Loamy Hard Sandstone Upland

Description

The historical reference state for this ecological site was old growth Forest. Periodic disturbances from fire, wind or ice maintained the woodland structure and diverse ground flora species. Long disturbance-free periods allowed an increase in both the density of trees and the abundance of shade tolerant species. Reference states have been subject to repeated, high-graded timber harvest coupled with domestic livestock grazing (State 6). Fire suppression has resulted in increased canopy density, which has affected the abundance and diversity of ground flora. Many reference states have been managed for timber harvest, resulting in either even-age (State 2) or uneven-age (State 3) woodlands.