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Ecological site R010XA675OR

Juniper Hills 8-11 PZ

Last updated: 12/13/2023
Accessed: 12/21/2024

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General information

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

MLRA notes

Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 010X–Central Rocky and Blue Mountain Foothills

This MLRA is characterized by gently rolling to steep hills, plateaus, and low mountains at the foothills of the Blue Mountains in Oregon and the Central Rocky Mountains in Idaho. The geology of this area is highly varied and ranges from Holocene volcanics to Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Mollisols are the dominant soil order and the soil climate is typified by mesic or frigid soil temperature regimes, and xeric or aridic soil moisture regimes. Elevation ranges from 1,300 to 6,600 feet (395 to 2,010 meters), increasing from west to east. The climate is characterized by dry summers and snow dominated winters with precipitation averaging 8 to 16 inches (205 to 405 millimeters) and increasing from west to east. These factors support plant communities with shrub-grass associations with considerable acreage of sagebrush grassland. Big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Idaho fescue are the dominant species. Stiff sagebrush, low sagebrush, and Sandberg bluegrass are often dominant on sites with shallow restrictive layers. Western juniper is one of the few common tree species and since European settlement has greatly expanded its extent in Oregon. Nearly half of the MLRA is federally owned and managed by the Bureau of Land Management. Most of the area is used for livestock grazing with areas accessible by irrigation often used for irrigated agriculture.

Ecological site concept

In reference condition, this site supports a plant community dominated by scattered old growth western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) in the overstory, mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) in the shrub layer and both needleandthread (Hesperostipa comata) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata) in the herbaceous layer. Abiotically, this site is characterized by shallow to moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in volcanic ash. The high ash content of these soils increases available water content and effective precipitation thereby facilitating the presence of species such as mountain big sagebrush. Historically, plant community dynamics were driven by disturbances such as fire, drought and insect/disease. Presently, reference conditions are less common and current dynamics are influenced by the spread of invasive species, infill of western juniper, livestock grazing pressures and fire suppression.

Associated sites

R010XA659OR	Juniper Pumice Plains 8-11 PZ occupying adjacent plains

R010XA659OR

Juniper Pumice Plains 8-11 PZ

occupying adjacent plains

Similar sites

R010XA027OR	Juniper Pumice Flat 8-10 PZ mesic rather than frigid soil temperature regime
R010XA009OR	Juniper Shrubby Pumice Flat 10-12 PZ mesic rather than frigid soil temperature regime, higher precipitation

R010XA027OR

Juniper Pumice Flat 8-10 PZ

mesic rather than frigid soil temperature regime

R010XA009OR

Juniper Shrubby Pumice Flat 10-12 PZ

mesic rather than frigid soil temperature regime, higher precipitation

Table 1. Dominant plant species

Tree	(1) Juniperus occidentalis
Shrub	(1) Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana
Herbaceous	(1) Hesperostipa comata

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Physiographic features

This site is located on toeslopes of hills of volcanic tablelands. This site occurs on all aspects. No water table is present and the site is not subject to ponding or flooding.

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Landforms	(1) Hills > Toe (2) Tableland > Toe
Flooding frequency	None
Ponding frequency	None
Elevation	4,350 – 4,500 ft
Slope	2 – 20%
Aspect	W, NW, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW

Climatic features

This site has an aridic soil moisture regime and a frigid soil temperature regime characterized by hot dry summers and cold wet winters. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 8 to 11 inches (200 to 275 mm). Precipitation falls primarily as rain and snow from November through April. The frost-free period ranges from 85 to 95 days. Localized convection storms occasionally occur during the summer. Climate graphs are based on the nearest available climate stations to modal site locations and are provided to indicate general climate patterns.

Table 3. Representative climatic features

Frost-free period (characteristic range)	85-95 days
Freeze-free period (characteristic range)	120-135 days
Precipitation total (characteristic range)	8-11 in
Frost-free period (average)	90 days
Freeze-free period (average)	125 days
Precipitation total (average)	10 in

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 1. Monthly precipitation range

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range

Characteristic range

Actual range

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Figure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range

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Figure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature

Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern

Figure 6. Annual average temperature pattern

Climate stations used

(1) BROTHERS [USC00351067], Brothers, OR

Soil features

Soils on this site are shaIlow to moderately deep with small channers. These are well drained soils formed in volcanic ash over residuum and colluvium from volcanic rock.

