State 1
Reference State

Community 1.1
Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Plant Community

Figure 8. 1.1

The Loamy site has the potential to be one of the most productive upland sites in the LRU. The Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Plant Community is well adapted to Cool Central Desertic Basins and Plateaus climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allows for drought tolerance, and natural plant mortality is very low. These plants have strong, healthy root systems that allow production to increase significantly with favorable moisture conditions. Abundant plant litter is available for soil building and moisture retention. Plant litter is properly distributed with very little movement off-site. This plant community provides for soil stability and a properly functioning hydrologic cycle. The soils associated with this site are fertile and hold moderately large amounts of soil moisture, providing a very favorable soil-water-plant relationship. Chemical treatment of shrubs has replaced natural sagebrush killing events on many sites in the area. However, chemical treatments impact non-target species, particularly broad-leafed species (forbs and shrubs) differently than natural events such as drought or fire. Where fire tends to result in a short-term increase in forbs, some chemical treatments result in a short-term (or medium-term) reduction in forb density and diversity. The Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Community (1.1) can occur across the entire ecological site or can occur in a mosaic. This community can occur over time without these disturbances and accelerated with added herbaceous grazing pressure. Big sagebrush is dominant in the Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Community (1.1) with sagebrush canopy cover ranging from 15% to 25%. At this sagebrush canopy level in this precipitation zone, there is competition between the shrub overstory and the herbaceous understory. (Winward, 2007) A Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Community with a degraded understory is an “at-risk” community. In the Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Community (1.1), there are generally few canopy gaps, and most basal gaps are moderate (3-6 feet). Rock cover on the soil surface is essentially nonexistent. Many plant interspaces have canopy or litter cover. Production of grasses is much lower than in the Bunchgrass Community (1.3) and slightly lower than in the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2). It is typical for shrubs to increase as the community shifts from the Bunchgrass Community (1.1) to the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2).

Community 1.2
Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community

Figure 11. 1.2

The Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2) can occur across the entire ecological site on a given landscape but more likely occurs in a mosaic pattern associated with the disturbance cycle at any given location. Mid-stature bunchgrasses dominate in the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2) with sagebrush sub-dominant with cover ranging from 5% to 15%. At this sagebrush canopy level in this precipitation zone, there is little if any competition between the shrub overstory and the herbaceous understory. In fact, there is evidence to suggest that the understory receives more benefit from the sage overstory than negative effects. (Winward, 2007) In the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2), there are generally few canopy gaps, and most basal gaps are generally (3-6 feet). Rock cover on the soil surface is essentially nonexistent. Many plant interspaces have canopy or litter cover. Production of grasses is slightly lower than in the Bunchgrass Community (1.3), but shrub production is higher.

Community 1.3
Bunchgrass Community

Figure 14. 1.3

The Bunchgrass Community (1.3) is dominated by mid-stature cool-season bunchgrasses mixed with a minor component of forbs and shrubs. Big sagebrush is present as a part of the community, but is minor with 0 to 5% foliar cover. The Bunchgrass Community (1.3) generally occurs on this site immediately following a sagebrush killing event such as drought, insects, browse, or fire.

Pathway 1.1-1.2
Community 1.1 to 1.2

Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Plant Community

Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community

The driver for community shift 1.1-1.2 is the increase in density and vigor of mid-stature bunchgrasses to the point that they dominate species composition by weight. The trigger for this is a sagebrush killing event, such as fire, chemical, mechanical or biological control of sagebrush that favors the existing herbaceous vegetation

Pathway 1.2-1.1
Community 1.2 to 1.1

Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community

Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Plant Community

The driver for community shift 1.2-1.1 is the increase in density and vigor of mid-stature bunchgrasses to the point that they dominate species composition by weight. The trigger for this is a sagebrush killing event, such as fire, chemical, mechanical or biological control of sagebrush that favors the existing herbaceous vegetation.

