Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site EX043B23C116
Igneous (Ig) Absaroka Subalpine Zone
Last updated: 10/04/2019
Accessed: 11/22/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 043B–Central Rocky Mountains
Major Land Resource Unit (MLRA) 43B: Central Rocky Mountains
43B – Central Rocky Mountains – The Central Rocky Mountains extends from northern Montana to southern extent of Wyoming and from Idaho to central Wyoming. The southern extent of 43B is comprised of a combination of metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary mountains and foothills. Climatic changes across this extent are broad and create several unique breaks in the landscape.
Further information regarding MLRAs, refer to: United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 2006. Land Resource Regions and Major Land Resource Areas of the United States, the Caribbean, and the Pacific Basin. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 296.
Available electronically at: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=nrcs142p2_053624#handbook.
LRU notes
Land Resource Unit (LRU) 43B23C: Absaroka Subalpine Zone
Based on the shifts in geology, precipitation patterns and other climatic factors, as well as elevation and vegetation, the Absaroka Range was divided into LRU 23. Further division of this LRU is necessary due to the gradient moving from the foothills to the summit, as well as aspect shifts (north/east face versus south/west face). Subset C is the high elevation zone noted for dense timber interspersed with open parks and longer persisting snowpack (within timberline). Precipitation can range from 18 to 20 plus inches and is more noted for the duration of snow cover and shorter growing season. To verify or identify Subset C (the referenced subset for this ecological site), refer to the Wyoming LRU matrix key contained within the Ecological Site Key.
This LRU/Subset occurs on the eastern divide of the Absaroka Range. This LRU starts north of Clark, WY and runs to the Thermopolis, WY area. Once the Absaroka Range merges with the Owl Creek and Wind River Ranges, the climatic patterns and elevational changes shifts the plant community and creates a break in the LRU/Subset.
The extent of soils currently correlated to this ecological site does not fit within the digitized boundary. Many of the noted soils are provisional and will be reviewed and corrected in mapping update projects. Other map units are correlated as small inclusions within other MLRA’s/LRU’s based on elevation, landform, and biological references.
Moisture Regime: Typic Ustic
Temperature Regime: Cryic
Dominant Cover: Rangeland – Sagebrush Steppe (major species is Mountain Big Sagebrush)
Representative Value (RV) Effective Precipitation: 20+ inches (508 mm)
RV Frost-Free Days: 31-65 days
Classification relationships
Relationship to Other Established Classification Systems:
National Vegetation Classification System (NVC):
2 Shrub & Herb Vegetation Class
2.B Temperate & Boreal Grassland & Shrubland Subclass
2.B.2 Temperate Grassland & Shrubland Formation
2.B.2.Na Western North American Grassland & Shrubland Division
M048 Central Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Grassland & Shrubland Macro-group
G273 Central Rocky Mountain Lower Montane, Foothill & Valley Grassland Group
Ecoregions (EPA):
Level I: 6 North Western Forested Mountains
Level II: 6.2 Western Cordillera
Level III: 6.2.10 Middle Rockies
Level IV: 6.2.17ao – Absaroka Volcanic Subalpine Zone
6.2.17i – Absaroka – Gallatin Volcanic Mountains
Associated sites
| R043BY160WY |
Shallow Igneous High Mountains Shallow Igneous |
|---|---|
| R043BY162WY |
Shallow Loamy High Mountains Shallow Loamy |
Similar sites
| R043BY216WY |
Igneous Foothills and Mountains West Igneous (Ig) 15-19W has lower production. |
|---|
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Artemisia tripartita |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Pseudoroegneria spicata |
Legacy ID
R043BX716WY
Physiographic features
This site occurs in an upland position on steep slopes. It is commonly found on ridge tops.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Mountain range
> Mountain slope
(2) Mountain range > Ridge (3) Mountain range > Escarpment |
|---|---|
| Runoff class | Low to high |
| Elevation | 6,500 – 12,000 ft |
| Slope | 5 – 70% |
| Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
Annual precipitation and modeled relative effective annual precipitation range from 18 to 35 inches (457 – 889 mm). The normal precipitation pattern is evenly distributed through the year and averages over 20 inches. Annual snowfall averages 150 to 200 inches annually. Wide fluctuations may occur in yearly precipitation and result in more dry years than those with more than normal precipitation.
