Ecological site group description

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

Physiography

Hierarchical Classification
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 8 – Columbia Plateau

LRU – Common Resource Areas (CRA):
8.5 - Moist Yakima Folds


Site Concept Narrative:

Note: for MLRA 8 there are two ecological sites with the name ‘North Aspect’:
1. One specifically for grasslands on the Goldendale Prairie (Klickitat Co.)
2. One for other grassland areas in MLRA 8 including
a. SE portion of MLRA 8 includes portions of Adams, Franklin, Walla Wall, Asotin, Columbia and Garfield counties
b. Area above Coulee Dam in Douglas Co.

The North Aspect ESD below is for grasslands on the Goldendale Prairie in Klickitat Co.


Diagnostics:

This upland ecological site occurs on north- and northeast-facing slopes on the Goldendale Prairie in Klickitat Co. Soils are 20 inches and deeper with a loamy surface texture and limited rock fragments (generally 10% or less) in the root-growing portions of the soil profile. Silt loam is most common, but a variety of soils and landforms are possible.

Note: due to historic farming and grazing the Goldendale Prairie has been heavily disturbed. No pristine remnant is known, so the reference state has been reconstructed based on experience in MLRA 8.

The Goldendale Prairie is a grassland steppe area and has not had sagebrush for more than 50 years and is not expected to have sagebrush. Threetip sagebrush is not found on the Goldendale Prairie as this area does not have sagebrush, nor bitterbrush, and no rabbitbrush except for one small area in a road cut.

North Slope would have a shift in plant community composition, with Idaho fescue as the dominant reference state species. Bluebunch wheatgrass would be sub-dominant while Eriogonum species and other forbs would fill the interspaces.


Principle Vegetative Drivers:

The vegetative expression of this productive site is driven by two factors: (1) moderately deep to deep soil depth provides unrestricted rooting for most species, and (2) the north aspect which has more effective precipitation. This ecological site has cooler temperatures year-round and longer lasting snowpack than adjacent ecological sites. North Slope provides crucial water to the vegetation at the hottest time of the growing season allowing this ecological site more resilience when impacted by disturbances. Also, being wetter, North Slope supports a denser plant cover than the Loamy ecological site.


Influencing Water Features:

A plant’s ability to grow on a site and overall plant production is determined by soil-water-plant relationships
1. Whether rain and melting snow runs off-site or infiltrates into the soil
2. Whether soil condition remain aerobic or become saturated and become anaerobic
3. Water drainage and how quickly the soil reaches wilting point

This ecological site is cooler and moister than surrounding sites due to microclimatic effects. North slopes have less direct solar radiation and reduced evapotranspiration than adjacent uplands or south facing slopes and may retain snow cover longer into the growing season. Deep soils on the north slopes and extensive subsurface root systems of the dominant grasses also provide greater soil moisture infiltration and retention compared with other areas.

Compared to other upland ecological sites, North Slope has more available soil moisture. The north and northeast slopes mean cooler temperatures. Closer spacing of plants mean less evaporation and less runoff. Idaho fescue is especially linked to the additional soil moisture on this ecological site. Bluebunch wheatgrass, is not as linked to the additional soil moisture.


Physiographic Features:

The landscape is part of the Columbia basalt plateau. Loamy, north aspect, 14-20” ppt., Goldendale Prairie sites are most commonly found on north and northeast-facing hillslopes in Klickitat County, Washington.

Physiographic Division: Intermontane Plateau
Physiographic Province: Columbia Plateau
Physiographic Sections: Walla Walla Plateau Section

Landscapes: Hills and plateaus
Landform: Sideslopes, terraces, alluvial fans

Elevation: Dominantly 800 to 3,500 feet
Central tendency: 1,400 to 3,000 feet
Slope: Total range: 2 to 65 percent
Central tendency: 2 to 30 percent
Aspect: Dominantly northern aspects


Geology:

This MLRA is almost entirely underlain by Miocene basalt flows. Columbia River basalt is covered in many areas with as much as 200 feet of loess and volcanic ash. Small areas of sandstones, siltstones, and conglomerates of the Upper Tertiary Ellensburg Formation are along the western edge of this area. Some Quaternary glacial drift covers the northern edge of the basalt flows, and some Miocene-Pliocene continental sedimentary deposits occur south of the Columbia River, in Oregon.

A wide expanse of scablands in the eastern portion of this MLRA, in Washington, was deeply dissected about 16,000 years ago, when an ice dam that formed ancient glacial Lake Missoula was breached several times, creating catastrophic floods. The geology of the northernmost part of this MLRA is distinctly different from that of the rest of the area. Alluvium, glacial outwash, and glacial drift fill the valley floor of the Okanogan River and the side valleys of tributary streams. The fault parallel with the valley separates pre-Tertiary metamorphic rocks on the west, in the Cascades, from older, pre-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks on the east, in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Mesozoic and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks cover the metamorphic rocks for most of the length of the valley on the west.

