Bedrock Backslope

Description

Two communities are associated with this reference site and the community phases are based on natural fire regime or lack thereof. The historic reference site was a mature oak-hickory forest. Dominant species include white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata). Sites with a higher slopes and exposed aspect often include more southern red oak (Quercus falcata) and black oak (Quercus velutina). The sub-canopy includes flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). The shrub layer consists of Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and in some areas, blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). The herbaceous layer will include ticktrefoil (Desmodium spp.), bedstraws (Galium spp.), and Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides). The shrub and herbaceous layers will be influenced by slope and aspect, so density and composition of the understory will vary on these sites.

Historically these sites were influenced by reoccurring wildfires, wind damage, ice storms, and grazing by native species.

Submodel

Description

Most remaining Bedrock Backslope Forest sites have been altered due to a long-term absence of fire, clearing, grazing, selective harvest and/or invasive species. Trees on site, will depending on the type, length and severity of disturbances. However, sites that have had a long-term absence of fire will display the following characteristics: an increase in fire -intolerant species, an increase in shrub density, an increase in leaf-litter buildup, and an increase in shade-tolerant understory species. Diversity of species may also be reduced, especially if there has been an introduction of non-native species such as bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii).

Many of these sites are eventually transitioned to Pastureland (State 3) or cropland (State 4) is common, especially on lower slope sites.

Submodel

Description

A portion of these sites have been converted to pastureland or forage production. Species selection will depend upon the objectives and goals of the landowner; however, commonly planted grasses include tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus), brome (Bromus spp.), white clover (Trifolium repens) and red clover (Trifolium pratense). Species health and productivity are determined by the management and long-term overgrazing on some sites has caused soil erosion and compaction.

Submodel

Description

This is a state is only appropriate for sites on lower slopes. Soil erosion potential and water quality issues on higher slope sites makes them more appropriate for forestland or well managed grazing. Common crops include corn (Zea mays), soybeans (Glycine max), and occasionally winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Some landowners choose to convert sites to cool season grasses for a period before resuming cropland production.

A return to the historical Reference State from State 4 is unlikely, if not impossible.

Submodel