Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R042AC255TX
Sandstone Hill and Mountain, Desert Grassland
Last updated: 8/10/2020
Accessed: 11/23/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
Associated sites
| R042AC244TX |
Gravelly, Desert Grassland Can be adjacent to and in a lower position. |
|---|---|
| R042AB586TX |
Sandstone Hill and Mountain, Hot Desert Shrub Located on south facing slopes along the transition between Desert Grassland and Hot Desert Shrub vegetative zones. An indicator of the Hot Desert Shrub site is the presence of chino grama as the dominant grass. |
Similar sites
| R042AC249TX |
Limestone Hill and Mountain, Desert Grassland Species composition and production will vary but physiographic features are similar. |
|---|
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
Not specified |
| Herbaceous |
Not specified |
Physiographic features
The site occurs on gently sloping to steep sandstone hills, mountains, and ridges. Slopes range from 3 to about 60 percent. Runoff is low on 3 to 5 percent slopes, medium on slopes of 5 to 20 percent, and high to very high on slopes greater than 20 percent. Aspect influences plant composition and production.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Hill
(2) Mountain (3) Ridge |
|---|---|
| Flooding duration | Very brief (4 to 48 hours) |
| Flooding frequency | Rare to occasional |
| Ponding frequency | None |
| Elevation | 1,067 – 1,524 m |
| Slope | 3 – 60% |
| Aspect | N, S |
Climatic features
The average annual precipitation ranges from 12 to 14 inches and highly variable from 3 to 32 inches. Approximately 75 percent of the precipitation occurs as widely scattered thunderstorms of high intensity and short duration during the summer. Occasional precipitation occurs as light rainfall during the cool season. Negligible amounts of precipitation falls in the form of sleet or snow.
The optimum growing season ranges from July 1 through September, but is governed by time and amount of rainfall. Although frost-free days begin in April, sufficient moisture for growing plants to reach maturity is usually not available until late summer or early fall. Mean annual air temperature is 64° F. Daytime temperatures near 100º F are common from May through August. The prevailing wind is from the southwest. Average wind speed is highest, around 11 miles per hour, in March and April.
The combination of low rainfall and relative humidity, warm temperatures, and high solar radiation creates a significant moisture deficit. The annual Class-A pan evaporation is approximately 85 inches.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 232 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 255 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 356 mm |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
None.
Soil features
The site consists of very shallow to shallow, well drained, gravelly and loamy soils that formed in both residuum and colluvium weathered from sandstone bedrock. In addition to sandstone, the Buckear series will also have soils weathered from shale. Outcrops of tilted, strongly cemented sandstone and large sandstone boulders are common. Depth to root restricting layer ranges from 8 to 20 inches. The soils are well drained and have a low water holding capacity.
The site consists of very shallow to shallow, well drained, gravelly and loamy soils that formed in both residuum and colluvium weathered from sandstone bedrock. In addition to sandstone, the Buckear series will also have soils weathered from shale. Outcrops of tilted, strongly cemented sandstone and large sandstone boulders are common. Depth to root restricting layer ranges from 8 to 20 inches. The soils are well drained and have a low water holding capacity.
Associated soil series for the Sandstone Hill & Mountain ecological site include: Allamore, Beach, Buckear, and Coyanosa.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Parent material |
(1)
Residuum
–
sandstone
|
|---|---|
| Surface texture |
(1) Very gravelly loam (2) Very cobbly loam (3) Very gravelly fine sandy loam |
| Family particle size |
(1) Loamy |
| Drainage class | Well drained |
| Permeability class | Very slow to slow |
| Soil depth | 10 – 51 cm |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 25 – 60% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 10 – 25% |
| Available water capacity (0-101.6cm) |
2.54 cm |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 30% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 2 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-101.6cm) |
0 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm) |
6.6 – 8.4 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
30 – 55% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
5 – 15% |
Ecological dynamics
The reference plant community for the Sandstone Hill & Mountain (Desert Grassland) ecological site is characterized by bunch and stoloniferous mid and shortgrasses associated with a diverse variety of woody shrubs and forbs. Species composition and production varies with the interaction of yearly weather conditions, aspect, elevation, geologic attributes, and the natural variability of the soils.
Probably the factor that most influenced the historic vegetative composition of the site was extended dry weather. High rainfall events did occur but were sporadic. The perennial grasses dominating the site could survive the periodic droughts as long as the density of woody plants did not become excessive, and top-removal of the grass plants did not occur too frequently. Overgrazing amplifies the effects of drought. Insects, rodents, infrequent fire, and herbivores such as mule deer and desert bighorn sheep were also present. Bison were not documented in the historical record as being present in any significant amount. A lack of sufficient water and rough terrain were probably contributing factors.
