Physiographic features

Physiographic Features
This ecological site occurs mainly on forested slopes of mountains. Parent materials are mostly residuum and colluvium derived from granitic or metamorphic mantled by volcanic ash and loess.

Landscapes: Mountains
Landforms: Mountain slopes

Elevation:
Total range = 1005 to 1755 m
(3,295 to 5,755 feet)
Central tendency = 1285 to 1475 m
(4,215 to 4,840 feet)

Slope (percent):
Total range = 0 to 85 percent
Central tendency = 20 to 50 percent

Aspect: none dominant

Table 2. Representative physiographic features

Table 3. Representative physiographic features (actual ranges)

Climatic features

Climatic Features

The climate of this portion of the MLRA is controlled by a combination of large-scale and small-scale factors. The large-scale factors include latitude, relative position on the North American continent, prevailing hemispheric wind patterns, and extensive mountain barriers. Small-scale or local factors include the topographic setting and position (valley, slope, or ridge location), as well as orientation or aspect, and vegetative cover. Broadly, the climate is transitional between a northern Pacific coastal type and a continental type. The Pacific influence is noted particularly by the late autumn and winter maximum in cloudiness and precipitation and in the relatively moderate average winter temperatures, compared with areas east of the Rocky Mountains. Summer is characteristically sunny and dry, though July and August are the only distinct summer months. July and August are thus also the peak fire-danger months. Annual precipitation (rain and melted snow) averages as little as 10 inches at the lowest canyon floors; over 100 inches at the highest elevations. Wettest months are normally November, December, and January. Close to 60 percent of the annual total occurs during the period November through March. A slight, secondary peak in precipitation normally appears in May and June, followed by a sharp decrease in July. Snowfall accounts for more than 50 percent of the total precipitation at elevations above 4,800 ft. Snow cover usually persists in the mid elevation valleys from early December through the end of March. High-elevation snowpack reaches a depth of 5 ft or more in March and April and may linger into June. The main season of lightning (or thunderstorm) activity extends from late May through August. Storms occur on an average of 3 or 4 days each in June, July, and August. Monthly mean temperatures in populated valley locations range from 24 F (-4 C) in January to 65 F (18 C) in July; these are midpoint values between the average daily maximum and minimum temperatures. The annual mean is 43 F (6 C). A large diurnal range occurs in summer. Extreme temperatures have been as high as 103" to 105" F (about 40" C) and as low as -36" F (-38" C). Temperature inversions are commonplace, particularly on the clear summer and early autumn nights. The frost-free season, defined as the period with minimum temperatures staying above 32" F (0" C), varies widely with elevation and topographic position. The season is generally longer at lower elevation locations and on slope positions in the "thermal belt" around 3,500 ft. The season is shorter in positions affected by cold air drainage and slopes above the “thermal belt” at elevations >5,500 ft. Relative humidity is usually high throughout the day in late autumn and winter, averaging 70 to 80 percent or higher in midafternoon. In July and August, afternoon values average near 35 percent in the mid elevation valleys and 45 percent at 5,500 ft. Summer nighttime humidity in these valleys typically recovers to over 90 or 95 percent by dawn. On the slopes above the temperature inversion, at the same time, humidity may average only 50 to 60 percent. Winds have a prevailing (most frequent) direction from the southwest during all or most of the year. Local terrain effects modify the larger-scale wind that occurs in the adjacent free atmosphere. A nighttime drainage effect is common. Sunshine duration is at a minimum in December, when it may average only 20 percent of the maximum possible. July has close to 80 percent of the maximum possible.
(from Finklin, A. 1983. Climate of Priest River Experimental Forest, Northern Idaho.GTR-INT-159)


Frost-free period (days):
Total range = 40 to 90 days
Central tendency = 50 to 65 days

Mean annual precipitation (cm):
Total range = 920 to 1725 mm
(36 to 68 inches)
Central tendency = 1225 to 1425 mm
(48 to 56 inches)
MAAT (C)
Total range = 4.2 to 7.8
(40 to 46 F)
Central tendency = 5.6 to 6.4
(42 to 44 F)

Climate stations: none

Influencing water features

Water Table Depth: >80 inches

Flooding:
Frequency: None
Duration: None

Ponding:
Frequency: None
Duration: None

Soil features

Representative Soil Features

This ecological site is associated with several soil components (e.g. Typic Vitrandepts, Eutric Glossoboralfs, Longbar, Bigtalk, and Humic Udivitrands). The soil components are Typic Udivitrands, Alfic Udivitrands, Typic Hapludolls, Humic Udivitrands, and Typic Eutrudepts. These soils have developed in thick Mazama tephra deposits (often highly mixed with loess) over several other parent materials. These parent materials are dominantly: residuum and colluvium derived from granitic or metamorphic rock.

Typically, silicon and aluminum contained in volcanic ash weather to form various combinations of allophane and imogolite, which are noncrystalline hydrous aluminosilicates. Soils dominated by allophane and imogolite in the clay-size fraction are referred to as allophanic soils. They are characterized by moderately-to-slightly acid pH and low aluminum availability. Under certain conditions, such as non-forested openings (glades) in the GFM, aluminum-humus complexes are preferentially formed instead of allophane and imogolite. This process gives rise to non-allophanic soils. Soils of the GFM have non-allophanic characteristics reflected in low seasonal pH, high water availability in most years, high organic matter inputs from forb communities and a source of aluminum from the weathered volcanic ash. Allophanic and non-allophanic soils exist side by side in the GFM.

Table 4. Representative soil features

Table 5. Representative soil features (actual values)

References

• Cooper, S.V., K.E. Neiman, R. Steele, and D.W. Roberts. 1991. Forest Habitat types of Northern Idaho, A Second Approximation.

• Ferguson, D.E., J.L. Johnson-Maynard, and P.A. McDaniel. 2007. The Grand Fir Mosaic Ecosystem-History and Management Impacts.. in , , , , and , editors. Volcanic-Ash-Derived Forest Soils of the Inland Northwest: Properties and Implications for Management and Restoration. 9-10 November 2005; Coeur d’Alene, ID. Proceedings RMRS-P-44. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station., Fort Collins, CO.

• Ferguson, D.E. and F.D. Johnson. 1996. Classification of Grand Fir Mosaic habitats.. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-159. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden UT. 1–53.

• Ferguson, D.E. and J.C. Byrne. 2000. Environmental characteristics of the Grand Fir Mosaic and adjacent habitat types.. Research Paper RMRS-RP-24. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Ft. Collins,CO.. 1–20.

• Finklin, A.I. 1983. Climate of Priest River Experimental Forest, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-159. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. 53.

• Smith and Fischer. 1997. Fire Ecology of the Forest Habitat Types of Northern Idaho.

Approval

Curtis Talbot, 10/14/2020