Cold Uplands
Circle-spoke model
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No transition or restoration pathway between the selected states has been described
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Description
From: From Landfire http://www.landfire.gov/index.php:
Structural Information
Upper Layer Lifeform: Tree
Upper Layer Canopy Cover: 71 - 100%
Upper Layer Canopy Height: Tree 25.1m - Tree 50m
Tree Size Class: Very Large >33"DBH
Indicator Species
Symbol Scientific Name Common Name Canopy Position
TSCA Tsuga canadensis Eastern hemlock All
FAGR Fagus grandifolia American beech All
ACSA3 Acer saccharum Sugar maple All
LITU Liriodendron tulipifera Tuliptree Upper
Description
Class D (age = 200yrs+) is characterized by an un-even age, closed-canopy structure with beech, hemlock, and sugar maple occurring in all size classes. The overstory is characterized by large-diameter beech, hemlock, sugar maple, and tulip poplar, with white pine in the southern parts. In hemlock-dominated stands, the shrub layer consists almost exclusively of shade-tolerant shrub species, with a less well developed herbaceous layer; in hardwood-hemlock mixes a well-developed shrub and rich herbaceous layer is often present. Great and/or mountain laurel may still be present in mixed stands. Oldest trees are 200 – 350yrs old, and somethimes over 400yrs old. Fuel Model 10 may occur where windthrow has created large quantities of natural slash.
To distinguish D from B for mapping purposes: canopy surface texture in the oldest age classes (D) is more complex, includes more canopy shading, and the pixel-to-pixel variance should be greater than in class B (see Tom Spies's work in the Pacific Northwest relating to how to classify middle-aged from old-growth conifer stands).
Disturbances were modeled as follows:
1.Replacement fire (every 1000yrs) and wind/weather/stress (every 1000yrs) result in a transition to class A.
2.Mixed fire (every 1000yrs) and wind/weather/stress (every 150yrs) result in a transition to class C (more open).
A representative plant community is Tsuga canadensis - Acer saccharum - Fagus grandifolia / Dryopteris intermedia Forest (CEGL006639).
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