Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R034AY278WY
Wetland Foothills and Basins West (WL)
Accessed: 12/21/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
Associated sites
| R034AY228WY |
Lowland Foothills and Basins West (LL) Lowland |
|---|---|
| R034AY238WY |
Saline Lowland Foothills and Basins West (SL) Saline Lowland |
| R034AY242WY |
Saline Subirrigated Foothills and Basins West (SS) Saline Subirrigated |
| R034AY274WY |
Subirrigated Foothills and Basins West (Sb) Subirrigated |
Similar sites
| R034AY274WY |
Subirrigated Foothills and Basins West (Sb) Subirrigated (Sb) 10-14W has a lower water table. |
|---|---|
| R034AY178WY |
Wetland Green River and Great Divide Basins (WL) Wetland (WL) 7-9GR has lower production. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
Not specified |
| Herbaceous |
Not specified |
Physiographic features
This site will usually occur on level or gently-sloping land near springs, seeps or sloughs. Elevations are mostly above 7000 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Drainageway
(2) Oxbow (3) Stream terrace |
|---|---|
| Flooding duration | Very brief (4 to 48 hours) to brief (2 to 7 days) |
| Flooding frequency | Occasional to frequent |
| Ponding duration | Brief (2 to 7 days) to very long (more than 30 days) |
| Ponding frequency | Frequent |
| Elevation | 6,500 – 7,500 ft |
| Slope | 6% |
| Ponding depth | 12 in |
| Water table depth | 18 in |
| Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
Annual precipitation ranges from 10-14 inches per year. Wide fluctuations may occur in yearly precipitation and result in more dry years than those with more than normal precipitation. Temperatures show a wide range between summer and winter and between daily maximums and minimums. This is predominantly due to the high elevation and dry air, which permits rapid incoming and outgoing radiation. Cold air outbreaks in winter move rapidly from northwest to southeast and account for extreme minimum temperatures. Extreme storms may occur during the winter, but most severely affect ranch operations during late winter and spring.
Daytime winds are generally stronger than nighttime and occasional strong storms may bring brief periods of high winds with gusts to more than 50 mph.
Growth of native cool season plants begins about May 1 and continues to about September 1.
The following information is from the “Pinedale” climate station:
Minimum Maximum 5 yrs. out of 10 between
Frost-free period (days): 18 67 July 5 – August 15
Freeze-free period (days): 53 97 June 15 – August 24
Annual Precipitation (inches): <7.18 >13.94 (2 years in 10)
Average annual precipitation: 11.29 inches
Average annual air temperature: 35.9 F (20.4 F Avg. Min. to 51.4 F Avg. Max.)
For detailed information visit the Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center at http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/cgibin/state.pl?state=wy website. Other climate stations representative of this precipitation zone include ”Border 3 N ” and Kemmerer Wtr Trtmt” in Lincoln County; “Evanston 1 E” in Uinta County; and “Merna” in Sublette County.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 67 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 97 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 14 in |
Influencing water features
Stream type: C (Rosgen)
Soil features
This site consists of moderately deep organic and deep loamy or silty soils with a seasonal high water table at or very near the surface. They are on nearly level to slightly depressed areas with poor surface drainage. Subsoils are usually mottled or gleyed.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Surface texture |
(1) Loam (2) Clay loam (3) Sandy clay loam |
|---|---|
| Family particle size |
(1) Loamy |
| Drainage class | Poorly drained |
| Permeability class | Slow to moderate |
| Soil depth | 20 – 60 in |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 20% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 5% |
| Available water capacity (0-40in) |
2.25 – 6 in |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in) |
15% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-40in) |
8 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in) |
5 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in) |
6.1 – 8.4 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
40% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
15% |
Ecological dynamics
As this site deteriorates, species such as inland sedge and Baltic rush increase. Grasses and grasslikes such as Nebraska sedge, tall mannagrass, northern and bluejoint reedgrass, and tufted hairgrass will decrease in frequency and production. Willows, when present, will lose density and age diversity with heavy browsing. This site is vulnerable to noxious weed invasion by such species as Canada thistle.
