Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site F030XC249NV
Pinus monophylla/Quercus gambelii/Poa fendleriana
Last updated: 4/26/2024
Accessed: 12/22/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Classification relationships
Nachlinger, J. and G. Reese. 1996. Plant Community Classification of the Spring Mountains National Recreation Area, Clark and Nye Counties, Nevada. The Nature Conservancy. Reno, Nevada. II. Low Conifer Woodland, Montane Shrubland, and Chaparral Zone. 7 - Pinus monophylla/Artemisia tridentata Series. Singleleaf pinyon pine/big sagebrush Series. Page I-35.
West, N.E., R.J.Tausch, and P.T. Tueller. 1998. A management-oriented classification of pinyon-juniper woodlands of the Great Basin. USFA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Sta., Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-12. Section 322A:Pinyon-juniper woodlnads of the Northern Mohave Desert. Page 22.
Ecological site concept
This forest site occurs on higher mountain crests, summits, and back slopes of mountains. Slopes range from 15 to 75 percent, but slope gradients of 30 to 75 percent are most typical. Elevations range from 5000 to 9300 feet.
This site is part of provisional group concept F030XC254NV.
Associated sites
| F030XC246NV |
Pinus monophylla-Juniperus osteosperma/Purshia stansburiana-Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana/Poa fendleriana Occurs on mountain slopes at lower elevations, pinyon-juniper site. |
|---|
Similar sites
| F030XC240NV |
Pinus monophylla/Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii/Poa fendleriana Ocurrs on fans, higher site index, pinyon site. |
|---|---|
| F030XC241NV |
Pinus monophylla/Cercocarpus ledifolius/Poa fendleriana Occurs on mountain slopes, quarzite parent material. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
(1) Pinus monophylla |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Quercus gambelii |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Poa fendleriana |
Physiographic features
This forest site occurs on higher mountain crests, summits, and back slopes of mountains. Slopes range from 15 to 75 percent, but slope gradients of 30 to 75 percent are most typical. Elevations range from 5000 to 9300 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Mountain
(2) Mountain slope |
|---|---|
| Elevation | 5,000 – 9,300 ft |
| Slope | 15 – 75% |
| Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
The primary air masses affecting the Spring Mountains are cold maritime polar air from the Gulf of Alaska and warmer, moist maritime subtropical air from lower latitudes. Occasionally there are invasions of cold continental polar air from northern Canada or the Rocky Mountains. Precipitation in the area results primarily from the passage of cyclones with associated fronts during fall, winter and spring; from closed cyclones in late winter and spring; and from the flow of moist tropical air from the southeast to the southwest quadrant in the summer.
The mean annual precipitation is about 14 to 18 inches. Mean annual air temperature is 41 to 45 degrees F. The average growing season is about 60 to 95 days.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 95 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | |
| Precipitation total (average) | 18 in |
Figure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 2. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
There are no influencing water features associated with this site.
Soil features
The soils associated with this site are shallow to deep and well to somewhat excessively drained. These soils have formed in residuum and colluvium from limestone, dolomite, or sandstone parent material with recharge from calcareous dust fall. Available water capacity is low, but trees and shrubs can extend their roots into fractures in the bedrock allowing them to utilize deep moisture. There are high amounts of rock fragments on the soil surface. The soil temperature regime is mesic. Soil moisture is usually moist in late winter and spring, and periodically moist in the upper part following summer thunderstorms. The soil moisture regime is aridic bordering on ustic. Soil series associated with this site include Fletcherpeak, Traley, and Lastone.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Surface texture |
(1) Extremely gravelly loam (2) Very gravelly loam (3) Gravelly sandy loam |
|---|---|
| Family particle size |
(1) Loamy |
| Drainage class | Well drained to somewhat excessively drained |
| Permeability class | Moderately slow to moderate |
| Soil depth | 10 – 60 in |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 25 – 65% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 2 – 6% |
| Available water capacity (0-40in) |
0.6 – 4 in |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in) |
25% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-40in) |
2 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in) |
5 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in) |
7.4 – 9 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
20 – 50% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
25% |
Ecological dynamics
The pinyon-juniper forest is generally a climax vegetation type throughout its range, reaching climax about 300 years after disturbance, with an ongoing trend toward increased tree density and canopy cover and a decline in understory species over time. Singleleaf pinyon seedling establishment is episodic. Population age structure is affected by drought, which differentially reduces seedling and sapling recruitment more than other age classes. The ecotones between singleleaf pinyon forests and adjacent shrublands and grasslands provide favorable microhabitats for singleleaf pinyon seedling establishment since they are active zones for seed dispersal, nurse plants are available, and singleleaf pinyon seedlings are only affected by competition from grass and other herbaceous vegetation for a couple of years.
