Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R010XC075OR
SR Mountain Shallow North 12-16 PZ
Accessed: 11/21/2024
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
Figure 1. Mapped extent
Areas shown in blue indicate the maximum mapped extent of this ecological site. Other ecological sites likely occur within the highlighted areas. It is also possible for this ecological site to occur outside of highlighted areas if detailed soil survey has not been completed or recently updated.
Associated sites
| R010XC032OR |
SR Mountain 12-16 PZ Mountain Clayey 12-16" PZ |
|---|
Similar sites
| R010XC066OR |
SR Mountain North 12-16 PZ Mountain North 12-16" PZ (deeper soils, higher production) |
|---|
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Festuca idahoensis |
Physiographic features
This site occurs on north aspects of upland and mountain sideslopes. Slopes typically range from 12 to 40% but may range to 60%. Elevations range from 3000 to 6000 feet.
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Mountain slope
|
|---|---|
| Flooding frequency | None |
| Ponding frequency | None |
| Elevation | 3,000 – 6,000 ft |
| Slope | 12 – 60% |
| Aspect | N |
Climatic features
The annual perecipitation ranges from 12 to 16 inches, most of which occurs in the form of snow during the months of November through March. Localized, occasionally severe convection storms occur during the summer. The soil temperature regime is frigid to near frigid with a mean annual air temperature of 45 degrees F. Temperature extremes range from 90 to -30 degrees F. The frost free period ranges from 30 to 70 days. The optimum period for plant growth is from April through June.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 70 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | 100 days |
| Precipitation total (average) | 16 in |
Figure 2. Monthly precipitation range
Figure 3. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
Soil features
The soils of this site are typically shallow and well drained. Typically the surface layer is a very stony silt loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is a very cobbly clay or silty clay over extremely cobbly or gravelly clay or clay loam about 11 inches thick. Depth to bedrock or an indurated pan is 10 to 20 inches. Permeability is moderate to moderately slow in the surface to slow in the subsoil. The available water holding capacity is about 1 to 2 inches for the profile. the potential for erosion is moderate to severe.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Surface texture |
(1) Very stony loam (2) Extremely stony silt loam |
|---|---|
| Family particle size |
(1) Clayey |
| Drainage class | Well drained |
| Permeability class | Moderate to slow |
| Soil depth | 10 – 20 in |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 12 – 15% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 18 – 55% |
| Available water capacity (0-40in) |
1.1 – 2.2 in |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-40in) |
Not specified |
| Electrical conductivity (0-40in) |
Not specified |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-40in) |
Not specified |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-40in) |
6.6 – 7.8 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
10 – 22% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
8 – 50% |
Ecological dynamics
Bluebunch wheatgrass increases as the aspect changes to east or northwest. Sagebrush increases over fractured bedrock. Basin big sagebrush increases in proportion over mountain big sagebrush at the lower end of the precipitation zone and at lower elevations.
Disturbance Response:
If the condition of the site deteriorates as a result of overgrazing, Idaho fescue decreases while big sagebrush and bluebunch wheatgrass increase. Idaho fescue is the preferred species during all seasons. With further deterioration, bluebunch wheatgrass decreases, Sandberg bluegrass increases and annuals invade. The percentage of squirreltail may also increase. As grass cover declines the potential for weed and juniper invasion increases.
Fine fuel reduction from improper grazing and fire suppression has led to an increase in the historical fire return interval on many western rangelands. A reduction in fire frequency on this site leads to an increase in juniper cover, a decrease in sagebrush cover followed by a decrease in herbaceous cover and understory diversity. As juniper encroaches sagebrush declines with a subsequent decrease in forbs, bluebunch wheatgrass and needlegrass. Idaho fescue becomes the primary herbaceous species occurring under the canopy of the juniper trees. Sandberg’s bluegrass increases in the plant community on lower elevation and warmer non-aspect sites while bare ground increases in the interspaces between trees. Bitterbrush is more resistant to juniper encroachment than sagebrush and maintains its presence in the community, however vigor and fitness (seed production) may be thwarted.
The potential for soil erosion increases as the juniper woodland matures and the understory plant community cover declines.
Under deteriorated conditions bare soil interspaces increase and excessive erosion markedly reduces the site productivity and contributes to downstream sedimentation.
The combined effect of overgrazing and juniper invasion increases the rate of decline in ecological function and the probability of crossing a threshold is high.
Treatment Response:
This site responds positively to juniper removal if soil erosion is not significant. Seeding may be necessary if there are less than 1-2 bunchgrass plants per meter square in the understory. Sagebrush and forbs may also need to be seeded if adult plants are no longer present in the understory.
State and transition model
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
More interactive model formats are also available.
View Interactive Models
Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
Ecosystem states
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference Plant Community
Community 1.1
Reference Plant Community
The potential native plant community is dominated by Idaho fescue and mountain big sagebrush. Basin big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass and Sandberg bluegrass are common in the stand. Vegetative composition of the community is approximately 80% grasses, 5% forbs, and 15% shrubs.