The Historic Climax Plant Community (description follows the plant community diagram) has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, or areas protected from excessive disturbance. Trends in plant communities going from heavily grazed areas to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts have also been used.
The following is a State and Transition Model Diagram that illustrates the common plant communities (states) that can occur on the site and the transitions between these communities. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community narratives following the diagram.
State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available.
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View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 6 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Sedge Plant Community (HCPC)
Community 1.1
Sedge Plant Community (HCPC)
The interpretive plant community for this site is the Historic Climax Plant Community. This state evolved with grazing by large herbivores and is well suited for grazing by domestic livestock. Potential vegetation is estimated at 80% grasses or grass-like plants, 10% forbs, and 10% woody plants. The major grasses and grass-like plants include Nebraska sedge, northern and bluejoint reedgrass, and tufted hairgrass. Other grasses and grass-like plants that may occur on this site include American mannagrass, Baltic rush, and other wetland sedge species. Willows are the major woody species. Other woody species may include woods rose and water birch. A typical plant composition for this state consists of Nebraska sedge 20-40%, tufted hairgrass 15-20%, Northern reedgrass 10-20%, Tall mannagrass 1-10%, Bluejoint reedgrass up to 10%, other grasses and grass-like plants 5-15%, perennial forbs 5-10%, willows 5-10%, and up to 5% other woody plants. Ground cover, by ocular estimate, varies from 85-100%. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 5000 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 4000 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 6000 lbs./acre in above average years. The state is well adapted to the Cool Central Desertic Basins and Plateaus climatic conditions. It is a critical state providing water and habitat for the surrounding area. The diversity in plant species provides a variety of habitats for wildlife. It is resistant to drought due to a dependable water supply. This is a sustainable plant community (site/soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity). Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Heavy Inundation (flooding) will convert this plant community to the Cattail/Bulrush State. • Nonuse will convert this plant community to the Willow/Sedge State. • Heavy Continuous Season-long Grazing will convert this plant community to the Baltic Rush State. • Noxious Weed Invasion with Prescribed Grazing will convert this plant community to the Managed Noxious Weed State.
Figure 2. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Figure 3. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0303, 10-14W, Free Water Sites - WL, Sb, SS. WL, SB, SS Free Water Sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
State 2
Cattail/Bulrush Plant Community
Community 2.1
Cattail/Bulrush Plant Community
This plant community is a result of heavy inundation or flooding conditions. Bulrushes occupy the wettest site with cattails surrounding. Willows may be present near the dryer edges of this state as well as reed canary grass. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 4500 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 3500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 5500 lbs./acre in above average years. The state is stable and protected from excessive erosion. The biotic integrity of this plant community is usually intact, however forage value will decrease and wildlife values will shift toward different species. The watershed is functioning. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Drainage will result in a plant community very similar to the Historic Climax Plant Community (Sedge State).
Figure 4. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0303, 10-14W, Free Water Sites - WL, Sb, SS. WL, SB, SS Free Water Sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
State 3
Willow/Sedge Plant Community
Community 3.1
Willow/Sedge Plant Community
This plant community results from nonuse. Willows increase and often will inhibit herbaceous forage availability by creating a physical barrier to livestock. Nebraska sedge, Water sedge, beaked sedge, and dogwood are often present in the protected understory. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 4000 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 2500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 5500 lbs./acre in above average years. The state is very stable and protected from excessive erosion. The biotic integrity of this plant community is intact. The watershed is functioning. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Brush Management followed by deferment for 1 to 2 years as part of a Prescribed Grazing plan will result in a plant community very similar to the Historic Climax Plant Community (Sedge State). Care should be taken when planning brush management to consider wildlife habitat and critical winter ranges. • Heavy Continuous Season-long Grazing or Continuous Season-long Grazing will convert this plant community to the Baltic Rush State.