Several natural and anthropogenic processes can lead to changes in the spatial distribution of pinyon-juniper forests over time. These include 1) tree seedling establishment during favorable climatic periods, 2) tree mortality (especially seedlings and saplings) during periods of drought, 3) expansion of trees into adjacent grassland in response to overgrazing and/or fire suppression, and 4) removal of trees by humans, fire, or other disturbance episodes. Specific successional pathways after disturbance in singleleaf pinyon stands are dependent on a number of variables such as plant species present at the time of disturbance and their individual responses to disturbance, past management, type and size of disturbance, available seed sources in the soil or adjacent areas, and site and climatic conditions throughout the successional process.
Fire Ecology:
Wildfire is recognized as a natural disturbance that strongly influenced the structure and composition of the climax vegetation of this forest site.
In the Great Basin, there is evidence of both frequent, low-severity fires carried by once-abundant perennial grasses, and less frequent, localized stand-replacement fires during extreme conditions. Fires burned in irregular patterns, producing a mosaic of burned and unburned landscape. On high-productivity sites where sufficient fine fuels existed, fires burned every 15 to 20 years, and on less productive sites with patchy fuels, fire intervals may have been in the range of 50 to 100 years or longer. Fire frequency in singleleaf pinyon communities varies with fuel loads and ignition source that, in turn, vary with habitat type, aspect, topography, stand history, and climatic conditions.
Major Successional Stages of Forest Development:
Herbaceous: Vegetation is dominated by grasses and forbs under full sunlight. This stage is experienced after a major disturbance such as crown fire. Skeleton forest (dead trees), remaining after fire or residual trees left following harvest, have little or no affect on the composition and production of the herbaceous vegetation.
Shrub Herbaceous: Herbaceous vegetation and woody shrubs dominate the site. Various amounts of tree seedlings (less than 20 inches in height) may be present up to the point where they are obviously a major component of the vegetal structure.
Sapling: In the absence of disturbance, tree seedling develops into saplings (20 inches to 4.5 feet in height) with a range in canopy cover of about 5 to 10 percent. Vegetation consists of grasses, forbs, and shrubs in association with tree samplings.
Immature Forest: The visual aspect and vegetal structure are dominated by singleleaf pinyon trees greater than 4.5 feet in height. The upper crown of singleleaf pinyon are cone or pyramidal shaped. Seedlings and saplings of singleleaf pinyon are present in the understory. Dominants are the tallest trees on the site. Understory vegetation is moderately influenced by a tree overstory canopy of about 10 to 20 percent.
Mature Forest: The visual aspect and vegetal structure are dominated by singleleaf pinyon that have reached or are near maximal heights for the site. Dominant trees average greater than five inches in diameter at one-foot stump. Upper crowns are typically either irregularly or smoothly flat-topped or rounded. Tree canopy cover ranges from 20 to about 30 percent. Understory vegetation is strongly influenced by tree competition, overstory shading, duff accumulation, etc. Infrequent, yet periodic wildfire is presumed to be a natural disturbance influencing the understory of mature singleleaf pinyon forests. This stage of community development is assumed to be representative of this forest site in the pristine environment.
Over-Mature Forest: In the absence of wildfire or other naturally occurring disturbances, the tree canopy on this site can become very dense. At this stage singleleaf pinyon has reached maximal heights for the site. Dominant and co-dominant trees average greater than five inches in diameter at one-foot stump height. Upper crowns are typically irregularly flat-topped or rounded. Understory vegetation is sparse or absent due to tree competition, overstory shading, duff accumulation, etc. Tree canopy cover is commonly greater than 40 percent.