Pathway 1.2-1.3
Community 1.2 to 1.3

Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community

Bunchgrass Community

The driver for community shift 1.2-1.3 is natural succession. The trigger for this shift is an increase in shrub canopy cover and decline in overall bunchgrasses. The transition to the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2) can be the result of sagebrush naturally increasing its canopy cover along with yearly climatic differences. This transition can be accelerated with proper herbaceous grazing (properly stocked and a grazing system that varies the time and timing of grazing to provide for periodic deferment during the critical growth period) and natural events such as drought/wet cycles.

Pathway 1.3-1.2
Community 1.3 to 1.2

Bunchgrass Community

Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community

The driver for community shift 1.3-1.2 is natural succession. The trigger for this shift is an increase in shrub canopy cover and decline in overall bunchgrasses. The transition to the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2) can be the result of sagebrush naturally increasing its cover along with yearly climatic differences. This transition can be accelerated with proper herbaceous grazing (fully stocked and a system that varies the time and timing of grazing to provide for periodic deferment during the critical growth period) and natural events such as drought/wet cycles. It is typical for shrubs to increase as the community shifts from the Bunchgrass Community (1.3) to the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Community (1.2).

State 2
Grazing Resistant State

Community 2.1
Big Sagebrush/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass- Sandberg Bluegrass-Mat Forb Plant Community

Figure 17. 2.1

The Big Sagebrush/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Sandberg Bluegrass-Mat Forb Plant Community (2.1) is characterized by an herbaceous component dominated by Sandberg bluegrass, rhizomatous wheatgrass and/or mat forbs, with limited mid-stature bunchgrasses. Once these key species becomes scarce, it is unlikely to have sufficient reproductive capability (seed source, tillering, or resprouting) to recover dominance in a reasonable time frame without extra energy being added to the system. The plant community is highly resilient to changes in composition, due to the dominance and competition of established bluegrass, rhizomatous wheatgrass, and/or mat forbs. However, the community can shift back to the Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Community (1.3) over time with fire and/or brush control and/or deferment. This community is shrub dominated. Sagebrush canopy may be as high as 25 percent or higher. The dominant shrub is Wyoming big sagebrush. The Big Sagebrush/Rhizomatous Wheatgrass-Sandberg Bluegrass-Mat Forb Community occurs if the herbaceous component has been degraded. Areas that catch and retain snow are more likely to have higher shrub cover. Range Health Indicators: Production is considerably lower than in Reference State (1), leading to lower soil organic matter content and therefore lower soil stability than in the Reference State. Ground cover is still high. Infiltration is lower than in the Reference State and the water cycle has reduced function due to decreased soil organic matter.

State 3
Eroded State

This state contains one community, the Big Sagebrush/Bare Ground Community (3.1). It is characterized by sparse herbaceous plant cover dominated by big sagebrush and bare ground. Communities in the Eroded State (3) have crossed a threshold (T1-3 or T2-3) because of soil erosion, loss of soil fertility, and/or degradation of soil properties. Soil erosion affects the hydrology, soil chemistry, soil microorganisms, and soil physics to the point where intensive restoration is required to restore the site to another state or community. Simply changing grazing management may not create sufficient change to restore the site within a reasonable period. It will require a considerable input of energy to move the site back to the Reference State (1). The Eroded State (3) is at high risk of weed invasion due to the high percentage of bare ground. Many invasive species are adapted to low soil fertility, high soil temperatures and low soil moisture content. This puts the community at risk of transitioning to the Disturbed State (4).

Community 3.1
Big Sagebrush/Bare Ground Community

Figure 20. 3.1

Herbaceous canopy cover in the Big Sagebrush/Bare Ground Community (3.1) is significantly reduced. Annual production is approximately half of the Bunchgrass Plant Community (1.1). Perennial grass species (e.g., Indian ricegrass and needleandthread, Letterman’s needlegrass) may exist only in patches and are typically low in vigor. This community tends to be dominated by big sagebrush (>25% cover) and bare ground in large patches in the interspaces of the shrub canopy. The majority of annual production is from big sagebrush so this site provides very little value for grazing. The Big Sagebrush/Bare Ground Community (3.1) rarely produces sufficient quantity of fine fuels necessary to carry a fire. Therefore, fire no longer influences community dynamics. The Big Sagebrush/Bare Ground Community (3.1) differs from other communities, because it is characterized by sparse plant cover and soil surface erosion. Sparse vegetation creates low levels of foliar and basal cover. This, in turn, leads to low litter production, which is combined with reduced ability to retain litter on site. Soil is exposed to wind and water erosion in the plant interspaces. These factors combine to create a decrease in soil organic matter. Reduced litter cover, combined with reduced herbaceous cover, results in higher soil temperature, poor water infiltration rates, and high evaporation, thus favoring species which are more adapted to drier conditions. Soil fertility is reduced, soil compaction is increased, and resistance to soil surface erosion has declined compared to the other states. This community has lost most, if not all, of the attributes of a functioning, healthy rangeland, including good infiltration, minimal erosion and runoff, nutrient cycling, and energy flow.