Extensive ranching activity by settlers began in the Trans-Pecos region in the late 1800s. The majority of the domestic livestock grazing during that time were cattle, sheep, and goats. Some historical accounts document ranches with stocking rates as high as one animal unit per four acres; this was far from sustainable in this environment. High stocking rates combined with multiyear droughts deteriorated the condition of rangelands in many parts of the Trans-Pecos region.
Within the Sandstone Hill & Mountain ecological site, improper grazing management will lead to transitions in grass species composition and an increase in shrubs. Ecological processes such as water and nutrient cycles may also be affected by improper grazing management.
The following diagram suggests general pathways that the vegetation on this site might follow. There are other plant communities and states not shown on the diagram. This information is intended to show what might happen in a given set of circumstances; it does not mean that this would happen the same way in every instance. Local professional guidance should always be sought before pursuing a treatment scenario.
State and transition model
Figure 4. Sandstone Hill & Mtn (Desert Grassland) - STM Diag
More interactive model formats are also available.
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Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
Ecosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Grassland State
Community 1.1
Black grama/Sideoats grama Grassland Community
Figure 5. 1.1 Black grama/Sideoats grama Grassland Community
The black grama-sideoats grama grassland is the reference plant community for the site. Grasses account for approximately 80 percent of plant community by air dry weight, while shrubs and forbs account for 15 and 5 percent, respectively. The site is characterized by high perennial grass cover, minimal soil movement, and small, unconnected bare patches. Black grama and sideoats are the dominant grasses while other grasses such as Arizona cottontop, plains bristlegrass, sand dropseed, cane bluestem, and Hall’s panicum occur in association. Common shrubs include sotol, yucca, range ratany, feather dalea, skeletonleaf goldeneye, and pricklypear. Species composition and production will vary with aspect, elevation, slope gradient, and the natural range of soil characteristics. Under continuous heavy grazing by domestic livestock, palatable grasses such as black grama, plains bristlegrass, Arizona cottontop decrease in composition, while less palatable grasses such as fluffgrass, threeawns, and slim tridens begin to increase. Conservation practices such as prescribed grazing can help arrest and restore the trend back towards the reference plant community.
Figure 6. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (kg/hectare) |
Representative value (kg/hectare) |
High (kg/hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 448 | 673 | 897 |
| Shrub/Vine | 84 | 123 | 168 |
| Forb | 28 | 45 | 56 |
| Tree | – | – | – |
| Total | 560 | 841 | 1121 |
Figure 7. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). TX0026, Grama Dominated Grassland with scattered shrubs. Black and sideoats grama dominates the community along with few shrubs scattered across landscape..
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 25 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Community 1.2
Patchy Black grama and Sideoats grama Community
Figure 8. 1.2 Patchy Black Grama and Sideoats Grama Communit
The patchy black grama-sideoats grama plant community is a response to improper grazing management. Drought will only exacerbate the situation. Perennial grass cover is lower and patchy. Grasses such as threeawns, fluffgrass, slim tridens, and annual grasses have increased. Either separately or in combination, shrubs such as whitethorn acacia, lechuguilla, mariola, and creosotebush have also increased. Both annual and perennial forbs will also increase in relative composition. Continued intense grazing within this plant community and soil erosion can trigger the site to transition to the Shrub Encroached State 2. A combination of favorable rainfall and conservation practices such as prescribed grazing can help facilitate the recovery of grasses more palatable to livestock. A combination of community phases 1.1 and 1.2 occurring within a given area can provide the necessary habitat heterogeneity for both livestock and wildlife.
Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2
With improper grazing exacerbated by drought, the Black grama and Sideoats Grama Grassland Community converts to Patchy Black grama and Sideoats Grama Grassland Community.
Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1
With Prescribed Grazing and favorable rainfall, the Patchy Black grama and Sideoats grama Grassland Community converts to Black grama and Sideoats grama Grassland Community.
Conservation practices
| Prescribed Grazing |
|---|
State 2
Encroached Shrub State
Community 2.1
Shrub Encroached Community
Figure 9. 2.1 Shrub Encroached Community
Figure 10. 2.1 Shrub Encroached Community (2)
This plant community 2.1 is the result of prolonged and extensive overutilization of plant resources by livestock. The plant community is mostly devoid of any grasses and is characterized “increaser” shrubs such as whitethorn acacia, lechuguilla, and/or creosotebush. A combination of prescribed grazing, brush management and favorable rainfall over several years can potentially facilitate grass recolonization. The rate of recovery will depend on the extent to which soil properties were altered during retrogression (Heitschmidt and Stuth 1991).
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2
With continued improper grazing exacerbated by drought, the Grassland State converts to Shrub Encroached State.
