation cropping system |
T3A | - | Tillage; conservation cropping system; water management |
T4A | - | Vegetative seeding ; grassland management |
State 1 submodel, plant communities
1.1A | - | Fire free interval >15 years |
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1.2A | - | Fire interval 5-15 years |