General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

Figure 1. Mapped extent

Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 120A–Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Southern Part

120A—Kentucky and Indiana Sandstone and Shale Hills and Valleys, Southern Part
This area is primarily in Kentucky (83 percent) and Illinois (17 percent). A very small part is in Indiana. The area makes up about 8,905 square miles.

Physiography
This area is in the Highland Rim Section of the Interior Low Plateaus Province of the Interior Plains. Tributaries of the Ohio River dissect the nearly level to very steep uplands. The major streams and rivers have well defined valleys with broad flood plains and numerous stream terraces. The flood plains along the smaller streams are narrow. Elevation ranges from 345 feet (105 meters) on the flood plain along the Ohio River to about 950 feet (290 meters) on the highest ridges. Local relief varies widely within the area.

Soils
Most of the soils are Udalfs. Most of the soils have a mesic soil temperature regime, a udic soil moisture regime, and mixed mineralogy. The soils in the area formed in loess or in sandstone, shale, siltstone, or limestone residuum.

Fragiudalfs (Hosmer, Loring, and Zanesville series) and Fraglossudalfs (Sadler and Grenada series), which have a fragipan, and Hapludalfs (Wellston and Frondorf series) are the dominant soils on ridgetops and side slopes. Fragiudults (Tilsit series) and Hapludults (Gilpin and Shelocta series) are in the northern part of the area. Hapludolls (Huntington series), Eutrudepts (Nolin, Lindside, and Chagrin series), and Endoaquepts (Melvin and Newark series) are loamy soils on flood plains along the major streams. Endoaquepts and Epiaqualfs (Karnak and McGary series) are clayey soils in slackwater areas along the major rivers. Dystrudepts (Cuba and
Steff series), Eutrudepts (Haymond and Wilbur series), Fluvaquents (Wakeland series), and Endoaquepts (Stendal series) are loamy soils on flood plains of local origin. Hapludalfs (Wheeling and Elk series) and Fragiudalfs (Otwood and Lawrence series) are loamy soils on terraces along the major streams.

Classification relationships

Deep Soil Mesophytic Forest (Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission, Natural Communities of Kentucky, Evans, Hines, Yahn, 2009)

Quercus alba-Quercus rubra-Carya spp. / Cornus florida Forest (CEGL002067)

USNVC Hierarchy: Quercus alba - (Q. rubra, Carya spp.) Forest Alliance (I.B.2.N.a)

Ecological site concept

This ecological site is characterized by deep loess soils within hilly terrain on slopes typically greater than 10%. Representative soils include: Alford, Menfro, Muren, Winfield.

The communities described in this provisional document reflect plant communities that are likely to be found on these soils and have not been field verified. This PES describes hypotheses based on available data of many different scales and sources and has not been developed utilizing site-specific ecological field monitoring. This PES does not encompass the entire complexity or diversity of these sites. Field studies would be required to develop a comprehensive and science-based restoration plan for these sites.

State 1, Phase 1.1: Plant species dominant: white oak (Quercus alba)- red oak (Quercus rubra)/ flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) / snakeroot (Sanicula spp. - Ageratina spp.)

State 2, Phase 2.1:
Pasture. Plant species dominant: Schedonorus arundinaceus (tall fescue. Species present are dependent upon seeding and management.

State: 3. Phase 3.1:
Transitional (Abandoned) Field
Plant species dominant: eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) – black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) / blackberries (Rubus spp.) – sumac (Rhus spp.) / broomsedge –fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus)
This phase is best described as an old field habitat with a mixture of native and introduced grasses and a variety of native and non-native herbs, forbs, seedlings, and saplings. Species will depend on seed sources and ongoing disturbance levels.

State 4. Phase 4.1.
Old Pioneer Cropland
Plant species dominant: henbit deadnettle (Lamium amplexicaule) – mouse-eared chickweed (Cerastium L. )
Abandonment of cropland would result in many weed species taking over the site. Initially, annual weeds would be predominate followed by grasses, shrubs and pioneers trees.

State 5, Phase 5.1:
Cropland. Plant species dominants: dependent upon seeding and management. Most common crops are corn and soybeans.

Restoration of states 2-5 to the reference community would require long-term, intensive management inputs.

Associated sites

Similar sites

Table 1. Dominant plant species