Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R040XA104AZ
Clayey Upland 10"-13" p.z.
Accessed: 11/13/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 040X–Sonoran Basin and Range
AZ 40.1 – Upper Sonoran Desert
Elevations range from 2000 to 3200 feet and precipitation averages 10 to 13 inches per year. Vegetation includes saguaro, palo verde, mesquite, creosotebush, triangle bursage, prickly pear, cholla, limberbush, wolfberry, bush muhly, threeawns, ocotillo, and globe mallow. The soil temperature regime is thermic and the soil moisture regime is typic aridic. This unit occurs within the Basin and Range Physiographic Province and is characterized by numerous mountain ranges that rise abruptly from broad, plain-like valleys and basins. Igneous and metamorphic rock classes dominate the mountain ranges and sediments filling the basins represent combinations of fluvial, lacustrine, colluvial and alluvial deposits.
Ecological site concept
Clayey upland, 10-13" p.z., ecological site is located in upland position (receiving moisture from rainfall only). Soils are moderately deep to deep, clayey textured, and have vertic properties.
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Opuntia engelmannii |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Pleuraphis mutica |
Physiographic features
This site occurs in the upper elevations of the Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Terrace
(2) Stream terrace (3) Mesa |
|---|---|
| Elevation | 2,200 – 3,300 ft |
| Slope | 1 – 15% |
Climatic features
Precipitation in the sub resource area ranges from 10 to 13 inches in the southern part, along the Mexican border with elevations from about 1900 to 3200 feet. Precipitation in the northern part of the resource area ranges from 11 to 14 inches with elevations from about 1700 to 3500 feet. Winter-summer rainfall ratios range from 40%-60% in the southern portions of the land resource unit, to 50%-50% in the central portions, to 60%-40% in the northern part of the land resource unit. As one moves from east to west in this resource area rains become slightly more unpredictable and variable with Coefficients of Variation of annual rainfall equal to 29% at Tucson and 36% at Carefree. Summer rains fall July through Sept., originate in the Gulf of Mexico, and are convective, usually brief, intense thunderstorms. Cool season moisture tends to be frontal, originating in the Pacific and Gulf of California. This winter precipitation falls in widespread storms with long duration and low intensity. Snow is rare and seldom lasts more than an hour or two. May and June are the driest months of the year. Humidity is generally very low.
Winter temperatures are mild, with very few days recording freezing temperatures in the morning. Summer temperatures are warm to hot, with several days in June and July exceeding 105 degrees F.
Both the spring and the summer growing seasons are equally important for perennial grass, forb and shrub growth. Cool and warm season annual forbs and grasses can be common in their respective seasons with above average rainfall. Perennial forage species can remain green throughout the year with available moisture.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 265 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 0 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 13 in |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
Soil features
These are deep and moderately deep soils formed in clayey alluvium of montmorillinitic origin. They have high shrink-swell potential. Soil churning and cracking cause uneven surfaces. Plant-soil moisture relationships are good. Soils mapped on this site are: SSA-637 Western Yavapai County MU's Graham-GrB & Rimrock-GrB, Rk, Rm & Rn; SSA-645 Aguila-Carefree MU's Continental-24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 36, 37 & 38; SSA-668 Tucson-Avra Valley Area MU's Tubac-Tv2 & Vekol-Vo.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Surface texture |
(1) Clay loam (2) Loam |
|---|---|
| Family particle size |
(1) Clayey |
| Drainage class | Well drained |
| Permeability class | Moderately slow to slow |
| Soil depth | 60 in |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 10% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 1% |
| Available water capacity (0-40in) |
7 – 9 in |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in) |
10% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-40in) |
2 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in) |
2 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in) |
7.4 – 8.4 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
5% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
1% |
Ecological dynamics
Clayey Upland, 10-13” p.z., is a tobosa dominated desert grassland (tobosa patches with very few shrubs, succulents). The climate limits shrink-swell action of clayey soils so shrub recruitment and growth is only slightly restricted; fire does not play a role in maintaining the open aspect. The plant community phases within State 1. Desert Grassland are a Perennial Grass Community (1.1) and a Perennial Grass and Annuals Community. These community phases cycle with drought and excessive grazing pressure. The Perennial Grass>>Shrub Community (1.1), responds to drought and grazing with decreasing tobosa cover. As drought or excessive grazing pressure persists, tobosa vigor then basal cover declines. When normal rainfall patterns resume, or excessive grazing pressure removed, the perennial grass community will recover. However, when tobosa basal cover drops to less than 1%, a recovery threshold is crossed. The transition pathway from State 1 will go to one of three alternate states depending on inherent shrub and succulents in community (T1A to State 2. Desert Shrubland), presence of heavy stone and cobble cover (T1B to State 3. Shrub-Succulent-Grass), or introduction of non-native annuals with or without burning (T1C to State 4. Non-native Annuals).