Figure 5. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0303, 10-14W, Free Water Sites - WL, Sb, SS. WL, SB, SS Free Water Sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
State 4
Managed Noxious Weed Plant Community
Community 4.1
Managed Noxious Weed Plant Community
This plant community is the result of noxious weed control and prescribed grazing. Grazing is used as a tool to control introduced and noxious weeds by timing use during the flowering of the identified weed such as Canada thistle. Other weed control efforts such as chemical, mechanical, or biological methods are employed in conjunction with a grazing management scheme. The native plant community responds to this management by increasing in production and vigor, however it is very sensitive to any management change that allows the seed production and increase of noxious weeds such as nonuse or overuse. Noxious weeds are still present, but in smaller amounts and may be isolated to exposed or bare ground areas such as sandbars. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 3500 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 2500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 4500 lbs./acre in above average years. Bare ground has decreased compared to the Noxious Weed State. The soil of this state is moderately protected. Degraded stream banks may still erode, but increased amounts of deep-rooting sedges provide adequate stability to the system. The biotic community has been compromised, but is relatively stable and at risk due to invasive plants. The watershed is functioning, but is at risk of degrading rapidly with the introduction of improper management techniques. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Nonuse OR Continuous Season-long Grazing will convert this plant community to the Noxious Weed State.
Figure 6. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0303, 10-14W, Free Water Sites - WL, Sb, SS. WL, SB, SS Free Water Sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
State 5
Baltic Rush Plant Community
Community 5.1
Baltic Rush Plant Community
This plant community evolved under heavy continuous season-long grazing by domestic livestock. Species such as Baltic rush, inland sedge, horsetails, American licorice, elephanthead, and Rocky Mountain iris often dominate this state. Introduced species such as Garrison creeping meadow foxtail often invade. Willows are greatly diminished and lack a diversity of age classes. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 2500 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 1500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 3500 lbs./acre in above average years. The state is vulnerable to downcutting and excessive erosion. The biotic integrity of this plant community is at risk due to the replacement of deep rooted wetland species with shallow rooted forbs and introduced species. The watershed is at risk from downcutting activity. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Long-term Prescribed Grazing will result in a plant community very similar to the Historic Climax Plant Community (Sedge State). • Replanting Trees followed by several years of rest as part of a Prescribed Grazing plan will convert this plant community to the Willow/Sedge State. • Noxious Weed Invasion will convert this plant community to the Noxious Weed State.
Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0303, 10-14W, Free Water Sites - WL, Sb, SS. WL, SB, SS Free Water Sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
State 6
Noxious Weed Plant Community
Community 6.1
Noxious Weed Plant Community
This plant community is the result of continuous grazing use accompanied by noxious weed invasion. Species such as Canada thistle, arrowgrass, and water hemlock dominate this state. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 1500 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 2500 lbs./acre in above average years. Bare ground has increased. The soil of this state is not well protected. Degraded stream banks may erode. The watershed is at risk and may produce excessive runoff. The biotic community is at risk due to invasive plants. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Noxious Weed Control with Prescribed Grazing will convert this plant community to the Managed Noxious Weed State.