Because of the varied topography, the wind will vary considerably for different parts of the area. Prevailing winds are from the southwest, and strong winds are less frequent than over other areas of
Wyoming. Occasional storms, however, can bring brief periods of high winds with gusts exceeding 50
mph.
Temperatures show a wide range between summer and winter and between daily maximums and minimums, due to the high elevation and dry air, which permits rapid incoming and outgoing radiation. Cold air outbreaks from Canada in winter move rapidly from northwest to southeast and account for extreme minimum temperatures. Chinook winds may occur in winter and bring rapid rises in temperature. High winds are generally blocked by high mountains but occur in conjunction with thunderstorms, which are common in late summer. Growth of native cool-season plants begins about June 1, but can be as late as July 15, and continues until the beginning of September.
For detailed information visit the Natural Resources Conservation Service National Water and Climate Center at http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/. Climate station representative of this precipitation zone include ”Cooke City 2W” and "Tower Falls". The following graphs and charts are a collective sample representing the averaged normals and 30-year annual rainfall data for the selected weather stations from 1981 to 2010.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (characteristic range) | 1-2 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (characteristic range) | 23-47 days |
| Precipitation total (characteristic range) | 18-23 in |
| Frost-free period (actual range) | 1-2 days |
| Freeze-free period (actual range) | 17-53 days |
| Precipitation total (actual range) | 17-24 in |
| Frost-free period (average) | 2 days |
| Freeze-free period (average) | 35 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 21 in |
Figure 1. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 2. Monthly minimum temperature range
Figure 3. Monthly maximum temperature range
Figure 4. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Figure 5. Annual precipitation pattern
Figure 6. Annual average temperature pattern
Climate stations used
-
(1) COOKE CITY 2 W [USC00241995], Gardiner, MT
-
(2) TOWER FALLS [USC00489025], Yellowstone National Park, WY
Influencing water features
The characteristics of these upland soils have no influence from ground water (water table below 60 inches (150 cm)) and have minimal influence from surface water/overland flow. There may be isolated features that are affected by snow pack that persists longer than surrounding areas due to position on the landform (shaded/protected pockets).
Soil features
The soils of this site are stony or cobbly and usually very shallow (less than 10” to igneous or volcanic bedrock). Some pockets of deep soil and areas of exposed bedrock may be included. This site is usually found on mountain sides.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Parent material |
(1)
Residuum
–
granite
|
|---|---|
| Surface texture |
(1) Cobbly sandy loam (2) Stony loamy sand (3) Bouldery loam |
| Family particle size |
(1) Loamy |
| Drainage class | Well drained to somewhat excessively drained |
| Permeability class | Moderate to moderately rapid |
| Depth to restrictive layer | 4 – 10 in |
| Soil depth | 4 – 10 in |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 10 – 25% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 20 – 45% |
| Available water capacity (0-40in) |
0.25 – 1 in |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in) |
Not specified |
| Electrical conductivity (0-40in) |
Not specified |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in) |
Not specified |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in) |
5.6 – 7.2 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
15 – 30% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
30 – 45% |
Ecological dynamics
As this site deteriorates, species such as rhizomatous wheatgrass, three-tip sagebrush and bluegrasses will increase. Bluebunch wheatgrass will decrease in frequency and production. This site has relatively low productivity potential, and is not well suited to grazing improvement practices unless treated as part of a larger unit containing more productive areas.
The Historic Climax Plant Community (description follows the plant community diagram) has been determined by study of rangeland relic areas, or areas protected from excessive disturbance. Trends in plant communities going from heavily grazed areas to lightly grazed areas, seasonal use pastures, and historical accounts have also been used.
The following is a State and Transition Model Diagram that illustrates the common plant communities (states) that can occur on the site and the transitions between these communities. The ecological processes will be discussed in more detail in the plant community narratives following the diagram.