Recovery pathways from State 2 and State 3 include removal of excessive grazing pressure, rangeland planting and a long-term commitment to prescribed grazing. Brush management may be applied to remove dominant succulent or shrub cover. This ecological site should not be burned.
Long-term excessive livestock grazing will permanently impair the site forcing the threshold to State 5 (T2B, T3A, T4A), Eroded State. Active erosion prevails. No recovery pathway is possible, however, management practices to limit soil loss are prescribed grazing and mechanical land treatment. (Community Pathway 5.1A). Pathway 5.2A will revert site to active erosion if excessive grazing pressure is resumed.
State and transition model
Figure 4. Clayey Upland STM
Figure 5. STM Legend
More interactive model formats are also available.
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More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Desert Grassland State
Community 1.1
Perennial Grass Community (Reference)
The Perennial Grass Community (1.1) has 15-30% tobosa canopy (ungrazed) with other perennial grasses such as purple three-awn, red grama and curly mesquite mixed within widely scattered shrubs and prickly pear. The aspect is open grassland. With continuous, heavy grazing, the perennial grass cover is thinned and species like prickley pear increase. Cool season annual grasses will replace perennial grasses. Introduced species like red brome, wild oats, and foxtail barley can be troublesome on this site.
Figure 6. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 490 | – | 560 |
| Forb | 70 | – | 140 |
| Shrub/Vine | 35 | – | 70 |
| Total | 595 | – | 770 |
Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). AZ4013, 40.1 10-13" p.z. other sites. Growth begins in the late winter, goes semi-dormant in the drought period of late May through early July, growth continues in the summer through early fall..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 15 | 0 | 5 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 5 | 0 |
Community 1.2
Perennial Grasses and Annuals Community
The Perennial Grass Community (1.1) has diminished tobosa canopy. Other perennial grasses such as purple three-awn, red grama and curly mesquite may be hard to find. Shrubs and succulents are scattered. Annual forbs and grasses flourish with rainfall. The aspect is open grassland.
Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2
Drought or short-term excessive grazing pressure impacts tobosa cover.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.1 to 1.2
Average rainfall patterns resume, excessive grazing pressure removed
State 2
Desert Shrubland State
Large shrubs and prickly pear dominate. Annuals and half-shrubs dominate the understory with tobosa basal cover below 1% recovery threshold.
Community 2.1
Shrub > Succulent Community
Large shrub canopy cover increases to 5-15%; prickly pear and other succulent canopy cover increases to 5-20%. Annual forbs and grasses (native annuals dominant, isolated patches of non-native annuals may be present). Tobosa and other perennial grasses and forbs may be present in trace amounts. Hydrology of site is altered with rooting depth and soil moisture uptake having shifted from many fibrous roots within upper 2-3' to few woody roots at depths >3'.
State 3
Stony Desert Shrubland State
Remnant tobosa basal cover is protected by stones and cobbles on the soil surface. Large shrubs and prickly pear co-dominant with half shrubs.
Community 3.1
Shrub - Succulent > Grass Community
On some soil series, cobbly or stony surfaces protect tobosa from heavy grazing events, leaving remnant tobosa on this site (tobosa basal cover <1%). Large shrub canopy cover increases to 5-15%; prickly pear and other succulent canopy cover increases to 5-20%. Annual forbs and grasses (native annuals dominant, isolated patches of non-native annuals may be present). Hydrology of site is only slightly shifted by dominance of rooting depth and soil moisture uptake with some fibrous roots within upper 2-3' and woody roots at depths >3'.