Table 4. Representative soil features

Parent material	(1) Colluvium – basalt (2) Tuff (3) Lacustrine deposits (4) Volcanic ash – volcanic rock
Surface texture	(1) Ashy loamy fine sand
Family particle size	(1) Ashy-skeletal
Drainage class	Somewhat excessively drained
Permeability class	Moderately rapid
Depth to restrictive layer	10 – 40 in
Soil depth	10 – 40 in
Surface fragment cover <=3"	90%
Surface fragment cover >3"	90%
Available water capacity (0-40in)	0.6 – 4.3 in
Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in)	7.4 – 8.4
Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (4-40in)	10 – 50%
Subsurface fragment volume >3" (4-40in)	15 – 50%

Ecological dynamics

In its reference phase, this site is dominated by scattered old growth western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) in the overstory, mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana) in the shrub layer and both needleandthread (Hesperostipa comata) and bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata) in the herbaceous layer.

Disturbance and ecological dynamics:

While historical disturbances were most likely driven by climate, current disturbances include continued infill of western juniper, invasion of exotic annual grasses, and livestock grazing pressures. This site is considered a persistent juniper woodland, where at least some old growth juniper would be present even in the absence of altered disturbance regimes that have led to the encroachment of juniper throughout much of the Great Basin. Still, in its present state, this site is likely to have a much higher proportion of juniper than historically due to infill into these woodlands because of wildfire suppression, historic livestock grazing, and climate change (Bunting 1994). Persistent juniper woodlands often occur on sites with low productivity, coarse soils or protected rock outcrops and as such experience low fuel loading and discontinuous fuels. These conditions lead to very long fire return intervals that may range into the hundreds of years (Miller 2019). Grazing disturbance may increase the plant community composition of squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) at the expense of bluebunch wheatgrass. This site may also be susceptible to invasion by exotic annual grasses. The invasion of sagebrush communities by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) has been linked to disturbances (fire, abusive grazing) that have resulted in fluctuations in resources (Chambers et al. 2007).

The state and transition model below represents a partial understanding of ecological dynamics on this site as they relate to grazing pressure. Future field work will further refine and expand this model to include other disturbance dynamics such as invasion by annual grasses and encroachment of juniper.

State and transition model

Custom diagram

Standard diagram

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models

More interactive model formats are also available. View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text

Ecosystem states

1. Historical Reference State

2. Disturbed State

T1	-	Prolonged inappropriate grazing management

State 1 submodel, plant communities

1.1. Reference Plant Community

1.2. Altered Plant Community

1.1A	-	Prolonged inappropriate grazing management
1.2A	-	Extended rest from grazing

State 2 submodel, plant communities

2.1. Disturbed Plant Community

State 1
Historical Reference State

This is the Historical Reference State, with the absence of an altered disturbance regime.

Dominant plant species

western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), tree
mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana), shrub
bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata), grass
needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata), grass

Community 1.1
Reference Plant Community

Dominant plant species

western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), tree
mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana), shrub
needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata), grass

Figure 7. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)

Table 5. Annual production by plant type

Plant type	Low (lb/acre)	Representative value (lb/acre)	High (lb/acre)
Grass/Grasslike	185	280	420
Shrub/Vine	130	190	290
Tree	55	80	120
Forb	30	50	70
Total	400	600	900

Community 1.2
Altered Plant Community

In this state perennial grass composition has been significantly altered.

Dominant plant species

western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), tree
mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana), shrub
Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum), grass
squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), grass
needle and thread (Hesperostipa comata ssp. comata), grass

Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2

Prolonged inappropriate grazing management leading to a change in perennial grass composition, marked by decreases in sensitive species such as needle and thread and bluebunch wheatgrass, and an increase in disturbance adapted species such as bottlebrush squirreltail.

Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1

Extended rest from grazing allowing sensitive native grasses to increase in cover.

Context dependence. Excessive grazing leading to a loss of species diversity or reproductive output or altering abiotic conditions by significantly compacting or eroding soil, for example, will not recover by rest alone and will require additional inputs.

State 2
Disturbed State

In this state, perennial grass composition has significantly shifted in structure and composition, and abiotic factors have crossed a threshold due to erosion.

Dominant plant species

western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), tree
mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana), shrub
squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), grass

Community 2.1
Disturbed Plant Community

This community has lost a significant number of perennial grass species from the community, disturbance/early seral adapted species dominate.

Resilience management. Community is susceptible to invasion by invasive and noxious plant species.

Transition T1
State 1 to 2

Continued prolonged inappropriate grazing management leading to a change in perennial grass composition and the loss of several species including Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, needleandthread and Thurber's needlegrass.

Constraints to recovery. Site has crossed an abiotic threshold that may only be rehabilitated by intensive restoration measures if at all.