State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Bluebunch Wheatgrass Plant Community (HCPC)
Community 1.1
Bluebunch Wheatgrass Plant Community (HCPC)
The interpretive plant community for this site is the Historic Climax Plant Community. Potential vegetation is about 65% grasses or grass-like plants, 10% forbs, and 25% woody plants. The major grasses include bluebunch wheatgrass, big bluegrass, and timber oatgrass. Other grasses and grass-like plants include mutton and Canby bluegrass, thickspike wheatgrass, mountain muhly, bentgrass, spike fescue, mountain brome, Letterman and Columbia needlegrass, one-spike oatgrass, Idaho fescue, oniongrass, spike trisetum, and prairie junegrass. Major woody plants are black and three-tip sagebrush. Other woody plants include mountain big sagebrush, snowberry, and bitterbrush. A typical plant composition for this state consists of bluebunch wheatgrass 30-40%, up to 10% big bluegrass, up to 10% timber oatgrass, other grasses and grass-like plants 10-20%, perennial forbs 5-15%, three-tip sagebrush 5-10%, black sagebrush 5-10%, and 5-15% other woody plants. Ground cover, by ocular estimate, varies from 15-25%. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 650 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 500 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 800 lbs./acre in above average years. The following is the growth curve of this plant community expected during a normal year: Growth curve number: WY0101 Growth curve name: 20+M, UPLAND SITES Growth curve description: ALL UPLAND SITES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 0 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0 (Monthly percentages of total annual growth) The state is stable and well adapted to the Central Rocky Mountains climatic conditions. The diversity in plant species allows for high drought resistance. This is a sustainable plant community (site/soil stability, watershed function, and biologic integrity Transitions or pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Wildfire and Continuous Season-Long Grazing will convert this plant community to the Mixed Grass/Three-tip Sage State.
Figure 7. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Figure 8. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0101, 20+ upland sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 5 | 30 | 40 | 20 | 5 |
State 2
Mixed Grass/Three-Tip Sage Plant Community
Community 2.1
Mixed Grass/Three-Tip Sage Plant Community
This plant community is a result of severe disturbance such as wildfire, heavy grazing, or ground disturbing activities. Three-tip sage, low growing grasses, and annual forbs are significant components of this plant community. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 450 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 300 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 600 lbs./acre in above average years. The following is the growth curve of this plant community expected during a normal year: Growth curve number: WY0101 Growth curve name: 20+M, UPLAND SITES Growth curve description: ALL UPLAND SITES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 0 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0 (Monthly percentages of total annual growth) The state is unstable and vulnerable to excessive erosion. However, rock fragment typically prevents serious erosion from occurring. The biotic integrity of this plant community is at risk depending on how far a shift has occurred in plant composition toward sprouting shrubs and annual forbs. The watershed is usually at risk or nonfunctioning due to an increase in bare ground. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Heavy Continuous Season-Long Grazing will convert this plant community to the Three-tip Sage/Bare Ground State.
Figure 9. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0101, 20+ upland sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 5 | 30 | 40 | 20 | 5 |
State 3
Three-Tip Sage/Bare Ground Plant Community
Community 3.1
Three-Tip Sage/Bare Ground Plant Community
This plant community is a result of long-term continued use and disturbance. Three-tip sage and bare ground dominate. The total annual production (air-dry weight) of this state is about 250 pounds per acre, but it can range from about 100 lbs./acre in unfavorable years to about 400 lbs./acre in above average years. The following is the growth curve of this plant community expected during a normal year: Growth curve number: WY0101 Growth curve name: 20+M, UPLAND SITES Growth curve description: ALL UPLAND SITES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 0 0 0 0 5 30 40 20 5 0 0 0 (Monthly percentages of total annual growth) The state is unstable and vulnerable to excessive erosion. However, rock fragment typically prevents serious erosion from occurring. The biotic integrity of this plant community has been compromised. The watershed is usually nonfunctioning due to an increase in bare ground. Transitional pathways leading to other plant communities are as follows: • Prescribed Grazing will convert this plant community to the Mixed Grass/Three-tip Sage State.