Climate

Grasslands do not have shrubs because they receive more spring precipitation especially in March (Daubenmire). The micro-climate on the north facing slopes provides cooler temperatures and allows Idaho fescue to thrive Grasslands do not have shrubs because they receive more spring precipitation especially in March (Daubenmire). The climate is characterized by moderately cold, wet winters, and hot, dry summers, with limited precipitation due to the rain shadow effect of the Cascades. Taxonomic soil climate is xeric moisture regime with a mesic temperature regime.

Mean Annual Precipitation:
Range: 14 – 20 inches
Seventy to seventy-five percent of the precipitation comes late October through March as a mixture of rain and snow. June through early October is mostly dry.

Mean Annual Air Temperature:
Range: 46 to 52 F
Central Tendency: 48 – 50 F
Freezing temperatures generally occur from late-October through early-April. Temperature extremes are 0 degrees in winter and 110 degrees in summer. Winter fog is variable and often quite localized, as the fog settles on some areas but not others.

Frost-free Period (days):
Total range: 110 to 170
Central tendency: 120 to 150
The growing season for Loamy, north aspect, 14-20” ppt., Goldendale Prairie is March through the end of July.

Soil features

Edaphic:

Loamy, north aspect, 14-20” ppt., Goldendale Prairie occurs with Loamy, 14-20” ppt., Goldendale Prairie and Very Shallow ecological sites.


Representative Soil Features:

This ecological site components are dominantly Ultic and Pachic taxonomic subgroups of Haploxerolls and Argixerolls great groups of the Mollisols taxonomic order. Soils are moderately deep to very deep. Average available water capacity of about 7.0 inches (17.8 cm) in the 0 to 40 inches (0-100 cm) depth range.

Soil parent material is dominantly loess mixed with colluvium and residuum with influence of volcanic ash possible.

The associated soils are Goldendale, Kiakus, Lorena, Swalecreek and similar soils.

Dominate soil surface is silt loam.

Dominant particle-size class is clayey to fine-loamy.

Fragments on surface horizon > 3 inches (% Volume):
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 5
Average: 0

Fragments within surface horizon > 3 inches (% Volume):
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 10
Average: 0

Fragments within surface horizon ≤ 3 inches (% Volume):
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 10
Average: 3

Subsurface fragments > 3 inches (% Volume):
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 10
Average: 1

Subsurface fragments ≤ 3 inches (% Volume):
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 15
Average: 5

Drainage Class: Dominantly well drained
Water table depth: Greater than 60 inches

Flooding:
Frequency: None

Ponding:
Frequency: None

Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Class:
0 to 10 inches: Moderately high
10 to 40 inches: Moderately high

Depth to root-restricting feature (inches):
Minimum: 20
Maximum: Greater than 60 inches

Electrical Conductivity (dS/m):
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 0

Sodium Absorption Ratio:
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 0

Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (percent):
Minimum: 0
Maximum: 0

Soil Reaction (pH) (1:1 Water):
0 - 10 inches: 5.6 to 7.3
10 - 40 inches: 5.6 to 7.3

Available Water Capacity (inches, 0 – 40 inches depth):
Minimum: 3.1
Maximum: 8.3
Average: 7.0

Vegetation dynamics

Ecological Dynamics:

Loamy, north aspect, 14-20” ppt., Goldendale Prairie produces about 1000-1400 pounds/acre of biomass annually

The line between sagebrush steppe and true grasslands has been discussed and debated for many years. Daubenmire states that the line has nothing to do with pre-settlement as native ungulates played no significant role in the evolution of ecotypes. He also says that there is no evidence that the distribution of vegetative types is related to fire. And he also says there is no useful correlation between soil classification and the line between grasslands and sagebrush steppe.

The ecotones between Daubenmire’s vegetation types can be defined on the basis of consistent differences in climate and consistent differences in vegetation. Higher spring precipitation, especially in March, favors grasses over sagebrush. The grassland area of southeastern Adams and eastern Franklin counties have more precipitation in March. The same for the grasslands in Walla Walla, Asotin and Garfield counties. The Goldendale Prairie and the high elevation grassland above Coulee Dam in Douglas county also have higher spring precipitation. So, the grassland areas of MLRA 8 are consistent with Daubenmire’s findings.

Loamy, north aspect, 14-20” ppt., Goldendale Prairie would have a shift in plant community composition, with Idaho fescue the featured species and bluebunch wheatgrass sub-dominant. Idaho fescue is shorter and has a dense clump of shoots, while bluebunch wheatgrass is taller and is less dense. Both species are long-lived bunchgrasses. Bluebunch has an awned spike seed head while Idaho fescue has an awned panicle seed head. The ratio of Idaho fescue to bluebunch wheatgrass plants on any site can vary due to aspect and elevation.

Both grasses provide a crucial and extensive network of roots to the upper portions (up to 48” deep in soils with no root-restrictive horizons) of the soil profile. These roots create a massive underground source to stabilize the soils, provide organic matter and nutrients inputs, and help maintain soil pore space for water infiltration and water retention in the soil profile. The extensive rooting system of mid-sized bunchgrasses leave very little soil niche space available for invasion by other species. This drought resistant root can compete with, and suppress, the spread of exotic weeds.

