Ecological dynamics

The dominant visual aspect of this site is grass and sedges with scattered forbs and shrubs. The dominant plant community has tufted hairgrass, Nebraska sedge, and other Carex species as major components. The site usually occurs within a complex of wetland sites. The soil surface of the site is typically slightly undulating causing small depressions and high spots with variable soil moisture regimes. The plant communities found on these areas are sites within the complex. The dominant species in these included plant communities are as follows:

1. Marsh Site. Deeper depressions with the water table at or near the surface or slightly above the surface for the entire growing season. This site is dominated by broadleaf cattail, hardstem bulrush, and common threesquare.

2. Wet Meadow Site. Shallow to depression areas with the water table at or near the surface for the entire growing season. This site is dominated by Carex spp. and Junus spp.

3. Dry Meadow Site. Slightly higher areas that are drier during the growing season and the water table is > 40 inches deep by the end of the growing season. The plant community is dominated by Nevada bluegrass and alpine timothy.


Composition by weight is 80-90 percent grasses and grass-like, 5-15 percent forbs, and 0-10 percent shrubs. The depressional plant communities may have sedge and rush species making up nearly 100 percent of the community and are inclusions.

During the last few thousand years, this site has evolved in a semi-arid climate characterized by dry summers and cold, wet winters. The site has evolved on deep alluvial soils that are saturated to the surface at the beginning of the growing season and move down to about 20 – 40 inches by the end of the growing season. Herbivory has historically occurred on this site at low levels of utilization. Herbivores include pronghorn antelope, mule deer, moose, and Rocky Mountain elk.

Fire has had little influence on the development of the site. Rare wildfires can occur following consecutive drought years.

The conditions for the plant community of this site are highly variable due to a wide variation of soils, flooding frequency and duration, water table fluctuations, air and soil temperatures and competition between mostly rhizomatous plants. These conditions can vary within the site at a given location. At any one point within the site, one species can occupy nearly 100 percent of a small area. Another point nearby, may have another species fully occupying that area. Due to these situations, the plant community in this ESD is written broadly.

The soils within any complex of meadow sites are highly variable. Factors that affect the determination of the site include depth to water table at end of growing season, micro-topography, and drainage class. Depth to water table and micro-topography are measurable features. Determination of drainage class requires the use of soil interpretation tables. Other interpretive factors that may be used for site determination are frequency and duration of flooding and depth, frequency, and duration of ponding.

Micro-topography is a feature that has a dramatic effect on depth to water table and the resulting plant communities. A few inches of change in surface elevation changes species composition and/ or production. Slightly undulating topography is common in meadow complexes, therefore, more than one site should be expected.

An infinite number of combinations of factors that influence the ecology of potential plant communities exist. For practical purposes, four plant communities where the depth to the water table drives the vegetative composition have been described. They are:


Dry meadow Water table at >40” at end of growing season
Meadow Water table at 20-40” at end of growing season
Wet meadow Water table at 10-20” at end of growing season
Marsh Water at surface to <10” at end of growing season

Most wetland species have a wide range of tolerance for variations in soil moisture. Most species occur in more than one site, although most are dominant on just one site.

The following table shows the amplitude of wetland species that occur on the four sites.

• Ecological Amplitude of Meadow/Marsh Plants.

Grass and Grass-like Species
Scientific name Dry Meadow Meadow Wet Meadow Marsh
Leymus cinereus

Danthonia californica

Carex filifolia

Pascopyron smithii

Poa nevadensis

Juncus dudleyi

Muhlenbergia richardsonis

Hordeum brachyantherum

Phleum alpinum

Juncus balticus

Juncus torreyi

Alopecurus aequalis

Carex athrostachya

Calamagrostis canadensis

Deschampsia caespitosa

Carex nebrascensis

Glyceria striata


Carex lasiocarpa

Carex utriculata

Carex aquatilis

Eleocharis palustris

Carex rostrata

Carex hoodii

Carex exsiccata

Scirpus microcarpus

Juncus effusus

Beckmannia syzigachne

Typha latifolia

Schoenoplectus acutus

Schoenoplectus pungens

Sparganium erectum

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani







Forb Species
Scientific name Dry Meadow Meadow Wet Meadow Marsh
Arnica fulgens

Pyrrocoma lanceolata

Arenaria congesta

Artemisia ludoviciana

Achillea millefolium

Wyethia amplexicaulis

Pyrrocoma uniflora

Ranunculus spp.

Trifolium spp.

Potentilla gracilis

Senecio integerrimus

Aster spp.

Cirsium scariosum

Symphyotrichum ascendens

Iris missouriensis

Senecio serra

Helianthus nuttallii

Camassia quamash

Epilobium ciliatum

Montia chamissoi

Plantago major

Alisma triviale

Cicuta douglassii

Argentina anserina

Veronica anagallis-aquatica

Symphyotrichum frondosum

Polygonum bistortoides

Triglochin maritimum

Polygonum amphibium

Symphyotrichum foliaceum

Potamogeton natans

Lemna minor




The Reference State (State 1), moves through many phases depending on the natural and man-made forces that impact the community over time. State 1, described later, indicates some of these phases. The Reference Plant Community Phase is Phase A. This plant community is dominated by tufted hairgrass and Nebraska sedge. There are a wide variety of grasses and grass-like species and forbs that may occur in minor amounts. Some of these species may be dominant in small areas due to soil and water variations as stated above. Willows and shrubby cinquefoil can occur in small amounts. The plant species composition of Phase A is listed later under “Reference Plant Community Phase Plant Species Composition”.

