Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R035XB206AZ
Sandy Upland 6-10" p.z. Warm
Accessed: 11/23/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 035X–Colorado Plateau
This ecological site occurs in Common Resource Area 35.2 - the Colorado Plateau Shrub – Grasslands
Elevations range from 3800-5800 feet and precipitation averages 6 to 10 inches per year. Vegetation includes shadscale, fourwing saltbush, Mormon tea, blackbrush, Indian ricegrass, galleta, blue grama, and black grama. The soil temperature regime is mesic and the soil moisture regime is typic aridic. This unit occurs within the Colorado Plateau Physiographic Province and is characterized by a sequence of flat to gently dipping sedimentary rocks eroded into plateaus, valleys and deep canyons. Sedimentary rock classes dominate the plateau with volcanic fields occurring for the most part near its margin.
Associated sites
| R035XB217AZ |
Sandy Upland 6-10" p.z. Deep, non-calcareous, sandy sites on plains, fans, and stabilized dunes |
|---|---|
| R035XB219AZ |
Sandy Loam Upland 6-10" p.z. Deep, coarse-loamy sites on rolling plains and uplands with slopes mainly less than 12 percent |
| R035XB235AZ |
Sandy Loam Upland 6-10" p.z. Warm Deep, calcareous soils on summits and risers of fan terraces and structural benches of plateaus with loamy subsurface textures |
Similar sites
| R035XB217AZ |
Sandy Upland 6-10" p.z. Deep, non-calcareous, sandy sites on plains, fans, and stabilized dunes |
|---|
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Coleogyne ramosissima |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Achnatherum hymenoides |
Physiographic features
This site occurs on stabilized dunes and sand sheets in dune fields. Sand sheets may occur in interdunes, on relatively flat plateaus, or on stream terraces. Slopes typically range from 1 to 15%. Elevations range from 3800 to 5800 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Sand sheet
(2) Dune (3) Interdune |
|---|---|
| Flooding frequency | None |
| Ponding frequency | None |
| Elevation | 1,158 – 1,768 m |
| Slope | 1 – 15% |
| Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
The 35.2 Colorado Plateau Cold Desert Shrub - Grassland common resource area has a very dry and windy climate that is hot in the summer and cold in the winter. The annual precipitation averages between 6 and 10 inches. The soil moisture regime is typic aridic and the soil temperature regime is mesic. A slight majority of the precipitation arrives during the late fall, winter, and early spring. This winter season moisture originates in the Pacific Ocean and arrives as rain, or sometimes snow, during widespread frontal storms of generally low intensity. The majority of the snow (average range of 1 to 17 inches) falls from December through February, but rarely lasts more than a few days. A seasonal drought occurs from late May through early July. Summer rains occur from July through September during brief intense local thunderstorms. The rain is sporadic in intensity and location. The moisture originates from the Gulf of Mexico in the early summer and the Gulf of California in the late summer/early fall. Windy conditions are common year round, but the winds are strongest and most frequent during the spring.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 181 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 207 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 254 mm |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
There are no water features associated with this site.
Soil features
Soils on this site are moderately deep to very deep. Surface textures are sandy and range from course sand to loamy very fine sand. Subsurface textures are loamy fine sand, fine sand, loamy sand and sand. They are formed in alluvium and eolian from sandstone and siltstone from Navajo sandstone and Jurassic age formations. The upper surface horizons may be slightly effervescent to non-effervescent. Below the surface horizon, the soil generally effervesces slightly to violently.
Typical Taxonomic Units include:
Little Colorado River Area (AZ707) Soil Map Units - 34-Sheppard;
Navajo Mountain Area (AZ711) - Soil Map Unit's - 1-Aneth; 19, 31, 49, 52, 50, 53, 58, 63-Sheppard; 53-Sheppard, gypsic substratum.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Parent material |
(1)
Alluvium
–
sandstone and siltstone
|
|---|---|
| Surface texture |
(1) Coarse sand (2) Sand (3) Loamy very fine sand |
| Family particle size |
(1) Sandy |
| Drainage class | Somewhat excessively drained to excessively drained |
| Permeability class | Rapid |
| Soil depth | 102 – 183 cm |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 0% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 0% |
| Available water capacity (0-101.6cm) |
3.81 – 10.67 cm |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 10% |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm) |
7.4 – 8.6 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
0% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
0% |
Ecological dynamics
An ecological site is not a precise assemblage of species for which the proportions are the same from place to place or from year to year. In all plant communities, variability is apparent in productivity and occurrence of individual species. Spatial boundaries of the communities; however, can be recognized by characteristic patterns of species composition, association, and community structure. The historic climax plant community for this ecological site has been described by sampling relict or relatively undisturbed sites and/or reviewing historic records. The historic climax plant community is the plant community that evolved over time with the soil forming process and long term changes in climatic conditions of the area. It is the plant community that was best adapted to the unique combination of environmental factors associated with the site.