Figure 4. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (lb/acre) |
Representative value (lb/acre) |
High (lb/acre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grass/Grasslike | 480 | 720 | 960 |
| Shrub/Vine | 90 | 135 | 180 |
| Forb | 30 | 45 | 60 |
| Total | 600 | 900 | 1200 |
Additional community tables
Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (lb/acre) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Perennial, deep-rooted, dominant | 360–720 | ||||
| Idaho fescue | FEID | Festuca idahoensis | 360–720 | – | ||
| 2 | Perennial, deep-rooted, sub-dominant | 60–120 | ||||
| bluebunch wheatgrass | PSSP6 | Pseudoroegneria spicata | 60–120 | – | ||
| 4 | Perennial, shallow-rooted, sub-dominant | 30–60 | ||||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 30–60 | – | ||
| 5 | All other perennial grasses | 30–60 | ||||
| needlegrass | ACHNA | Achnatherum | 0–24 | – | ||
| threadleaf sedge | CAFI | Carex filifolia | 0–24 | – | ||
| squirreltail | ELEL5 | Elymus elymoides | 0–24 | – | ||
| prairie Junegrass | KOMA | Koeleria macrantha | 0–24 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 7 | Perennial, dominant | 24–48 | ||||
| common yarrow | ACMI2 | Achillea millefolium | 6–12 | – | ||
| arrowleaf balsamroot | BASA3 | Balsamorhiza sagittata | 6–12 | – | ||
| desertparsley | LOMAT | Lomatium | 6–12 | – | ||
| lupine | LUPIN | Lupinus | 6–12 | – | ||
| 9 | Other perennial forbs | 0–12 | ||||
| agoseris | AGOSE | Agoseris | 0–12 | – | ||
| pussytoes | ANTEN | Antennaria | 0–12 | – | ||
| tapertip hawksbeard | CRAC2 | Crepis acuminata | 0–12 | – | ||
| larkspur | DELPH | Delphinium | 0–12 | – | ||
| fleabane | ERIGE2 | Erigeron | 0–12 | – | ||
| buckwheat | ERIOG | Eriogonum | 0–12 | – | ||
| phlox | PHLOX | Phlox | 0–12 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 11 | Evergreen, dominant | 54–108 | ||||
| mountain big sagebrush | ARTRV | Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana | 54–108 | – | ||
| 12 | Evergreen, subdominant | 12–24 | ||||
| basin big sagebrush | ARTRT | Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata | 12–24 | – | ||
| 15 | Other shrubs | 24–48 | ||||
| threetip sagebrush | ARTR4 | Artemisia tripartita | 0–24 | – | ||
| yellow rabbitbrush | CHVI8 | Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus | 0–24 | – | ||
| wild crab apple | PERA4 | Peraphyllum ramosissimum | 0–24 | – | ||
| antelope bitterbrush | PUTR2 | Purshia tridentata | 0–24 | – | ||
| wax currant | RICE | Ribes cereum | 0–24 | – | ||
| horsebrush | TETRA3 | Tetradymia | 0–24 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
This site provides food and cover for mule deer, elk, rodents and a variety of birds and their associated predators.
This site is suited to use by cattle, sheep, and horses during the summer and fall under a prescribed grazing system. Use should be postponed until the soils are firm enough to avoid compaction.
Hydrological functions
The soils are in hydrologic group D. The soils of this site have high runoff potential.
Other information
This site is generally not suited to seeding because of its shallow depth and stony surface.
Supporting information
Contributors
A Bahn, G Kuehl, H Barrett
E Ersch
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | Jeff Repp and Bruce Frannsen |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | NRCS Oregon State Rangeland Management Specialist |
| Date | 04/24/2003 |
| Approved by | Bob Gillaspy |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
None to some -
Presence of water flow patterns:
None to some -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
None to very few (some frost heaving) -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
0-10% -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
None -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Fine - limited movement -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Moderately resistant to erosion: aggregate stability = 3-5 -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Moderate fine granular to subangular blocky structure, dry color value 4-5, 4-6 inches thick; moderate OM (1-2%) -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Significant ground cover (70-80%) moderately to significantly limit rainfall impact and overland flow on these gentle to steep slopes (12-60%) -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
None -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Perennial, deep-rooted, cool-season bunchgrassesSub-dominant:
Evergreen shrubsOther:
Perennial forbs = other perennial grasses = other shrubsAdditional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Normal decadence and mortality expected -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
-
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
Favorable: 1200, Normal: 900, Unfavorable: 600 lbs/acre/year at high RSI -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Western Juniper readily invades the site. Cheatgrass and Medusahead invade sites that have lost deep rooted perennial grass functional groups -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All species should be capable of reproducing annually
Print Options
Sections
Font
Other
The Ecosystem Dynamics Interpretive Tool is an information system framework developed by the USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, and New Mexico State University.
Click on box and path labels to scroll to the respective text.