Figure 8. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0303, 10-14W, Free Water Sites - WL, Sb, SS. WL, SB, SS Free Water Sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Additional community tables
Table 5. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | 1000–2000 | |||||
| Nebraska sedge | CANE2 | Carex nebrascensis | 1000–2000 | – | ||
| 2 | 750–1000 | |||||
| tufted hairgrass | DECE | Deschampsia cespitosa | 750–1000 | – | ||
| 3 | 500–1000 | |||||
| northern reedgrass | CASTI3 | Calamagrostis stricta ssp. inexpansa | 500–1000 | – | ||
| 4 | 50–500 | |||||
| fowl mannagrass | GLST | Glyceria striata | 50–500 | – | ||
| 5 | 50–500 | |||||
| Macoun's reedgrass | CACAM | Calamagrostis canadensis var. macouniana | 50–500 | – | ||
| 6 | 250–750 | |||||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–250 | – | ||
| inland sedge | CAIN11 | Carex interior | 0–250 | – | ||
| American mannagrass | GLGR | Glyceria grandis | 0–250 | – | ||
| mountain rush | JUARL | Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis | 0–250 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 7 | 250–500 | |||||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 0–250 | – | ||
| water hemlock | CICUT | Cicuta | 0–250 | – | ||
| horsetail | EQUIS | Equisetum | 0–250 | – | ||
| waterleaf | HYDRO4 | Hydrophyllum | 0–250 | – | ||
| iris | IRIS | Iris | 0–250 | – | ||
| elephanthead lousewort | PEGR2 | Pedicularis groenlandica | 0–250 | – | ||
| cinquefoil | POTEN | Potentilla | 0–250 | – | ||
| blue-eyed grass | SISYR | Sisyrinchium | 0–250 | – | ||
| groundsel | TEPHR3 | Tephroseris | 0–250 | – | ||
| arrowgrass | TRIGL | Triglochin | 0–250 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 8 | 250–500 | |||||
| willow | SALIX | Salix | 250–500 | – | ||
| 9 | 0–250 | |||||
| water birch | BEOC2 | Betula occidentalis | 0–250 | – | ||
| currant | RIBES | Ribes | 0–250 | – | ||
| Woods' rose | ROWOW | Rosa woodsii var. woodsii | 0–250 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
Animal Community – Wildlife Interpretations
Sedge Plant Community (HCPC): This plant community is very important for most wildlife in the area. Over 80% of all wildlife use this site to fulfill some part of their habitat needs. It provides forage and thermal and hiding cover for mule deer and moose. It provides nesting habitat for shorebirds, songbirds, and waterfowl as well as ground nesting birds such as harriers. The lush herbaceous material produces insects for sage grouse brood rearing and foraging. Dense ground cover provides escape cover, forage, and breeding areas for small mammals which draw predators such as raptors, red fox and coyote. Other birds that would frequent this plant community include red-wing blackbirds, sandhill cranes, western meadowlarks, neotropical migrants, and golden eagles.
Cattail/Bulrush Plant Community: This plant community may be beneficial for the same wildlife that would use the Historic Climax Plant Community. However, the plant community composition is less diverse, and thus, less apt to meet the seasonal needs of these animals. Red-wing blackbird and sandhill crane habitat is excellent.
Willow/Sedge Plant Community: This plant community is beneficial for the same wildlife that would use the Historic Climax Plant Community. However, dominance of woody species may improve thermal and hiding cover for all species, especially structural diversity needed for neotropical migrants, as well as provide more foraging areas for moose.
Managed Noxious Weed Plant Community: This plant community may be beneficial for the same wildlife that would use the Historic Climax Plant Community. However, the plant community composition is less diverse, and thus, less apt to meet the seasonal needs of these animals. It may provide some foraging opportunities for sage grouse when it occurs proximal to woody cover due to enhanced insect populations.
Baltic Rush Plant Community: This plant community may be beneficial for some of the same wildlife that would use the Historic Climax Plant Community. However, the woody component is typically less productive and unable to support large browsers such as moose. As woody plants decrease, structural diversity is lost for neo-tropical migrants, cover decreased for deer, and nesting for shrub-nesting birds is impacted. It may provide some brood rearing and foraging opportunities for sage grouse when it occurs proximal to woody cover.
Noxious Weed Plant Community: This plant community is less diverse, and thus, less able to meet the habitat needs of many wildlife. Herbaceous forage and cover is not as dense and will aid in successful predation of nesting birds, therefore improving habitat for predators such as raptors, red fox, and coyote. It may provide some brood rearing and foraging opportunities for sage grouse when it occurs proximal to woody cover.
Animal Community – Grazing Interpretations
The following table lists suggested stocking rates for cattle under continuous season-long grazing under normal growing conditions. These are conservative estimates that should be used only as guidelines in the initial stages of the conservation planning process. Often, the current plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in this ecological site description). Because of this, a field visit is recommended, in all cases, to document plant composition and production. More precise carrying capacity estimates should eventually be calculated using this information along with animal preference data, particularly when grazers other than cattle are involved. Under more intensive grazing management, improved harvest efficiencies can result in an increased carrying capacity.