The total annual production is 3600 pounds per acre (4032 kilograms per hectare) in a normal year. Production in a favorable year is 4500 pounds per acre (5040 kilograms per hectare). Production in an unfavorable year is 2500 pounds per acre (2800 kilograms per hectare). Structurally, cool season deep-rooted perennial grasses and sedges are very dominant, followed by perennial forbs being more dominant than shrubs.



This site is suitable for big game and livestock grazing in the late spring, summer, and fall. Wet soils can limit grazing opportunities, particularly early in the year.

This site can be used for hiking, access to fishing, hunting, viewing wildlife and plants, and horseback riding. The wet soils can limit access. Motorized vehicles can be very detrimental to the site especially when soils are saturated to the surface.

Due to the deep soils, fertility, inherent high productivity, rhizomatous plants, and relatively flat slopes, the site is fairly resistant to disturbances that can potentially degrade it. Site degradation is usually the result of lowering of the water table. This can occur with down cutting of adjacent stream channels or significant run-off following prolonged drought. This can result from on-site improper grazing or off-site conditions in the upper watershed. Once adjacent streams down-cut, concentrated flows lower the water table.


Impacts on the Plant Community:

Influence of fire:

This site usually does not burn from wildfire. If a fire occurs, it usually does not adversely affect the plant community. Most plants including shrubs sprout back with sufficient soil moisture and/or during the next growing season.

Influence of improper grazing management:

Season-long grazing and/or excessive utilization can be very detrimental to this site. The grasses in the plant community will decline in the stand and sedges, rushes, and forbs will increase. Continued improper grazing management will result in a stand of forbs and Kentucky bluegrass with sedges and rushes. The reduced ability of the community to withstand seasonal flooding is reduced and down cutting of adjacent streams can result or initiation of headcuts can occur. This down cutting will lower the water table and thereby reduce the potential of the site

Proper grazing management that addresses frequency, duration, and intensity of grazing can maintain the integrity of the plant community and the water table on which it is dependent.

Weather influences:

Because of the deep soils, the influence of the water table, seasonal flooding and run-on, the production of this site changes little during wet or dry precipitation years. The overall plant production can be adversely influenced with prolonged drought. Overall plant composition is normally not affected when perennials have good vigor.

Below normal temperatures in the spring can have an adverse impact on total production regardless of the precipitation. An early, hard freeze can occasionally kill some plants.

Insects and disease outbreaks:

Periodic disease and insect outbreaks can affect vegetation health. Mormon cricket and grasshopper outbreaks occur periodically. Outbreaks seldom cause plant mortality since defoliation of the plant occurs only once during the year of the outbreak. An outbreak of a particular insect is usually influenced by weather but no specific data for this site is available.

Influence of noxious and invasive plants:

Annual and perennial invasive species can compete with desirable plants for moisture and nutrients. The result is reduced production and change in composition of the plant community. The plants on this site are very competitive against potentially invasive species.

Influence of wildlife:

This site is important for many species of mammals for food and life cycles. The site is primarily used in the late spring, summer, and fall by big game. Many birds use the site for food, nesting, or brood raising in the late spring, summer, and fall. Sage grouse use the site for brood rearing and forage.
Total numbers are seldom high enough to adversely affect the plant community.

Watershed:

The largest threat to degradation of this site is the lowering of the water table. Off-site conditions can affect the gradient of adjacent stream channels that can affect the water table. If the perennial grass and sedge cover is depleted, down cutting can be accelerated within the site. High run-off events from the adjacent uplands can severely damage or change the normal stream channel on the site. As the water table is lowered, productive potential is lost. Eventually the water table is below the root zone of the adapted perennial grasses and grass-like sedges and rushes. These are ultimately replaced by perennial forbs and shallow rooted grasses. Extreme down cutting and lowering of the water table can move the site across the threshold to a new, less productive site. Severe down-cutting can result in a plant community that resembles an upland site.


Plant Community and Sequence:

Transition pathways between common vegetation states and phases:

State 1.
Phase A to B. Develops with improper grazing management.
Phase B to A. Results from prescribed grazing.

State 1 Phase A or B to State 2. Develops through permanently lowering the late growing season water table down to a depth of 40 to 60 inches. This can occur with continued improper grazing management. It may also occur with proper grazing on the site, but channel erosion may continue if poor off-site conditions cause frequent and/or severe flooding. The site has crossed the threshold. This state cannot be returned to State 1 without raising the water table. This might be done over time using structures or bio-engineering practices, but the plant community may take many years to approach the plant community in State 1.

State 2 to unknown site. Results from permanently losing the water table in the soil profile through down cutting of the stream channel. The site retrogresses to a new site with reduced potential due to significant loss of available soil moisture from the lowered water table. It occurs with continued improper grazing management or repeated significant run-off events. The site has crossed the threshold. This state cannot be returned to State 1 without raising the water table. This might be done over time using structures or bio-engineering practices, but the plant community may take many years to approach the plant community in State 1.


Practice Limitations:

There are moderate to severe seeding limitations on this site due to difficulty in preparing an adequate seedbed. Elimination of existing vegetation prior to planting is difficult in wet seasons and high water table periods. Grade stabilization structures may be needed to prevent further down-cutting of the channel. Other options for rehabilitation may include application of fertilizer, prescribed grazing, and off-site livestock water development. Fencing of the site for better livestock control might also be a consideration.