General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 004A–Sitka Spruce Belt

This resource area is along the coast of the Pacific Ocean. It is characterized by a marine climate and coastal fog belt. The parent material is primarily glacial, marine, or alluvial sediment and some scattered areas of Tertiary sedimentary rock and organic deposits. Glacial deposits are dominant in the northern part of the MLRA in Washington; marine and alluvial deposits and eolian sand are dominant along the southern part of the Washington coast and extending into Oregon. The mean annual precipitation ranges from 52 to 60 inches near the beaches to more than 190 inches in the inland areas of the MLRA.
Andisols and Inceptisols are the dominant soil orders in the MLRA, but Spodosols, Entisols, and Histosols are also present. The soils are shallow to very deep and very poorly drained to somewhat excessively drained. They are on hilly marine terraces and drift plains; coastal uplands, hills, and foothills; flood plains; and coastal dunes, marshes, and estuaries.
The soil temperature regimes of MLRA 4A are moderated by the proximity to the Pacific Ocean, which eases the differences between the mean summer and winter temperatures. The seasonal differences in temperature are more pronounced in adjacent MLRAs further inland. Included in MLRA 4A are soils in cooler areas at higher elevations or on northerly aspects that have an isofrigid temperature regime.
The soil moisture regimes of MLRA 4A are typified by soils that do not have an extended dry period during normal years. Many of the soils further inland in MLRA 2 have a dry period in summer. Soils in low-lying areas and depressions of MLRA 4A are saturated in the rooting zone for extended periods due to a high water table or long or very long periods of flooding or ponding.
 
MLRA 4A Soil Temperature Regimes
Isomesic The mean annual soil temperature (measured at a depth of 20 inches) is 46 to 59 degrees F, and the difference between the mean winter and summer temperatures is less than 11 degrees. The seasonal soil temperatures and difference between the mean winter and summer temperatures are moderated by the proximity to the ocean and the effects of fog in summer.
Isofrigid The mean annual soil temperature (measured at a depth of 20 inches) is 32 degrees F to less than 46 degrees, and the difference between the mean winter and mean summer temperatures is less than 11 degrees. The seasonal soil temperatures and difference between the mean winter and summer temperatures are moderated by the proximity to the ocean and the effects of fog in summer. The temperatures are cooler than in surrounding lowlands because of the higher elevation and differences in slope and aspect.
MLRA 4A Soil Moisture Regimes
Udic The soil rooting zone is not dry in any part for more than 90 cumulative days in normal years. Soil moisture does not limit plant growth because of the fog in summer.
Aquic The soil is virtually free of dissolved oxygen due to saturation of the rooting zone. The soils are saturated for extended periods during the growing season and may be subject to long or very long periods of ponding and flooding.
Refer to Keys to Soil Taxonomy for complete definitions of the soil temperature and moisture regimes.

LRU notes

The Central Sitka Spruce Belt land resource unit (LRU B) of MLRA 4A is along the west coast of Washington and Oregon. The LRU extends from the Chehalis River in Washington to South Slough in Oregon, and it is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean. This area consists of sand dunes, flood plains, and marine terraces that extend a few miles east and are parallel to the Pacific Ocean, and it transitions to steeper and higher elevation ridges and mountainsides of the western slopes of the Coast Range in Oregon. Near the shore in coastal lowland areas, the parent material is dominantly eolian (wind-deposited) sand, alluvium, and marine sediment. Residuum, colluvium, and landslide deposits derived from sedimentary and basaltic sources are on the coastal foothills and mountains, and minor additions of recent alluvium are along the river valleys. Several major rivers carved steep, narrow valleys through the coastal mountains and foothills before entering broader coastal valleys. Subduction zones along the Pacific Coast may cause significant earthquakes and tsunamis, which would disrupt the ecological processes beyond what is described in this ecological site description.

Classification relationships

National vegetation classification: G498 Dune Grassland and Beach Group and Sand Dune Grassland Alliance
Ecological Systems of Washington State community type: North Pacific Maritime Coastal Sand Dune and Strand
Plant associations of the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area: American Dunegrass Herbaceous Vegetation

Ecological site concept

This ecological site is on the western coastline of the Pacific Northwest, from southern Washington through central Oregon. Foredunes are tall, sandy ridges inland from coastal beaches. They are characterized by sandy, nutrient-poor soils that support a patchwork of vegetation tolerant of strong winds, droughty soil conditions, and salt spray. The soils generally are weakly developed and have limited available water capacity due to the sandy texture. The vegetation commonly is deeply rooted and mat forming, which provide a specialization for the wind and moving sand.
The maritime climate is characterized by cool, moist summers and cool, wet winters. The mean annual precipitation is 60 to 110 inches. Coastal fog provides supplemental moisture in summer. The mean annual air temperature is 48 to 52 degrees F.

The vegetation in this ecological site is well adapted to wind pruning, salt spray, low nutrient availability, and wind desiccation. Frequent natural disturbance from wind allows the dunes to fluctuate within an actively moving and establishing ecosystem. The most common species include American dunegrass (Leymus mollis spp. mollis), coastal sand verbena (Abronia latifolia), American searocket (Cakile edentula var. edentula), beach pea (Lathyrus japonicus), beach strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis), silver bur ragweed (Ambrosia chamissonis), seashore false bindweed (Calystegia soldanella), camphor tansy (Tanacetum camphoratum), beach knotweed (Polygonum paronychia), beach suncup (Camissonia cheiranthifolia), seashore lupine (Lupinus littoralis), and seashore bluegrass (Poa macrantha).
The most common natural disturbance is frequent movement of material by wind, which results in constant reshaping and blowouts of dunes. This ecological site is also subject to storm tidal surges. Unnatural disturbances include urban sprawl, off-road vehicle use, non-native species establishment, and intentional sand dune stabilization. Changes in climate, intentional stabilization of sand dunes, and establishment of non-native species may shift this ecological site to the Dune Forest (F04AB202OR) site.

Table 1. Dominant plant species