State 4
Disturbed State

Community 4.1
Rabbitbrush/Bare Ground/Annuals Community

Figure 23. 4.1

The plant community is in a perpetual state of disturbance when maintained. The disturbance regime of the site has been accelerated often with the addition of ground disturbing activities (i.e. gravel pits, pasture corners where livestock are gathered, continual sagebrush removal techniques and rapid succession fire. Seeding may be used to restore functional structural groups.

Community 4.2
Big Sagebrush/Rabbitbrush Community

Figure 24. 4.2

This plant community has had the disturbance regime accelerated or altered in the past, but no recent disturbances.

State 5
Highly Disturbed State

Community 5.1
Annuals/Bare Ground Community

Figure 25. 5.1

As part of succession, all sites that are severely disturbed will go through this plant community as part of their restoration. Weather is the largest determining factor in how long a site will be in this plant community phase, but is approximately 2-5 years on sites that use Best Management Practices for site restoration (http://www.uwyo.edu/wrrc/). Site has low potential for recovery. Seeding is needed to restore functional structural groups.

Community 5.2
Reclaimed Community

Figure 26. 5.2

This plant community is highly variable based on weather conditions during restoration activities, the management practices used to implement the restoration, the seed mix, and how soil was stockpiled during the disturbance

Transition T1-2
State 1 to 2

The driver for Transition T1-2 is continuous spring grazing and/or long-term drought. Continuous spring grazing and/or drought can lead to a decline in palatable mid-stature bunchgrasses. Indian ricegrass, a short-lived perennial that requires more frequent seed production to provide an adequate seedbank, and bluebunch wheatgrass, a long-lived perennial that has elevated growth points, are typically the first species to decline (Natural Resources Conservation Service). Needleandthread as well as Letterman’s needlegrass are more grazing tolerant, but will eventually decline in plant density and vigor. As bunchgrasses diminish or die during periods of stress, low- stature bunchgrasses and rhizomatous grasses gain a competitive advantage, creating a shift in species composition towards less productive, shorter species. While bare ground may not change, the pattern of bare ground will shift to larger gaps in the canopy and fewer herbaceous plants between shrubs. Many of the remaining desirable bunchgrasses will be only found in the understory of the sagebrush canopy. Once mid-stature bunchgrasses species become scarce, it is unlikely that they have sufficient reproductive capability (seed source, tillering, or resprouting) to recover dominance in a reasonable time frame without extra energy being added to the system. When the understory vegetation has been degraded to this point, the transition to the Grazing Resistant State (2) can occur from either the Bunchgrass/Big Sagebrush Plant Community (1.2) or the Big Sagebrush/Bunchgrass Plant Community (1.1). The transition is not dependent on the increase of woody canopy cover, but rather on the lack of mid-stature bunchgrasses in the canopy interspaces. Management should focus on grazing management strategies that will prevent further degradation. This can be achieved through a grazing management scheme that varies the season of use to provide periodic deferment during the critical growth period (roughly May-June). Forage quantity and/or quality in the Grazing Resistant State (2) may be substantially reduced compared to the Reference State.