State 4
Non-native Annuals State
Non-native annuals (including red brome, filaree, schisms and purslane) dominate understory (continuous, non-patchy distribution of non-native annuals). Shrubs and succulents may be absent if site has fire or brush management history.
Community 4.1
Exotic Annual Plant Community
The Exotic Annuals Plant Community is an ephemeral community of non-native annual forbs and grasses that flourishes after rainfall events. Occasionally, this site will produce enough fine fuels to carry fire. Fire within this community promotes non-native annuals to the detriment of native shrubs, succulents. Hydrology of site is greatly impaired. Fine roots are only present in upper 6" of soil profile; presence of woody roots at depth depends on presence of shrub and succulents.
State 5
Eroded State
Large shrubs and prickly pear may be absent or up to 30% canopy cover depending on fire and brush management history. Perennial grasses and forbs are absent. Annuals fluctuate with rainfall but are unable to establish in active soil movement areas. Active soil erosion is evident by severe sheet, rill and gully erosion. Non-stony soil surfaces erode easily. Sites with stone and cobble cover are naturally more resistant to transitioning to this state but it can happen.
Community 5.1
Eroded Shrub-Succulent Community
Large shrubs and succulents can be present up to 30% canopy cover. Perennial forbs and grasses are absent. Gone. Annuals only establish in stable areas after rainfall.
Community 5.2
Managed Erosion Community
Active soil erosion can be reduced with application of intensive practices such as mechanical land treatment and installation of small rock dams. The site does not have a restoration pathway but can be stabilized in a managed community. Success of the managed erosion community is highly dependent upon long-term prescribed grazing. Annuals will proliferate in stabilized areas. Success of any range planting depends on post-seeding rainfall and management
Additional community tables
Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Dominant Grass | 420–490 | ||||
| tobosagrass | PLMU3 | Pleuraphis mutica | 420–490 | – | ||
| 2 | Miscellaneous Grasses | 35–70 | ||||
| purple threeawn | ARPU9 | Aristida purpurea | 0–10 | – | ||
| Parish's threeawn | ARPUP5 | Aristida purpurea var. parishii | 0–10 | – | ||
| Wright's threeawn | ARPUW | Aristida purpurea var. wrightii | 0–10 | – | ||
| spidergrass | ARTE3 | Aristida ternipes | 0–10 | – | ||
| spidergrass | ARTEG | Aristida ternipes var. gentilis | 0–10 | – | ||
| curly-mesquite | HIBE | Hilaria belangeri | 1–10 | – | ||
| vine mesquite | PAOB | Panicum obtusum | 1–5 | – | ||
| big galleta | PLRI3 | Pleuraphis rigida | 0–5 | – | ||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 1–3 | – | ||
| squirreltail | ELELE | Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides | 1–2 | – | ||
| 3 | Annual Grasses | 5–70 | ||||
| Rothrock's grama | BORO2 | Bouteloua rothrockii | 1–20 | – | ||
| needle grama | BOAR | Bouteloua aristidoides | 1–15 | – | ||
| sixweeks threeawn | ARAD | Aristida adscensionis | 1–10 | – | ||
| sixweeks fescue | VUOC | Vulpia octoflora | 1–10 | – | ||
| little barley | HOPU | Hordeum pusillum | 1–8 | – | ||
| Mexican sprangletop | LEFUU | Leptochloa fusca ssp. uninervia | 1–5 | – | ||
| mucronate sprangeltop | LEPAB | Leptochloa panicea ssp. brachiata | 1–5 | – | ||
| sticky sprangletop | LEVI5 | Leptochloa viscida | 1–5 | – | ||
| delicate muhly | MUFR | Muhlenbergia fragilis | 1–5 | – | ||
| littleseed muhly | MUMI | Muhlenbergia microsperma | 1–5 | – | ||
| Bigelow's bluegrass | POBI | Poa bigelovii | 1–5 | – | ||