Figure 10. Plant community growth curve (percent production by month). WY0101, 20+ upland sites.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D |
| 5 | 30 | 40 | 20 | 5 |
Additional community tables
Table 5. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | 195–260 | |||||
| bluebunch wheatgrass | PSSP6 | Pseudoroegneria spicata | 195–260 | – | ||
| 2 | 7–65 | |||||
| 3 | 7–65 | |||||
| timber oatgrass | DAIN | Danthonia intermedia | 7–65 | – | ||
| 4 | 65–130 | |||||
| Grass, perennial | 2GP | Grass, perennial | 0–33 | – | ||
| Letterman's needlegrass | ACLE9 | Achnatherum lettermanii | 0–33 | – | ||
| Columbia needlegrass | ACNE9 | Achnatherum nelsonii | 0–33 | – | ||
| bentgrass | AGROS2 | Agrostis | 0–33 | – | ||
| mountain brome | BRMA4 | Bromus marginatus | 0–33 | – | ||
| California oatgrass | DACA3 | Danthonia californica | 0–33 | – | ||
| onespike danthonia | DAUN | Danthonia unispicata | 0–33 | – | ||
| thickspike wheatgrass | ELLAL | Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus | 0–33 | – | ||
| Idaho fescue | FEID | Festuca idahoensis | 0–33 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 0–33 | – | ||
| spike fescue | LEKI2 | Leucopoa kingii | 0–33 | – | ||
| oniongrass | MEBU | Melica bulbosa | 0–33 | – | ||
| mountain muhly | MUMO | Muhlenbergia montana | 0–33 | – | ||
| muttongrass | POFE | Poa fendleriana | 0–33 | – | ||
| spike trisetum | TRSP2 | Trisetum spicatum | 0–33 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 5 | 33–98 | |||||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–33 | – | ||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 0–33 | – | ||
| balsamroot | BALSA | Balsamorhiza | 0–33 | – | ||
| hawksbeard | CREPI | Crepis | 0–33 | – | ||
| fleabane | ERIGE2 | Erigeron | 0–33 | – | ||
| buckwheat | ERIOG | Eriogonum | 0–33 | – | ||
| stoneseed | LITHO3 | Lithospermum | 0–33 | – | ||
| creeping barberry | MARE11 | Mahonia repens | 0–33 | – | ||
| bluebells | MERTE | Mertensia | 0–33 | – | ||
| phlox | PHLOX | Phlox | 0–33 | – | ||
| stonecrop | SEDUM | Sedum | 0–33 | – | ||
| aster | SYMPH4 | Symphyotrichum | 0–33 | – | ||
| clover | TRIFO | Trifolium | 0–33 | – | ||
| American vetch | VIAM | Vicia americana | 0–33 | – | ||
| Forb, perennial | 2FP | Forb, perennial | 0–33 | – | ||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 0–33 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 6 | 33–65 | |||||
| black sagebrush | ARNO4 | Artemisia nova | 33–65 | – | ||
| 7 | 33–65 | |||||
| threetip sagebrush | ARTR4 | Artemisia tripartita | 33–65 | – | ||
| 8 | 33–98 | |||||
| Shrub, deciduous | 2SD | Shrub, deciduous | 0–33 | – | ||
| Shrub, evergreen | 2SE | Shrub, evergreen | 0–33 | – | ||
| Tree, deciduous | 2TD | Tree, deciduous | 0–33 | – | ||
| Tree, evergreen | 2TE | Tree, evergreen | 0–33 | – | ||
| mountain big sagebrush | ARTRV | Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana | 0–33 | – | ||
| antelope bitterbrush | PUTR2 | Purshia tridentata | 0–33 | – | ||
| snowberry | SYMPH | Symphoricarpos | 0–33 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
Animal Community – Wildlife Interpretations
Bluebunch Wheatgrass Plant Community (HCPC): This plant community contributes important winter forage for mule deer and elk. It is not typically inhabited by burrowing animals due to the high volume of coarse fragments in the profile. It is mostly used by wildlife in transit to other habitats.
Mixed Grass/Three-Tip Sage Plant Community: This plant community exhibits a low level of plant species diversity. In most cases, it is not a desirable plant community to select as a wildlife habitat management objective.
Three-Tip Sage/Bare Ground Plant Community: This plant community exhibits a low level of plant species diversity. In most cases, it is not a desirable plant community to select as a wildlife habitat management objective.
Animal Community – Grazing Interpretations
The following table lists suggested stocking rates for cattle under continuous season-long grazing under normal growing conditions. These are conservative estimates that should be used only as guidelines in the initial stages of the conservation planning process. Often, the current plant composition does not entirely match any particular plant community (as described in this ecological site description). Because of this, a field visit is recommended, in all cases, to document plant composition and production. More precise carrying capacity estimates should eventually be calculated using this information along with animal preference data, particularly when grazers other than cattle are involved. Under more intensive grazing management, improved harvest efficiencies can result in an increased carrying capacity. If distribution problems occur, stocking rates must be reduced to maintain plant health and vigor.
Plant Community Production Carrying Capacity*
(lb./ac) (AUM/ac)
Bluebunch Wheatgrass (HCPC) 500-800 0.2
Mixed Grass/Three-Tip Sage 300-600 0.12
Three-Tip Sage/Bare Ground 100-400 0.06
* - Continuous, season-long grazing by cattle under average growing conditions.