State and transition model
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Ecosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference Plant Community
Community 1.1
Reference Plant Community
The reference plant community is dominated by singleleaf pinyon pine with an overstory canopy cover of about 25 percent. This is assumed to be representative of tree dominance on this site in the pristine environment. Overstory tree canopy composition is about 90 to 100 percent singleleaf pinyon with up to 10 percent curlleaf mountain mahogany, or Utah juniper mixing in the overstory canopy and an occasional Gambel's oak. Curlleaf mountainmahogany, Gambel’s oak, desert snowberry, Utah serviceberry, mountain big sagebrush and black sagebrush are the principal understory shrubs. Muttongrass is the most prevalent understory grass.
Forest overstory. Mature Forest: The visual aspect and vegetal structure are dominated by singleleaf pinyon that have reached or are near maximal heights for the site. Dominant trees average greater than five inches in diameter at one-foot stump. Upper crowns are typically either irregularly or smoothly flat-topped or rounded. Tree canopy cover ranges from 20 to about 30 percent. Understory vegetation is strongly influenced by tree competition, overstory shading, duff accumulation, etc. Infrequent, yet periodic wildfire is presumed to be a natural disturbance influencing the understory of mature singleleaf pinyon forests. This stage of community development is assumed to be representative of this forest site in the pristine environment.
Forest understory. Muttongrass is the most prevalent understory grass. Curlleaf mountainmahogany, Gambel’s oak, desert snowberry, Utah serviceberry, mountain big sagebrush and black sagebrush are the principal understory shrubs. Understory vegetative composition is about 15 percent grasses, 5 percent forbs and 80 percent shrubs and young trees when the average overstory canopy is representative (25 percent). Average understory production ranges from 700 to 900 pounds per acres with a representative canopy cover. Understory production includes the total annual production of all species within 4 ½ feet of the ground surface.
Table 5. Ground cover
| Tree foliar cover | 20-30% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana foliar cover | 10-15% |
| Grass/grasslike foliar cover | 1-5% |
| Forb foliar cover | 1-5% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 0% |
| Litter | 5-20% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 25-65% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 5-20% |
| Bedrock | 1-5% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 10-30% |
Table 6. Canopy structure (% cover)
| Height Above Ground (ft) | Tree | Shrub/Vine | Grass/ Grasslike |
Forb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.5 | 1-5% | 1-5% | 1-5% | 1-3% |
| >0.5 <= 1 | 1-5% | 1-5% | 1-5% | 1-3% |
| >1 <= 2 | 1-5% | 5-10% | – | – |
| >2 <= 4.5 | 5-10% | 10-15% | – | – |
| >4.5 <= 13 | 10-20% | – | – | – |
| >13 <= 40 | 5-10% | – | – | – |
| >40 <= 80 | – | – | – | – |
| >80 <= 120 | – | – | – | – |
| >120 | – | – | – | – |
Additional community tables
Interpretations
Animal community
Livestock Interpretations:
This site is suited to cattle and sheep grazing during the summer and fall. Wild horses may use this site year round if water is available. Grazing management should be keyed to muttongrass production. Livestock will often concentrate on this site taking advantage of the shade and shelter offered by the tree overstory. Many areas are not used because of steep slopes or lack of adequate water. Harvesting trees under a sound management program can open up the tree canopy to allow increased production of understory species desirable for grazing.
Stocking rates vary over time depending upon season of use, climate variations, site, and previous and current management goals. A safe starting stocking rate is an estimated stocking rate that is fine tuned by the client by adaptive management through the year and from year to year.
Wildlife Interpretations:
This site has high value for mule deer during the summer, fall and winter. Pinyon trees provide shelter from winter storms. Sites where water is available offer good quail habitat and are visited seasonally by mourning dove. Various songbirds, rodents, reptiles and associated predators native to the area also use it.
Hydrological functions
The runoff on this site is high.
Recreational uses
This site has potential for hiking and cross-country skiing, but is limited due to steep slopes.