Natural disturbances, such as drought, fire, grazing of native fauna, and insects, are inherent in the development and maintenance of these plant communities. The effects of these disturbances are part of the range of characteristics of the ecological site. Fluctuations in plant community structure and function caused by the effects of natural disturbances help establish the boundaries and characteristics of an ecological site. They are accounted for as part of the range of characteristics of the ecological site. Recognizable plant community phases are identified in the reference state of the ecological site. Some sites may have a small range of variation, while others have a large range. Some plant community phases may exist for long periods of time, while others may only occur for a couple of years after a disturbance.
Deterioration of the plant community, hydrology, or soil site stability on an ecological site can result in crossing a threshold or potentially irreversible boundary to another state, or equilibrium. This can occur as a result of the loss of soil surface through erosion, the loss of the stability of the site due to disturbances that cause active erosion on the site, increases in the amounts and/or patterns or runoff from rainstorms, changes in availability of surface and subsurface water, significant changes in plant structural and functional types, or the introduction of non-native species. When these thresholds are crossed, the potential of the ecological site to return to the historic climax plant community can be lost, or restoration will require significant inputs . There may be multiple states possible for an ecological site, determined by the type and or severity of disturbance.
The known states and transition pathways for this ecological site are described in the state and transition model. Within each state, there may be one or more known plant community phases. These community phases describe the different plant community that can be recognized and mapped across this ecological site. The state and transition model is intended to help land users recognize the current plant community on the ecological site, and the management options for improving the plant community to the desired plant community.
Plant production information in this site description is standardized to the annual production on an air-dry weight basis in near normal rainfall years.
State and transition model
Figure 4. State and Transition Model - R035XB206AZ
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference State
The dominant aspect of this reference plant community is a shrubland with blackbrush and other shrubs, mixed with perennial cool and warm season grasses.
Community 1.1
Blackbrush Shrubland
The dominant aspect of this plant community is a shrubland (blackbrush and Mormon tea), mixed with perennial cool and warm season grasses and some forbs. Other common shrubs include broom snakeweed, fourwing saltbush and sand sagebrush. Common grasses include Indian ricegrass, galleta, sandhill muhly, blue grama and dropseeds.
Figure 5. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (kg/hectare) |
Representative value (kg/hectare) |
High (kg/hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shrub/Vine | 168 | 213 | 258 |
| Grass/Grasslike | 90 | 135 | 179 |
| Forb | 11 | 34 | 50 |
| Total | 269 | 382 | 487 |
Table 6. Soil surface cover
| Tree basal cover | 0% |
|---|---|
| Shrub/vine/liana basal cover | 5-10% |
| Grass/grasslike basal cover | 1-5% |
| Forb basal cover | 0-5% |
| Non-vascular plants | 0% |
| Biological crusts | 1-20% |
| Litter | 10-25% |
| Surface fragments >0.25" and <=3" | 0% |
| Surface fragments >3" | 0% |
| Bedrock | 0% |
| Water | 0% |
| Bare ground | 40-70% |
Table 7. Canopy structure (% cover)
| Height Above Ground (m) | Tree | Shrub/Vine | Grass/ Grasslike |
Forb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <0.15 | – | 1-10% | 1-5% | 0-3% |
| >0.15 <= 0.3 | – | 5-10% | 0-5% | 0-1% |
| >0.3 <= 0.6 | – | 1-5% | 0-1% | – |
| >0.6 <= 1.4 | – | 0-1% | – | – |
| >1.4 <= 4 | – | – | – | – |
| >4 <= 12 | – | – | – | – |
| >12 <= 24 | – | – | – | – |
| >24 <= 37 | – | – | – | – |
| >37 | – | – | – | – |
Figure 6. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ3521, 35.2 6-10" p.z. all sites. Growth begins in the spring and continues through the summer. Most growth in this CRA occurs in the spring using stored winter moisture..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 1 | 9 | 20 | 27 | 14 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ5202, Indian ricegrass, 35.2 6-10" p.z.. Growth begins in spring, most growth occurs in May, goes dormant during summer heat..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 10 | 15 | 40 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 8. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ5206, 35.2 6-10" p.z. blackbrush. Most growth occurs in the srping, goes dormant during the summer..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ5208, 35.2 6-10" p.z. Cutler Mormon tea. Most growth occurs in the spring, goes dormant in the summer, some growth occurs in the fall..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 10 | 50 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Community 1.2
Shrubland
The aspect of this plant community is a blackbrush shrubland mixed with mormon tea, sand sagebrush and/or broom snakeweed. Perennial grasses are reduced with dominant grasses of galleta and sandhill muhly with lesser amounts of Indian ricegrass. This site has increased bare ground and lesser amounts of herbaceous cover due to soil surface disturbance.
Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2
Drought, unmanaged grazing, possible lack of fire or other disturbances that cause soil surface instability.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1
Grazing management, favorable climate (wet), improved soil surface stability to increase herbaceous cover and slow further sand sagebrush and snakeweed expansion.
State 2
Current Potential, Introduction of Invasive Annuals
The dominant aspect of the plant community in this state is a shrubland with blackbrush and other shrubs, mixed with perennial cool and warm season grasses with the introduction of non-native invasive annuals.
Community 2.1
Blackbrush Shrubland - Current Potential
The aspect of this site is a shrubland (blackbrush and Mormon tea) with perennial cool and warm season grasses and some forbs with introduced annuals present. Other shrubs include broom snakeweed, fourwing saltbush and sand sagebrush. Common grasses include Indian ricegrass, galleta, sandhill muhly, blue grama and dropseeds. Introduced annuals occuring on the site are cheatgrass and Russian thistle.
Community 2.2
Shrubland - Current Potential
The dominant aspect of this plant community is a blackbrush shrubland with other shrubs such as Mormon tea, sand sagebrush and broom snakeweed with introduced annuals present. Perennial grasses are in decline with dominant grasses of galleta and sandhill muhly with lesser amounts of Indian ricegrass. Introduced annual species are present in minor amounts, such as cheatgrass and Russian thistle.
Pathway 2.1A
Community 2.1 to 2.2
Drought, Unmanaged grazing, lack of fire or other disturbances that cause soil surface instability.
Pathway 2.2A
Community 2.2 to 2.1
Grazing management, favorable climate/precipitation, improved soil surface stability to increase herbaceous cover.
State 3
Eroded Surface, Shrub Dominated
This plant community is characterized by a dominance of shrubs with a decrease in perennial grasses and increase in annual native and non-native annuals.
Community 3.1
Eroded Surface, Shrub Dominated
This plant community is characterized by a dominance of shrubs with a decrease in perennial grasses and increase in annual native and non-native annuals. Shrubs include blackbrush, sand sagebrush, rabbitbrush, Mormon tea, sand buckwheat and false pillar gumweed. Bare ground ranges from 75 to 90 percent along with increased signs of active deposition, blowouts and wind scour. A return to State 2 may only be possible with a combination of intensive management inputs and a favorable climate regime to allow soil stabilization over time. Due to sand sagebrush's ability to quickly colonize disturbed sandy sites and blackbrush's slow establishment, a return back to a blackbrush dominated plant community may take several years or decades, if possible.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2
Introduction of non-native annuals species creates an irreversible change in the plant community
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3
Unmanaged grazing, prolonged drought, loss of herbaceous cover with severe soil surface disturbace. Loss of soil site stability and biotic integrity, creates bare areas with low soil surface resistance to erosion.
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 2
Managed grazing, invasive weed control, reseeding of perennial grasses, favorable climate.
Additional community tables
Table 8. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (kg/hectare) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Cool season perennial grasses | 56–101 | ||||
| Indian ricegrass | ACHY | Achnatherum hymenoides | 39–78 | – | ||
| squirreltail | ELEL5 | Elymus elymoides | 4–20 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECO26 | Hesperostipa comata | 4–20 | – | ||
| purple threeawn | ARPU9 | Aristida purpurea | 0–12 | – | ||
| 2 | Warm season perennial grasses | 39–78 | ||||
| James' galleta | PLJA | Pleuraphis jamesii | 4–39 | – | ||
| spike dropseed | SPCO4 | Sporobolus contractus | 0–20 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 0–20 | – | ||
| mesa dropseed | SPFL2 | Sporobolus flexuosus | 0–20 | – | ||
| black grama | BOER4 | Bouteloua eriopoda | 4–20 | – | ||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 4–20 | – | ||
| sandhill muhly | MUPU2 | Muhlenbergia pungens | 0–8 | – | ||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–8 | – | ||
| 3 | Annual grasses | 0–11 | ||||
| sixweeks grama | BOBA2 | Bouteloua barbata | 0–8 | – | ||
| sixweeks fescue | VUOC | Vulpia octoflora | 0–8 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 4 | Forbs | 12–50 | ||||
| fineleaf hymenopappus | HYFIL | Hymenopappus filifolius var. lugens | 0–8 | – | ||
| tansyaster | MACHA | Machaeranthera | 0–8 | – | ||
| Forb, annual | 2FA | Forb, annual | 0–8 | – | ||
| rose heath | CHER2 | Chaetopappa ericoides | 0–8 | – | ||
| Wright's bird's beak | COWR2 | Cordylanthus wrightii | 0–8 | – | ||
| globemallow | SPHAE | Sphaeralcea | 0–8 | – | ||
| winged buckwheat | ERAL4 | Eriogonum alatum | 0–4 | – | ||
| flatcrown buckwheat | ERDED4 | Eriogonum deflexum var. deflexum | 0–4 | – | ||