Additional community tables

Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition

Group	Common name	Symbol	Scientific name	Annual production (lb/acre)	Foliar cover (%)
Grass/Grasslike
1	Perennial Grasses			114–276
	needle and thread	HECO26	Hesperostipa comata	60–120	–
	bluebunch wheatgrass	PSSPS	Pseudoroegneria spicata ssp. spicata	30–90	–
	Thurber's needlegrass	ACTH7	Achnatherum thurberianum	6–30	–
	Idaho fescue	FEID	Festuca idahoensis	6–12	–
	western needlegrass	ACOCO	Achnatherum occidentale ssp. occidentale	6–12	–
	prairie Junegrass	KOMA	Koeleria macrantha	6–12	–
2	Other Perennial Grasses			6–30
	squirreltail	ELEL5	Elymus elymoides	0–6	–
	beardless wildrye	LETR5	Leymus triticoides	0–6	–
	basin wildrye	LECI4	Leymus cinereus	0–6	–
	Indian ricegrass	ACHY	Achnatherum hymenoides	0–6	–
	Sandberg bluegrass	POSE	Poa secunda	0–6	–
Forb
4	Forbs			18–36
	lupine	LUPIN	Lupinus	6–12	–
	granite prickly phlox	LIPU11	Linanthus pungens	6–12	–
	curvepod milkvetch	ASCU4	Astragalus curvicarpus	6–12	–
5	Other Forbs			6–12
	common yarrow	ACMI2	Achillea millefolium	0–6	–
	fleabane	ERIGE2	Erigeron	0–6	–
Shrub/Vine
7	Shrubs			72–180
	mountain big sagebrush	ARTRV	Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana	60–120	–
	rubber rabbitbrush	ERNA10	Ericameria nauseosa	12–30	–
	antelope bitterbrush	PUTR2	Purshia tridentata	0–30	–
8	Other Shrubs			12–30
	basin big sagebrush	ARTRT	Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata	0–12	–
	yellow rabbitbrush	CHVI8	Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus	0–12	–
Tree
6	Trees			30–90
	western juniper	JUOC	Juniperus occidentalis	30–90	–

Interpretations

Animal community

GRAZING:
This site is suited to use under a planned grazing system by cattle. Care should be taken to avoid use until soils are sufficiently dry and stable as to reduce the impacts of trampling and root reserves have been established.

WILDLIFE:
This site provides nesting, feeding, and security cover to a variety of wildlife species. Use should be managed in such a manner as to maintain or improve conditions for wildlife populations.

This site is seasonally utilized by native ungulates (mule deer, elk, and antelope). Other animals that use this site are: coyotes, bobcats, and rabbits.

Supporting information

Type locality

Location 1: Lake County, OR
Township/Range/Section	T26S R14E S23
General legal description	Fort Rock quad in northern Lake County in the foothills of the Connley Hills, T26S., RI4E. Sec. 23

References

. Fire Effects Information System. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
. 2021 (Date accessed). USDA PLANTS Database. http://plants.usda.gov.

Other references

Bunting, S.C., B.M. Kilgore, and C.L. Bushey. 1987. Guidelines for Prescribe burning sagebrush-grass rangelands in the Northern Great Basin. General Technical Report INT-231. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 33.

Chambers, J.C., B.A. Bradley, C.S. Brown, C. D’Antonio, M.J. Germino, J.B. Grace, S.P. Hardegree, R.F. Miller, and D.A. Pyke. 2013. Resilience to Stress and Disturbance, and Resistance to Bromus tectorum L. Invasion in Cold Desert Shrublands of Western North America. Ecosystems 17:360–375.

Miller, Richard F.; Chambers, Jeanne C.; Evers, Louisa; Williams, C. Jason; Snyder, Keirith A.; Roundy, Bruce A.; Pierson, Fred B. 2019. The ecology, history, ecohydrology, and management of pinyon and juniper woodlands in the Great Basin and Northern Colorado Plateau of the western United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-403. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 284 p.

Contributors

C Tackman
Cici Brooks
Jenni Moffitt, general edits and updates 2020
Andrew Neary - additional minor PES updates 2021

Approval

Kirt Walstad, 12/13/2023

Acknowledgments

Original Authors: ESI Team, Burns, Oregon 2000

Rangeland health reference sheet

Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.

Author(s)/participant(s)
Contact for lead author
Date	12/14/2023
Approved by	Kirt Walstad
Approval date
Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on	Annual Production

Indicators

Number and extent of rills:
Presence of water flow patterns:
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):

Dominant:

Sub-dominant:

Other:

Additional:
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Perennial plant reproductive capability: