Interbedded Sedimentary Exposed Backslope Woodland
Scenario model
Current ecosystem state
Select a state
Management practices/drivers
Select a transition or restoration pathway
- Transition T1A More details
- Transition T1B More details
- Transition T1C More details
- Transition T1D More details
- Restoration pathway R1B More details
- Transition T2A More details
- Restoration pathway R1A More details
- Transition T3A More details
- Transition T4A More details
- Transition T5B More details
- Transition T5A More details
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No transition or restoration pathway between the selected states has been described
Target ecosystem state
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Description
The reference state was dominated by post oak and black oak. Periodic disturbances from fire, wind and ice maintained the dominance of oak species by opening up the canopy and allowing more light for oak reproduction. Long disturbance-free periods allowed an increase in more shade tolerant species such as hickory. Two community phases are recognized in this state, with shifts between phases based on disturbance frequency.
The reference state is rare today. Some sites have been converted to grassland (State 4). Others have been subject to repeated, high-graded timber harvest coupled with uncontrolled domestic livestock grazing (State 5). Fire suppression has also resulted in increased canopy density, which has affected the abundance and diversity of ground flora. Many reference sites have been managed for timber harvest, resulting in either even-age (State 2) or uneven-age (State 3) woodlands.
Submodel
Description
These woodlands tend to be rather dense, with an under developed understory and ground flora. Thinning can increase overall tree vigor and improve understory diversity. Continual timber management, depending on the practices used, will either maintain this state, or convert the site to Uneven-age Woodland (state 3).
Submodel
Description
Composition and tree age (most being only 50 to 90 years old) are likely altered from the reference state depending on tree selection during harvest. In addition, without a regular 15 to 20 year harvest re-entry into these stands, they will slowly increase in more shade tolerant species will become less dominant.
Submodel
Description
Conversion of woodlands to planted, non-native pasture species such as tall fescue has been common. Steep slopes, surface fragments and low organic matter content make non-native pastures challenging to maintain in a healthy, productive state on this ecological site. If grazing and active pasture management is discontinued, the site will eventually transition, over time, to State 2 (Even-Age Managed Woodland).
Submodel
Description
Wooded sites subjected to repeated, high-graded timber harvests and uncontrolled domestic grazing transition to this state. This state exhibits an over-abundance of hickory and other less desirable tree species, and weedy understory species such as coralberry, gooseberry, poison ivy and Virginia creeper. The vegetation offers little nutritional value for cattle, and excessive stocking damages tree boles, degrades understory species composition and results in soil compaction and accelerated erosion and runoff. Exclusion of livestock from sites in this state coupled with uneven-age management techniques will cause a transition to State 3 (Uneven-Age).
Submodel
Mechanism
This transition typically results from even-age timber management practices, such as clear-cut, seed tree or shelterwood harvest and fire suppression.
Mechanism
This transition typically results from uneven-age timber management practices, such as single tree or group selection harvest and fire suppression.
Mechanism
This transition is the result of clearing the woodland community and planting pasture species. Soil erosion can be extensive in this process, along with loss of organic matter. Liming and fertilizing associated with pasture management typically raises the soil pH and increases the cation concentration (such as calcium and magnesium) of the upper soil horizons.
Mechanism
Extended rotations; forest stand improvement; prescribed fire
Mechanism
This transition typically results from uneven-age forest management practices, such as single tree or group selection harvest.
Mechanism
Extended rotations; forest stand improvement; prescribed fire
Mechanism
This transition typically results from even-age forest management practices, such as clear-cut, seed tree or shelterwood harvest.
Mechanism
This transition typically results from even-age timber management practices, such as clear-cut, seed tree or shelterwood harvest.
Mechanism
Uneven-age management; tree planting; no grazing; forest stand improvement
Model keys
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The Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.