| sixweeks grama | BOBA2 | Bouteloua barbata | 1–5 | – | ||
| burrograss | SCBR2 | Scleropogon brevifolius | 0–3 | – | ||
| Pacific fescue | VUMIP | Vulpia microstachys var. pauciflora | 1–3 | – | ||
| Arizona brome | BRAR4 | Bromus arizonicus | 0–2 | – | ||
| feather fingergrass | CHVI4 | Chloris virgata | 1–2 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 4 | Perennial Forbs | 35–70 | ||||
| desert globemallow | SPAM2 | Sphaeralcea ambigua | 20–40 | – | ||
| bluedicks | DICAC5 | Dichelostemma capitatum ssp. capitatum | 5–15 | – | ||
| dwarf desertpeony | ACNA2 | Acourtia nana | 5–10 | – | ||
| Indian rushpea | HOGL2 | Hoffmannseggia glauca | 0–8 | – | ||
| Louisiana vetch | VILUL2 | Vicia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana | 0–5 | – | ||
| 5 | Annual & Trace Perennials | 35–70 | ||||
| desert Indianwheat | PLOV | Plantago ovata | 1–15 | – | ||
| western tansymustard | DEPI | Descurainia pinnata | 1–10 | – | ||
| weakleaf bur ragweed | AMCO3 | Ambrosia confertiflora | 1–10 | – | ||
| Coulter's globemallow | SPCO2 | Sphaeralcea coulteri | 2–10 | – | ||
| Arizona popcornflower | PLAR | Plagiobothrys arizonicus | 1–5 | – | ||
| carelessweed | AMPA | Amaranthus palmeri | 1–5 | – | ||
| fringed redmaids | CACI2 | Calandrinia ciliata | 1–5 | – | ||
| spreading fleabane | ERDI4 | Erigeron divergens | 1–5 | – | ||
| Texas stork's bill | ERTE13 | Erodium texanum | 1–5 | – | ||
| American wild carrot | DAPU3 | Daucus pusillus | 1–4 | – | ||
| whitemargin sandmat | CHAL11 | Chamaesyce albomarginata | 1–3 | – | ||
| goosefoot | CHENO | Chenopodium | 1–3 | – | ||
| California poppy | ESCAM | Eschscholzia californica ssp. mexicana | 1–3 | – | ||
| shaggyfruit pepperweed | LELA | Lepidium lasiocarpum | 1–2 | – | ||
| coastal bird's-foot trefoil | LOSA | Lotus salsuginosus | 1–2 | – | ||
| lacy tansyaster | MAPIP4 | Machaeranthera pinnatifida ssp. pinnatifida var. pinnatifida | 1–2 | – | ||
| purslane | PORTU | Portulaca | 1–2 | – | ||
| doubleclaw | PRPA2 | Proboscidea parviflora | 1–2 | – | ||
| Nuttall's povertyweed | MONU | Monolepis nuttalliana | 1–2 | – | ||
| desert tobacco | NIOBO | Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia | 1–2 | – | ||
| evening primrose | OENOT | Oenothera | 1–2 | – | ||
| Florida pellitory | PAFL3 | Parietaria floridana | 1–2 | – | ||
| manybristle chinchweed | PEPA2 | Pectis papposa | 1–2 | – | ||
| hyssopleaf sandmat | CHHY3 | Chamaesyce hyssopifolia | 1–2 | – | ||
| New Mexico thistle | CINE | Cirsium neomexicanum | 1–2 | – | ||
| fingerleaf gourd | CUDI | Cucurbita digitata | 1–2 | – | ||
| Missouri gourd | CUFO | Cucurbita foetidissima | 1–2 | – | ||
| coyote gourd | CUPA | Cucurbita palmata | 1–2 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 1–2 | – | ||
| hoary bowlesia | BOIN3 | Bowlesia incana | 1–2 | – | ||
| California suncup | CACA32 | Camissonia californica | 0–1 | – | ||
| tuber anemone | ANTU | Anemone tuberosa | 0–1 | – | ||
| mariposa lily | CALOC | Calochortus | 0–1 | – | ||
| silverleaf nightshade | SOEL | Solanum elaeagnifolium | 0–1 | – | ||
| woolly plantain | PLPA2 | Plantago patagonica | 0–1 | – | ||
| redseed plantain | PLRH | Plantago rhodosperma | 0–1 | – | ||
| Lindley's silverpuffs | MILI5 | Microseris lindleyi | 0–1 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | Misc Shrubs | 5–35 | ||||
| fairyduster | CAER | Calliandra eriophylla | 1–5 | – | ||
| blue paloverde | PAFL6 | Parkinsonia florida | 1–5 | – | ||
| jojoba | SICH | Simmondsia chinensis | 1–3 | – | ||
| soaptree yucca | YUEL | Yucca elata | 1–3 | – | ||
| lotebush | ZIOB | Ziziphus obtusifolia | 1–2 | – | ||
| banana yucca | YUBA | Yucca baccata | 0–2 | – | ||