Additional community tables
Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (kg/hectare) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Midgrasses | 140–280 | ||||
| black grama | BOER4 | Bouteloua eriopoda | 112–224 | – | ||
| sideoats grama | BOCU | Bouteloua curtipendula | 84–168 | – | ||
| 2 | Midgrasses | 196–392 | ||||
| Arizona cottontop | DICA8 | Digitaria californica | 67–112 | – | ||
| green sprangletop | LEDU | Leptochloa dubia | 67–112 | – | ||
| spike dropseed | SPCO4 | Sporobolus contractus | 67–112 | – | ||
| sand dropseed | SPCR | Sporobolus cryptandrus | 67–112 | – | ||
| cane bluestem | BOBA3 | Bothriochloa barbinodis | 50–84 | – | ||
| 3 | Mid/Shortgrasses | 84–168 | ||||
| plains lovegrass | ERIN | Eragrostis intermedia | 28–56 | – | ||
| cliff muhly | MUPO | Muhlenbergia polycaulis | 28–56 | – | ||
| Hall's panicgrass | PAHA | Panicum hallii | 28–56 | – | ||
| streambed bristlegrass | SELE6 | Setaria leucopila | 28–56 | – | ||
| mesa dropseed | SPFL2 | Sporobolus flexuosus | 28–56 | – | ||
| 4 | Shortgrasses | 28–56 | ||||
| threeawn | ARIST | Aristida | 11–28 | – | ||
| low woollygrass | DAPU7 | Dasyochloa pulchella | 11–28 | – | ||
| fall witchgrass | DICO6 | Digitaria cognata | 11–28 | – | ||
| nineawn pappusgrass | ENDE | Enneapogon desvauxii | 11–28 | – | ||
| slim tridens | TRMU | Tridens muticus | 11–28 | – | ||
| blue grama | BOGR2 | Bouteloua gracilis | 0–17 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 5 | Tall shrubs | 39–78 | ||||
| whitethorn acacia | ACCO2 | Acacia constricta | 11–28 | – | ||
| catclaw acacia | ACGR | Acacia greggii | 11–28 | – | ||
| jointfir | EPHED | Ephedra | 11–28 | – | ||
| ocotillo | FOSP2 | Fouquieria splendens | 11–28 | – | ||
| creosote bush | LATR2 | Larrea tridentata | 11–28 | – | ||
| algerita | MATR3 | Mahonia trifoliolata | 11–28 | – | ||
| western honey mesquite | PRGLT | Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana | 11–28 | – | ||
| littleleaf sumac | RHMI3 | Rhus microphylla | 11–28 | – | ||
| resinbush | VIST | Viguiera stenoloba | 11–28 | – | ||
| lotebush | ZIOB | Ziziphus obtusifolia | 11–28 | – | ||
| 6 | Shrubs | 22–45 | ||||
| featherplume | DAFO | Dalea formosa | 6–17 | – | ||
| littleleaf ratany | KRER | Krameria erecta | 6–17 | – | ||
| mariola | PAIN2 | Parthenium incanum | 6–17 | – | ||
| woody crinklemat | TICAC | Tiquilia canescens var. canescens | 6–17 | – | ||
| 7 | Shrubs | 22–45 | ||||
| lechuguilla | AGLE | Agave lechuguilla | 6–17 | – | ||
| tree cholla | CYIMI | Cylindropuntia imbricata var. imbricata | 6–17 | – | ||
| green sotol | DALE2 | Dasylirion leiophyllum | 6–17 | – | ||
| Texas sacahuista | NOTE | Nolina texana | 6–17 | – | ||
| pricklypear | OPUNT | Opuntia | 6–17 | – | ||
| yucca | YUCCA | Yucca | 6–17 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 8 | Forbs | 28–56 | ||||
| Forb, annual | 2FA | Forb, annual | 0–6 | – | ||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 1–6 | – | ||
| angel's trumpets | ACLO2 | Acleisanthes longiflora | 1–6 | – | ||
| croton | CROTO | Croton | 1–6 | – | ||
| bladderpod | LESQU | Lesquerella | 1–6 | – | ||
| arrowleaf mallow | MASA3 | Malvella sagittifolia | 1–6 | – | ||
| plains blackfoot | MELE2 | Melampodium leucanthum | 1–6 | – | ||
| menodora | MENOD | Menodora | 1–6 | – | ||
| polygala | POLYG | Polygala | 1–6 | – | ||
| globemallow | SPHAE | Sphaeralcea | 1–6 | – | ||
| pricklyleaf dogweed | THAC | Thymophylla acerosa | 1–6 | – | ||
| Rocky Mountain zinnia | ZIGR | Zinnia grandiflora | 1–6 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
The reference plant community is suited for conservative livestock grazing by cattle, horses, burros, and sheep and goats. However cattle may find limited accessibility on slopes greater than 15 percent. Livestock should be stocked in proportion to the grazeable grass, forbs, and browse. Improper grazing management, especially during droughts, causes a gradual decline in range health, reducing livestock nutrition and habitat quality for some wildlife. The flower buds, blooms, and fruit of sacahuista can be toxic livestock, especially sheep and goats. A minimum toxic dose for sheep is about 1 percent of the animal’s weight in buds or blooms (Hart et al. 2003).