Wood products
Singeleaf pinyon wood is rather soft, brittle, heavy with pitch, and yellowish brown in color. Singleleaf pinyon has played an important role as a source of fuelwood and mine props. It has been a source of wood for charcoal used in ore smelting. It still has a promising potential for charcoal production. Other important uses for this tree are for Christmas trees and as a source of nuts for wildlife and human food.
This forest community is of moderately low site quality for tree production. Site index ranges from 35 to 55. (Howell, 1940).
Productivity Class: 0
Fuelwood Production: 3 to 8 cord per acre for stands averaging 5 inches in diameter at 1 foot height with a medium canopy cover. There are about 289,000 gross British Thermal Units (BTUs) heat content per cubic foot of pinyon pine wood and about 274,000 gross BUTs heat content per cubic foot of Utah juniper. Solid wood volume in a cord varies but usually ranges from 65 to 90 cubic feet. Assuming an average of 75 cubic feet of solid wood per cord, there are about 21 million BTUs of heat value in a cord of mixed pinyon pine and Utah juniper.
Posts (7 foot): About 1 to 10 post per acres in stands of medium canopy.
Management Guides and Interpretations:
1. Limitations and Considerations
a. Potential for sheet and rill erosion is moderate to severe depending on slope.
b. Moderate to severe equipment limitations on steeper slopes and moderate to severe equipment limitations on sites having extreme surface stoniness.
c. Proper spacing is the key to a well managed, multiple use and multi-product pinyon forest.
2. Essential Requirements
a. Harvest cut selectively or in small patches size dependent upon site conditions to enhance forage production.
1. Thinning and improvement cutting – Removal of poorly formed, diseased and low vigor trees for fuelwood.
2. Harvest cutting – Selectively harvest surplus trees to achieve desired spacing. Save large, healthy, full-crowned singleleaf pinyon trees for nut producers. Do no select only “high grade” trees during harvest.
3. Slash Disposal – Broadcasting slash improves reestablishment of native understory herbaceous species and establishment of seeded grasses and forbs after tree harvest.
4. Spacing Guide – D+9 (A higher spacing is required if managing for Christmas trees).
b. Prescription burning program to maintain desired canopy cover and manage site reproduction.
c. Mechanical tree removal (i.e. chaining) is not recommended on this site.
d. Pest control – Porcupines can cause extensive damage and populations should be controlled.
e. Fire hazard – Fire usually not a problem in well-managed, mature stands.
Other products
Pinyon-juniper ecosystems have had subsistence, cultural, spiritual, economic, aesthetic and medicinal value to Native American peoples for centuries, and singleleaf pinyon has provided food, fuel, medicine and shelter to Native Americans for thousands of years. The pitch of singleleaf pinyon was used as adhesive, caulking material, and a paint binder. It may also be used medicinally and chewed like gum. Pinyon seeds are a valuable food source for humans, and a valuable commercial crop. Thousands of pounds of nuts are gathered each year and sold on commercial markets throughout the United States.
Pinyon nuts: Production varies year to year, but mature stands can yield about 200 pounds per acres.
Other information
There are 6 plant species of concern associated with this ecological site within the Spring Mountain National Recreational Area (SMNRA). There are also 6 animal species of concern, two which are endemic to the SMNRA.
Table 7. Representative site productivity
| Common name | Symbol | Site index low | Site index high | CMAI low | CMAI high | Age of CMAI | Site index curve code | Site index curve basis | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singleleaf pinyon | PIMO | 35 | 55 | 3 | 5 | – | – | – |
Supporting information
Type locality
| Location 1: Clark County, NV | |
|---|---|
| Township/Range/Section | T19 S R57 E S10 SE |
| UTM zone | N |
| UTM northing | 628012 |
| UTM easting | 4018963 |
| General legal description | 1 mile due south of Angel Peak, Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada. |
Contributors
TJW
Approval
Kendra Moseley, 4/26/2024
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | |
| Date | 04/30/2024 |
| Approved by | Kendra Moseley |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
-
Presence of water flow patterns:
-
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
-
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
-
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
-
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
-
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
-
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
-
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
-
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
-
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
-
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
-
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
-
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
-
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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