| Joshua tree | YUBR | Yucca brevifolia | 0–2 | – | ||
| honey mesquite | PRGLG | Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa | 1–2 | – | ||
| hollyleaf redberry | RHIL | Rhamnus ilicifolia | 0–2 | – | ||
| desert-thorn | LYCIU | Lycium | 1–2 | – | ||
| pale desert-thorn | LYPA | Lycium pallidum | 1–2 | – | ||
| whitethorn acacia | ACCO2 | Acacia constricta | 1–2 | – | ||
| catclaw acacia | ACGR | Acacia greggii | 1–2 | – | ||
| crucifixion thorn | CAHO3 | Canotia holacantha | 0–1 | – | ||
| Cooley's bundleflower | DECO2 | Desmanthus cooleyi | 0–1 | – | ||
| 7 | Succulents | 0–35 | ||||
| desert agave | AGDE | Agave deserti | 0–3 | – | ||
| dollarjoint pricklypear | OPCH | Opuntia chlorotica | 0–3 | – | ||
| cactus apple | OPEN3 | Opuntia engelmannii | 0–3 | – | ||
| candy barrelcactus | FEWI | Ferocactus wislizeni | 0–2 | – | ||
| buckhorn cholla | CYACA2 | Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa var. acanthocarpa | 0–1 | – | ||
| Arizona pencil cholla | CYAR14 | Cylindropuntia arbuscula | 0–1 | – | ||
| Whipple cholla | CYWH | Cylindropuntia whipplei | 0–1 | – | ||
| Engelmann's hedgehog cactus | ECEN | Echinocereus engelmannii | 0–1 | – | ||
| 8 | Shrubs | 0–7 | ||||
| triangle bur ragweed | AMDE4 | Ambrosia deltoidea | 1–3 | – | ||
| brittlebush | ENFA | Encelia farinosa | 1–3 | – | ||
| jojoba | SICH | Simmondsia chinensis | 0–3 | – | ||
| goldeneye | VIGUI | Viguiera | 0–2 | – | ||
| trailing krameria | KRLA | Krameria lanceolata | 0–2 | – | ||
| bastardsage | ERWR | Eriogonum wrightii | 0–2 | – | ||
| fourwing saltbush | ATCA2 | Atriplex canescens | 0–2 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 0–1 | – | ||
|
Tree
|
||||||
| 9 | Tree | 0–2 | ||||
| yellow paloverde | PAMI5 | Parkinsonia microphylla | 0–2 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
Tobosa, the dominate forage species, is very unpalatable when cured and is best used when green in either the spring or summer growing season. Perennial forage species grow year-round with available moisture. The plant community on this site lacks in digestable protein in the fall and winter.
Water developments are very important to wildlife species on this site. Vegetative cover and forage diversity are lacking for the large desert mammals and this site is mainly a seasonal forage area for them. The site is home to a variety of small mammals and their predators.
Supporting information
Type locality
| Location 1: Maricopa County, AZ | |
|---|---|
| Township/Range/Section | T7N R2E S18 |
| General legal description | Phoenix - NO Ranch - Wild Burro Mesa |
Contributors
Dan Robinett
Larry D. Ellicott
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | |
| Date | |
| Approved by | |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
-
Presence of water flow patterns:
-
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
-
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
-
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
-
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
-
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
-
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
-
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
-
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
-
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
-
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Sub-dominant:
Other:
Additional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
-
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
-
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
-
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
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