Wildlife that use this site for at least a portion of their overall habitat needs include mule deer, javelinas, bobcats, coyotes, black-tailed jackrabbits, cottontails, raccoons, ringtails, gray foxes, mice, and ground squirrels. Birds that use this site as for at least a portion of their habitat needs include scaled quail, dove, raptors, and numerous song birds. Insects and reptiles such as rattlesnakes and lizards also frequent the area.
Plant Preference by Animal Kind:
These preferences are somewhat general in nature as the preferences for plants is dependent upon grazing experience, time of year, availability of choices, and total forage supply.
Legend: P=Preferred D=Desirable U=Undesirable N=Not Consumed T=Toxic X=Used, but not degree of utilization unknown
Preferred – Percentage of plant in animal diet is greater than it occurs on the land
Desirable – Percentage of plant in animal diet is similar to the percentage composition on the land
Undesirable – Percentage of plant in animal diet is less than it occurs on the land
Not Consumed – Plant would not be eaten under normal conditions. Only consumed when other forages not available.
Toxic – Rare occurrence in diet and, if consumed in any tangible amounts results in death or severe illness in animal
Hydrological functions
The site is located in both a surface water run-in and runoff position. Surface rock fragments and a high grass cover help reduce runoff potential especially on steep slopes. The reference plant community 1.1 provides the optimum hydrologic function for the site. A reduction in grass and ground cover, as in plant communities 1.2 and 2.1, will impair the hydrologic function of the site by increasing surface runoff and decreasing water infiltration.
Recreational uses
The site can be used for hiking and hunting.
Wood products
N/A
Other products
N/A
Other information
N/A
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been developed from NRCS clipping, composition, plant cover, soils data and ecological interpretations gained by field observation.
Other references
Hart, C.R., T. Garland, A.C. Barr, B.B. Carpenter, and J.C. Reagor. 2003. Toxic plants of Texas. Texas Cooperative Extension publication, Texas A&M Press, College Station.
Heitschmidt, R.K. and J.W. Stuth, eds. 1991. Grazing management: an ecological perspective. Portland, OR: Timberline Press.
USDA, National Water and Climate Center, “Climate Reports,” http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/ (accessed January 2007).
USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, “Plants Database,” http://plants.usda.gov/ (accessed August 2009
Reviewers:
Lynn Loomis, SS, NRCS, Marfa, TX
David Trujillo, RMS, NRCS, Las Cruces, NM
Mark Moseley, RMS, NRCS, Boerne, TX
Contributors
Michael Margo, RMS, NRCS, Marfa, Texas
Unknown
Approval
Scott Woodall, 8/10/2020
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | Michael Margo, RMS, NRCS, Marfa, Texas |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | Zone RMS, San Angelo, Texas, 325-944-0147 |
| Date | 02/02/2010 |
| Approved by | Scott Woodall |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
None. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
None, except following high intesity storms, when short (less than 1 m) and discontinuous flow patterns may appear. Flow patterns in drainages are linear and continuous. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
None. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
1-3% bare ground. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
In drainages, there can be significant amounts of litter moved long distances. On most of the site, minimal and short distance (<5ft) of litter movement associated with high intense rainfall. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Stability class anticipated to be 1-3 at the surface. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
1-4 inches thick, reddish or yellowish brown surface horizon with a weak granular or subangular structure. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
A high canopy cover of midgrass bunch and stoliniferous grasses will help minimize runoff and maximize infiltration. Grasses should comprise approximately 80% of total plant compostion by weight. Shrubs will comprise about 15% by weight. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Warm-season stoloniferous grasses >Sub-dominant:
Warm-season perennial bunchgrasses > Warm-season narrowleaf bunchgrasses > Shrubs >Other:
Subshrubs > Fibrous and Succulent leaves > Perennial forbs > Annual forbs > Annual grasses > Warm-season narrowleaf shortgrassesAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
All grasses will show some mortality and decadence in addition to annual forbs. Mid/tall perennial shrubs will show some mortality or decadence only after prolonged and severe droughts. Subshrubs will be less resistant to severe droughts than mid/tall perennial shrubs. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter is primarily herbaceous. -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
500 to 1000 pounds per acre. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Lehmann''s lovegrass is one potential invasive species that may occur on this site. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species should be capable of reproduction except during periods of prolonged drought conditions, heavy natural herbivory, or intense wildfires.
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