Grazing by domestic livestock is one of the major income-producing industries in the area. Rangeland in this area may provide yearlong forage for cattle, sheep, or horses. During the dormant period, the forage for livestock use needs to be supplemented with protein because the quality does not meet minimum livestock requirements.
Hydrological functions
Water is the principal factor limiting forage production on this site. This site is highly variable and is dominated by soils in hydrologic group B and C, with localized areas in hydrologic group D. Infiltration ranges from slow to very rapid. Runoff potential for this site varies from moderate to high depending on soil hydrologic group, slope, and ground cover. In many cases, areas with greater than 75% ground cover have the greatest potential for high infiltration and lower runoff. Areas where ground cover is less than 50% have the greatest potential to have reduced infiltration and higher runoff (refer to Part 630, NRCS National Engineering Handbook for detailed hydrology information.)
Rills and gullies may be present, but should be small. Water flow patterns should be barely distinguishable. Pedestals are only slightly present in association with bunchgrasses such as bluebunch wheatgrass. Litter typically falls in place, and signs of movement are not common. Chemical and physical crusts are rare to non-existent. Cryptogamic crusts are present, but only cover 1-2% of the soil surface.
Recreational uses
This site provides limited hunting opportunities for upland game species.
Wood products
No appreciable wood products are present on the site.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS clipping data and other inventory data. Field observations from range trained personnel were also used. Those involved in developing this site include: Bill Christensen, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Karen Clause, Range Management Specialist, NRCS; and Everet Bainter, Range Management Specialist, NRCS. Other sources used as references include USDA NRCS Water and Climate Center, USDA NRCS National Range and Pasture Handbook, USDI and USDA Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health Version 3, and USDA NRCS Soil Surveys from various counties.
Information presented here has been derived from NRCS inventory data, Field observations from range trained personnel, and the existing range site descriptions. Those involved in developing the Loamy range site include: Karen Clause, Range Management Specialist, NRCS and Everet Bainter, Range Management Specialist.
Those involved in the development of the new concept for Loamy and Loamy Calcareous Ecological site include: Ray Gullion, Area Range Management Specialist, NRCS; Jim Wolf, Resource Manager, USDI-BLM; Jack Mononi, Range Management Specialist, USDI-BLM; Daniel Wood, MLRA Soil Survey Leader, NRCS; Jane Karinen, Soil Data Quality Specialist, NRCS; and Marji Patz, Ecological Site Specialist, NRCS.
Inventory Data References:
Ocular field estimations observed by trained personnel were completed at each site. Then sites were selected where a 100-foot tape was stretched, and the following sample procedures were completed by inventory staff. For full sampling protocol and guidelines with forms please refer to the Wyoming ESI Operating Procedures, compiled in 2012 for the Powell and Rock Springs Soil Survey Office, USDA-NRCS.
• Double Sampling Production Data (4.8 square foot hoop used to estimate 10 points, clipped a minimum of 2 of these estimated points, with two 21-foot X 21-foot square extended shrub plots).
• Line Point Intercept (over story and understory captured with soil cover). Height of herbaceous and woody cover is collected every three feet along established transect.)
• Continuous Line Intercept (Woody Canopy Cover, with minimum gap of 0.2 of a foot for all woody species and succulents. Intercept height collected at each measurement.),
• Gap Intercept (Basal Gap measured with a minimum gap requirement of 0.7 foot.),
• Sample Point (10 – 1-meter square point photographs taken at set distances on transect. Red using the sample point computer program established by the High Plains Agricultural Research Center, WY).
• Soil Stability (Slake Test – surface and subsurface samples collected and processed according to the soil stability guidelines provided by the Jornada Research Center, NM.)
Other references
Baker, William L. 2006. Fire and Restoration of Sagebrush Ecosystems. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(1): 177-185.
Bestelmeyer, B., and J. R. Brown. 2005. State-and-transition models 101: a fresh look at vegetation change. The Quivira Coalition Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 3.
Bestelmeyer, B., J. R. Brown, K. M. Havstad, B. Alexander, G. Chavez, J. E. Herrick. 2003. Development and use of state and transition models for rangelands. Journal of Range Management 56(2):114-126.
Bestelmeyer, B., J. E. Herrick, J. R. Brown, D. A. Trujillo, and K. M. Havstad. 2004. Land management in the American Southwest: a state-and-transition approach to ecosystem complexity. Environmental Management 34(1):38-51.