Transition T1-3
State 1 to 3

The driver for Transition T1B is continuous high intensity early season grazing and/or long-term drought. The Reference State (1) transitions to the Eroded State (3) if plant canopy cover declines significantly or total annual aboveground biomass production falls below 400 pounds per acre. The trigger for this transition is the loss of understory, which creates open spots with bare soil. Soil erosion is accompanied by decreased soil fertility driving the transitions to the Bare Ground State. Several other key factors signal the approach of transition T1B: an increase in soil physical crusting, a decrease in soil surface aggregate stability, and/or evidence of erosion, including water flow patterns, development of plant pedestals, and litter movement.

Transition T1-4
State 1 to 4

The driver for this transition is an increase in the disturbance cycle (i.e. grazing, drought, fire, mechanical, chemical or biological treatments) often in combination with grazing management that does not provide periodic deferment during the critical growth period. The Reference State (1) may transition to the Disturbed State (4) if a soil disturbing activity has occurred to encourage aggressive invasive species, such as cheatgrass, are introduced with an increase in rabbitbrush due to ground disturbance that could be either natural (i.e. water movement) or manmade (i.e. high density/high frequency stocking, mechanical treatments or heavy equipment operations). To prevent this transition, the site will require proper reclamation using the most current science and technology available to restore native vegetation and prevent invasive dominance. In some instances, it may not be possible to prevent this transition. In cases where total topsoil loss occurs, it may be unavoidable to prevent this transition. Long-term stress conditions for native species (e.g., improper grazing management, drought, and fire) will alter plant community composition and production over time and may hasten a transition to the Disturbed State (4). The resulting lower biomass production, reduced litter, and increased bare ground in this community can promote invasion of undesirable species. The site transitions to the Disturbed State when populations of invasive species reach critical levels.

Restoration pathway R2-1
State 2 to 1

The drivers for this restoration pathway are removal of woody species and restoration of native herbaceous species by mechanical or chemical treatment of sagebrush, and grazing rest or deferment. If some mid- stature bunchgrasses remain under the sage canopy, proper grazing management can move the site back to the Reference State (1) combined with a mechanical or chemical sagebrush treatment. This could take multiple generations of management or could be accelerated with rest or deferment combined with successive wet springs conducive to seed germination and seedling establishment. (Derner, Schuman, Follett, & Vance, 2014)

Transition T2-3
State 2 to 3

The driver for this transition is continuous high intensity early season grazing. Examples include calving pastures and small acreage horse pastures where rotational grazing is not employed. Extended drought period may provide a trigger to accelerate this process (we could word smith this more). This state is typified by old age sagebrush stands with very little herbaceous understory. Bare ground patch size has increased to the majority of the interspaces between sagebrush plants

Transition T2-4
State 2 to 4

The driver for this transition is an increase in the disturbance cycle (i.e. grazing, drought, fire, mechanical, chemical, biological treatments). Removal of shrubs without proper grazing management can lead to an increase in bare ground and erosion of the upper soil horizon, and the site can degrade to the Disturbed State (4). Consequences of this transition are decreased soil fertility or even soil erosion, soil crusting, and decrease of soil surface aggregate stability.

Restoration pathway R3-1
State 3 to 1

This state has lost soil or vegetation attributes to the point that recovery to the Reference State will require a combination of grazing management (changing season of use to allow frequent rest or deferment during the critical growth period) and chemical, biological or mechanical treatments, and reseeding. Seeding may become cost prohibiting as a restoration practice used alone. With reduced organic matter and loss of soil, soil amendments may be needed to have a successful seeding.

Restoration pathway R3-2
State 3 to 2

The drivers for this restoration pathway are mechanical, biological and chemical treatments with only temporary rest or deferment post-treatment. Due to loss of soil fertility, structure, and organic matter, reference community plants are slow to repopulate the site. Success of this restoration is highly dependent upon climatic factors

Transition T3-4
State 3 to 4

The driver for this transition is multiple sagebrush killing events in rapid succession outside the normal disturbance regime for this site (see Reference State for discussion). It could be mechanical (including heavy equipment/construction or a mowing/chaining/harrow type sage treatment), chemical (including 2,4-D or tebuthiron), or biological (including browse and/or insects). Fire is not usually possible due to lack of understory fuels to carry the fire. In fact, the Eroded State is characterized by monotypic decadent sagebrush stands because they are fireproof.