| buckwheat | ERIOG | Eriogonum | 0–4 | – | ||
| ragweed | AMBRO | Ambrosia | 0–4 | – | ||
| Eastwood's sandwort | AREA | Arenaria eastwoodiae | 0–4 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–4 | – | ||
| crownleaf evening primrose | OECO2 | Oenothera coronopifolia | 0–4 | – | ||
| New Mexico groundsel | PANEN | Packera neomexicana var. neomexicana | 0–4 | – | ||
| phlox | PHLOX | Phlox | 0–4 | – | ||
| purslane | PORTU | Portulaca | 0–4 | – | ||
| spurge | EUPHO | Euphorbia | 0–3 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 5 | Dominate Shrub | 118–157 | ||||
| blackbrush | CORA | Coleogyne ramosissima | 118–157 | – | ||
| 6 | Subshrubs | 17–45 | ||||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 6–22 | – | ||
| southern goldenbush | ISPL | Isocoma pluriflora | 0–11 | – | ||
| gilia beardtongue | PEAM | Penstemon ambiguus | 0–11 | – | ||
| threadleaf ragwort | SEFLF | Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus | 0–11 | – | ||
| Riddell's ragwort | SERI2 | Senecio riddellii | 0–11 | – | ||
| 7 | Yucca and agave-like | 1–11 | ||||
| narrowleaf yucca | YUAN2 | Yucca angustissima | 1–11 | – | ||
| 8 | Cacti | 0–6 | ||||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 0–6 | – | ||
| 10 | Other Large Shrubs | 39–62 | ||||
| Cutler's jointfir | EPCU | Ephedra cutleri | 20–39 | – | ||
| sand sagebrush | ARFI2 | Artemisia filifolia | 4–20 | – | ||
| fourwing saltbush | ATCA2 | Atriplex canescens | 4–20 | – | ||
| sand buckwheat | ERLE9 | Eriogonum leptocladon | 0–8 | – | ||
| rubber rabbitbrush | ERNA10 | Ericameria nauseosa | 0–4 | – | ||
| Apache plume | FAPA | Fallugia paradoxa | 0–4 | – | ||
| common dunebroom | PAFI4 | Parryella filifolia | 0–4 | – | ||
| Greene's rabbitbrush | CHGR6 | Chrysothamnus greenei | 0–4 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
This site is used for grazing by cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.
Hydrological functions
There are no hydrologic features associated with this site.
Wood products
There is no potential for the production of wood products on this site.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
-
Type locality
| Location 1: Coconino County, AZ | |
|---|---|
| Latitude | 36° 10′ 15″ |
| Longitude | 111° 7′ 45″ |
Other references
Updates and revisions for this ESD were conducted as part of a 2007-2012 Interagency Technical Assistance Agreement between the Bureau of Indian Affairs–Navajo Region and the NRCS-Arizona.
Contributors
Ken Gishi
Kenneth Gishi
Larry D. Ellicott
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | Kenneth Gishi |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | State Rangeland Management Specialist, NRCS-Arizona State Office, Phoenix, AZ |
| Date | 02/25/2010 |
| Approved by | Stephen E. Cassady |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
None -
Presence of water flow patterns:
None expected due to rapid permeability and very low runoff characteristics of soils. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
No pedestal and terracettes, some mounding around long-lived perennial shrubs and grasses -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground ranges from 40-70% and can vary considerably due to the droughty nature of the site. Bare ground may be higher where this site intergrades with active sand dunes. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Uncommon. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
No appreciable movement of woody litter, some fine herbaceous litter movement expected by wind -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soils associated with this site develop a thin crust (physical or biological crust) resistant to erosion. Expected values of 2-3 -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
The surface of soils associated with this site are single grained; loose. Most surface textures are fine sands, but include sand and loamy fine sands. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
The site is characterized by a mix of shrub canopy (60%), scattered grasses (35%) and forbs (5%). A good mix of perennial bunchgrasses provide the best infiltration on the site. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
ShrubsSub-dominant:
Cool–season perennial grasses >= warm–season grasses > half-shrubsOther:
Annual forbs > perennial forbs >= annual grassesAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
In normal years mortality is very low for all functional groups. Less than 10% canopy decline in shrubs and perennial grasses. Summer droughts affect warm-season grasses the most and winter droughts affect shrubs and cool-season grasses the most. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
In normal rainfall years about 350 lbs/ac is expected. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Cheat grass and/or red brome, Russian thistle and other introduced annual forbs -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All plants native to this site are adapted to the climate and are capable of producing seeds, stolons, and/or rhizomes except during the most severe droughts.
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