The stability and resiliency of the reference communities is directly linked to the health and vigor of Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass. Research has found that the community remains resistant to medusahead if the site maintains at least 0.8 mid-sized bunchgrass plant/sq. ft. (K. Davies, 2008). These two bunchgrasses hold the system together. If we lose either or both bunchgrass the ecosystem begins to unravel.

The natural disturbance regime for grassland communities is periodic lightning-caused fires. Ponderosa pine communities have the shortest FRI of about 10-20 years (Miller). The FRI increases as one moves to wetter forested sites or to dries shrub steppe
communities. Given the uncertainties and opinions of reviewers, a mean of 75 years was chosen for Wyoming sagebrush communities (Rapid Assessment Model). This would place the historic FRI for grassland steppe around 30-50 years

The effect of fire on the community depends upon the severity of the burn. With a light to moderate fire there can be a mosaic of burned and unburned patches. Bunchgrasses thrive as the fire does not get into the crown. Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass exhibit rapid tillering when there is light severity fires and favorable soil moisture. Largely, the community is not affected by lower intensity fire.

A severe fire puts stress on the entire community. Spots and areas that were completely sterilized are especially vulnerable to exotic invasive species. Sterilized spots must be seeded to prevent invasive species (annual grasses, tumble mustard) from totally occupying the site. Bluebunch wheatgrass and basin wildrye will have weak vigor for a few years but generally survive. Idaho fescue plants are very much at risk with a severe burn coupled with wind. The result can be “black holes” or ash 2-3 inches into the crown.
The death of Idaho fescue and Cusick bluegrass plants creates holes in the community, and the opportunity for exotic species to colonize. Needle and thread is one native species that can increase via new seedlings.

Spring burning can be especially damaging to Idaho fescue.

Grazing is another common disturbance that occurs to this ecological site. Grazing pressure can be defined as heavy grazing intensity, or frequent grazing during reproductive growth, or season-long grazing (the same plants grazed more than once). As grazing pressure increases the plant community unravels in stages:
1. Cusick bluegrass is eliminated. Adjacent natives fill the void
2. Idaho fescue declines while bluebunch wheatgrass increases
3. Both Idaho fescue and bluebunch wheatgrass decline
4. With further decline invasive species colonize the site
5. The site can become an invasive grass community

Managing grassland to improve the vigor and health of native bunchgrasses begins with an understanding of grass physiology. New growth each year begins from basal buds. Given the opportunity Idaho fescue readily produces new seedlings while bluebunch wheatgrass plants rely principally on tillering. During seed formation, the growing points of bluebunch wheatgrass become elevated and are vulnerable to damage or removal. Idaho fescue has weak stems and is much more sensitive to grazing than bluebunch wheatgrass.

If defoliated during the formation of seeds, bluebunch wheatgrass has limited capacity to tiller compared with other, more grazing resistant grasses (Caldwell et al., 1981). Repeated critical period grazing (boot stage through seed formation) is especially damaging. Over several years each native bunchgrass pasture should be rested during the critical period two out of every three years (approximately April 15–July 15). And each pasture should be rested the entire growing-season every third year (approximately March 1 – July 15).

In the spring each year it is important to monitor and maintain an adequate top growth: (1) so plants have enough energy to replace basal buds annually, (2) to optimize regrowth following spring grazing, (3) to protect the elevated growing points of bluebunch wheatgrass, and (4) to avoid excessing defoliation of Idaho fescue with its weak stems.

These grasses remain competitive if:
(1) Basal buds are replaced annually,
(2) Enough top-growth is maintained for growth and protection of growing points, and
(3) The timing of grazing and non-grazing is managed over a several-year period. Careful management of late spring grazing is especially critical

For more grazing management information refer to Range Technical Notes found in Section I Reference Lists of NRCS Field Office Technical Guide for Washington State.

In Washington, Idaho fescue – bluebunch wheatgrass communities provide habitat for a variety of upland wildlife species.


Supporting Information:

Associated Sites:
In the Goldendale Prairie portion of MLRA 8, North Aspect and Loamy (both 14-20” ppt.) are closely associated. Stony Foothills, Stony Foothills South Aspect, Very Shallow and Riparian Complex may also be nearby.

Similar Sites:
Loamy, North Aspect has higher precipitation (14-20”) with more Idaho fescue than other North Aspect sites in MLRA 8 Columbia Plateau. North Aspect, dwarf shrub in MLRA 9 Palouse Prairie has a high amount of Idaho fescue but also has the dwarf shrub component that North Aspect Goldendale does not have.

Inventory Data References (narrative):
Data to populate Reference Community came from several sources: (1) NRCS ecological sites from 2004, (2) Soil Conservation Service range sites from 1980s and 1990s, (3) Daubenmire’s habitat types, and (4) ecological systems from Natural Heritage Program

Major Land Resource Area

MLRA 008X
Columbia Plateau

Subclasses

• R008XY455WA–Loamy North Aspect 14-20 PZ Goldendale Prairie

Stage

Provisional

Contributors

Provisional Site Author: Kevin Guinn
Technical Team: K. Moseley, G. Fults, R. Fleenor, W. Keller, C. Smith, K. Bomberger, C. Gaines, K. Paup-Lefferts