Plant Community Production Carrying Capacity*
(lb./ac) (AUM/ac)
Sedge (HCPC) 4000-6000 1.6
Cattail/Bulrush 3500-5500 1.4
Willow/Sedge 2500-4500 1.3
Managed Noxious Weed 2500-4500 1.1
Baltic Rush 1500-3500 .8
Noxious Weed 500-2500 .5
* - Continuous, season-long grazing by cattle under average growing conditions.
Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area may provide yearlong forage for cattle, sheep, or horses. During the dormant period, the forage for livestock use needs to be supplemented with protein because the quality does not meet minimum livestock requirements.
Hydrological functions
Climate is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is dominated by soils in hydrologic group D. Infiltration rate is very slow and runoff potential high for the soils of this site due to a high water table and saturated soil conditions. However, high forage production on this site diminishes runoff potential as long as site is managed for maintaining adequate residual vegetation. (Refer to Part 630, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for detailed hydraulic information).
Rills and gullies should not typically be present. Water flow patterns may be present if associated with a perennial flowing stream. Litter typically falls in place, and signs of movement are not common unless associated with a perennial flowing stream. Chemical and physical crusts are rare to non-existent.
Recreational uses
This site provides a variety of hunting and fishing opportunities as well as providing popular camping areas for recreationists when not saturated. Waterfowl hunting opportunities exist when associated with open water. The wide variety of plants which bloom from spring until fall have esthetic values that appeal to visitors.
Wood products
No appreciable wood products are present on the site.
Other products
None noted.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Inventory Data References (narrative)
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data and other inventory data. Field observations from range trained personnel were also used. Those involved in developing this site include: Bill Christensen, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Karen Clause, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; and Everet Bainter, Range Management Specialist, NRCS. Other sources used as references include: USDA NRCS Water and Climate Center, USDA NRCS National Range and Pasture Handbook, and USDA NRCS Soil Surveys from various counties.
Inventory Data References
Data Source Number of Records Sample Period State County
SCS-RANGE-417 15 1966-1988 WY Sublette & others
Contributors
K. Clause
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | K. Clause, E. Bainter |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | karen.clause@wy.usda.gov or 307-367-2257 |
| Date | 03/16/2007 |
| Approved by | E. Bainter |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
Rare to nonexistent. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Water flow patterns sometimes evident in floodplain zone where this site occurs. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Rare to nonexistent. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground is typically less than 1%. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Active gullies should not be present. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Minimal to nonexistent. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Herbaceous litter exhibits slight movement only associated with water flow patterns. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil Stability Index ratings typically 6.0. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Soil surface variable, typically an A-horizon up to 12 inches (30 cm) colors with chromas of 2 or less and OM of 3-6%. Sometimes the A-horizon is overlain or replaced by an O-horizon of up to 30 inches (76 cm) with 40-60% OM. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Plant community consists of 70-90% grasses, 10% forbs, and 0-15% shrubs. Dense plant canopy (95-100%) and litter plus moderate infiltration rates result in minimal to nonexistent runoff until soils are saturated. Basal cover is typically greater than 5% for this site and effectively reduces runoff on this site. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
No compaction layer exists. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
rhizomatous grass-likes>>mid-size, cool season bunchgrasses>cool season rhizomatous grasses>perennial forbs=perennial shrubs -
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Minimal decadence, typically associated with shrub component. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter ranges from 1-5% of total canopy measurement with total litter (including beneath the plant canopy) from 90-100% expected. Herbaceous litter depth typically ranges from 15-30 mm. Woody litter can be up to a couple inches (4-6cm). -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
English: 4000-6000 lb/ac (5000 lb/ac average); Metric: 4480-6720 kg/ha (5600 kg/ha average). -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Bare ground greater than 20% and presence of noxious weeds or creeping meadow foxtail are the most common indicators of a threshold being crossed. Baltic rush and inland sedge are common increasers. Canada thistle is a common invasive species. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species are capable of reproducing, except in drought years.
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