Herrick, J. E., J. W. Van Zee, K. M. Havstad, L. M. Burkett, and W. G. Whitford. 2005. Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna Ecosystems. Volume I Quick Start. USDA - ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Herrick, J. E., J. W. Van Zee, K. M. Havstad, L. M. Burkett, and W. G. Whitford. 2005. Monitoring manual for grassland, shrubland and savanna Ecosystems. Volume II: Design, supplementary methods and interpretation. USDA - ARS Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
NRCS. 2014. (electronic) National Water and Climate Center. Available online at http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/
NRCS. 2014. (electronic) Field Office Technical Guide. Available online at http://efotg.nrcs.usda.gov/efotg_locator.aspx?map=WY NRCS. 2009. Plant Guide: Cheatgrass. Prepared by Skinner et al., National Plant Data Center.
Pellant, M., P. Shaver, D. A. Pyke, and J. E. Herrick. 2005. Interpreting indicators of rangeland health. Version 4. Technical Reference 1734-6.
USDI-BLM. Ricketts, M. J., R. S. Noggles, and B. Landgraf-Gibbons. 2004. Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range Survey and Assessment. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service.
Schoeneberger, P. J., D. A. Wysocki, E. C. Benham, and Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE. (http://soils.usda.gov/technical/fieldbook/)
Stringham, T. K. and W. C. Krueger. 2001. States, transitions, and thresholds: Further refinement for rangeland applications. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State University. Special Report 1024.
Stringham, T. K., W. C. Kreuger, and P. L Shaver. 2003. State and transition modeling: an ecological process approach. Journal of Range Management 56(2):106-113.
United States Department of Agriculture. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual, United States Department of Agriculture Handbook No. 18, Chapter 3: Examination and Description of Soils. Pg.192-196.
USDA, NRCS. 1997. National Range and Pasture Handbook. (http://www.glti.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/publications/nrph.html)
Trlica, M. J. 1999. Grass growth and response to grazing. Colorado State University. Cooperative Extension. Range. Natural Resource Series. No. 6.108.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA/NRCS). 2007. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA/NRCS), Soil Survey Staff. 2010. Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Eleventh Edition, 2010.
USDA/NRCS Soil survey manuals for appropriate counties within MLRA 43B.
Western Regional Climate Center. (2014) (electronic) Station Metadata. Available online at: http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/summary/climsmwy.html.
Contributors
K. Clause
Approval
Scott Woodall, 10/04/2019
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | K. Clause, E. Bainter |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | karen.clause@wy.usda.gov or 307-367-2257 |
| Date | 03/16/2007 |
| Approved by | E. Bainter |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
Some rills to be expected on this site. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Barely observable. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Slight pedestalling evident. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare ground can range from 15-45%. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Active gullies, where present, should be rare. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
Rare to nonexistent. -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Herbaceous litter expected to move in moderate amounts. Large woody debris will show only slight movement down slope. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil Stability Index ratings range from 1 (interspaces) to 6 (under plant canopy), but average values should be 3.0 or greater. -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Soil data is limited for this site. Soil Organic Matter of 4-6% is expected. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Plant community consists of 50-75% grasses, 15% forbs, and 10-35% shrubs. Sparse plant canopy (40-60%) and litter plus slow to moderate infiltration rates result in slight to moderate runoff. Basal cover is typically less than 10% and marginally affects runoff on this site. Surface rock outcrop of 10-30% provide stability to the site, but reduce infiltration. Runoff can be rapid on this site with a moderate to high erosion hazard associated with steep slopes. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
mid-size, cool season bunchgrassesSub-dominant:
perennial shrubs perennial forbsOther:
short cool season bunchgrasses cool season rhizomatous grassesAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Minimal decadence, typically associated with shrub component. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Litter ranges from 10-30% of total canopy measurement with total litter (including beneath the plant canopy) from 30-50% expected. Herbaceous litter depth typically ranges from 3-10mm. Woody litter can be up to several inches (>6 cm). -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
English: 500-800 lb/ac (650 lb/ac average); Metric 560-896 kg/ha (728 kg/ha average). -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Bare ground greater than 65% is the most common indicator of a threshold being crossed. Rabbitbrush, Sandberg bluegrass, buckwheat, yarrow, and phlox are common increasers. Annual weeds such as cheatgrass and mustards are common invasive species in disturbed sites. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species are capable of reproducing, except in extreme drought years.
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The Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.