Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Ecological site R024XY026NV
STONY SLOPE 8-10 P.Z.
Last updated: 3/07/2025
Accessed: 03/18/2025
General information
Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.
MLRA notes
Major Land Resource Area (MLRA): 024X–Humboldt Basin and Range Area
Major land resource area (MLRA) 24, the Humboldt Area, covers an area of approximately 8,115,200 acres (12,680 sq. mi.). It is found in the Great Basin Section of the Basin and Range Province of the Intermontane Plateaus. Elevations range from 3,950 to 5,900 feet (1,205 to 1,800 meters) in most of the area, some mountain peaks are more than 8,850 feet (2,700 meters).
A series of widely spaced north-south trending mountain ranges are separated by broad valleys filled with alluvium washed in from adjacent mountain ranges. Most valleys are drained by tributaries to the Humboldt River. However, playas occur in lower elevation valleys with closed drainage systems. Isolated ranges are dissected, uplifted fault-block mountains. Geology is comprised of Mesozoic and Paleozoic volcanic rock and marine and continental sediments. Occasional young andesite and basalt flows (6 to 17 million years old) occur at the margins of the mountains. Dominant soil orders include Aridisols, Entisols, Inceptisols and Mollisols. Soils of the area are generally characterized by a mesic soil temperature regime, an aridic soil moisture regime and mixed geology. They are generally well drained, loamy and very deep.
Approximately 75 percent of MLRA 24 is federally owned, the remainder is primarily used for farming, ranching and mining. Irrigated land makes up about 3 percent of the area; the majority of irrigation water is from surface water sources, such as the Humboldt River and Rye Patch Reservoir. Annual precipitation ranges from 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) for most of the area, but can be as much as 40 inches (101 cm) in the mountain ranges. The majority of annual precipitation occurs as snow in the winter. Rainfall occurs as high-intensity, convective thunderstorms in the spring and fall.
Ecological site concept
This site is on summits and side slopes of lower mountains, hills, and upper piedmont slopes. The soil profile is characterized by an ochric epipedon and an argillic horizon. Based on abiotic factors and soil characteristics this ESC does not compete with Shallow Loam 8-10"PZ (024XY047NV). Where this Stony Slope 6-10"PZ is currently mapped it will be evaluated in the field for correlation to Shallow Loam 8-10". Dominant species are Wyoming big sagebrush (ARTRW8) and Squireltail (ELEL5).
Associated sites
| R024XY005NV |
LOAMY 8-10 P.Z. Vegetative cover is less than 35 percent and is dominated by cool season, deep-rooted, perennial bunchgrasses and evergreen shrubs. Dominant species include Thurber’s needlegrass (ACTH7) and Wyoming big sagebrush (ARTRW8). |
|---|
Similar sites
| R024XY045NV |
ERODED SLOPE 6-10 P.Z. This ecological site includes slopes typically greater than 30 percent and shallow soils resulting in droughty soil-site conditions. Thurber's needlegrass (ACTH7) major grass. |
|---|---|
| R024XY005NV |
LOAMY 8-10 P.Z. Thurber's needlegrass (ACTH7) dominant grass; Spiny hopsage (GRSP) minor shrub, if present. Soils associated with 024XY005NV are characterized by an argillic horizon. |
| R024XY020NV |
DROUGHTY LOAM 8-10 P.Z. Vegetative cover is less than 25 a percent and is dominated by deep-rooted, cool season perennial bunchgrasses and drought tolerant shrubs. Dominant species include Thurber’s needlegrass (ACTH7), Indian ricegrass (ACHY), Wyoming big sagebrush (ARTRW8), and spiny hopsage (GRSP). |
| R024XY047NV |
SHALLOW LOAM 8-10 P.Z. Less productive site, found on south slopes of hills and low mountains on soils shallow to bedrock. Thurber's needlegrass (ACTH7) dominant grass. Bluebunch wheatgrass (PSSPS) is found in small percentages. |
Table 1. Dominant plant species
| Tree |
Not specified |
|---|---|
| Shrub |
(1) Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis |
| Herbaceous |
(1) Elymus elymoides |
Physiographic features
This site is on summits and side slopes of lower mountains, hills, and upper piedmont slopes. Slopes range from 4 to 50 percent, but slope gradients of 30 to 50 percent are typical. Elevations are 4500 to about 6500 feet (1372 - 1981meters).
Table 2. Representative physiographic features
| Landforms |
(1)
Hill
(2) Mountain |
|---|---|
| Runoff class | Very high |
| Elevation | 1,372 – 1,981 m |
| Slope | 4 – 50% |
| Water table depth | 183 cm |
| Aspect | Aspect is not a significant factor |
Climatic features
The climate associated with this site is semiarid and characterized by cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. Average annual precipitation is 6 to 10 inches (15-25cm). Mean annual temperatures are 45 to 50 degrees F. The average growing season is about 90 to 120 days.
Table 3. Representative climatic features
| Frost-free period (average) | 120 days |
|---|---|
| Freeze-free period (average) | |
| Precipitation total (average) | 254 mm |
Figure 1. Monthly average minimum and maximum temperature
Influencing water features
There are no influencing water features associated with this site.
Soil features
The soils associated with this site are shallow to bedrock, well drained and formed in residuum. Ochric epipedon from the surface to 13 cm (5in). Clay content is 18 to 35 percent and a rock fragment is 15 to 35 percent. Slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. Stony Slope 8-10 P.Z. has been correlated to Bojo soil components.
Table 4. Representative soil features
| Parent material |
(1)
Colluvium
–
metavolcanics
|
|---|---|
| Surface texture |
(1) Very cobbly loam (2) Very gravelly loam |
| Family particle size |
(1) Loamy |
| Drainage class | Well drained |
| Permeability class | Slow to moderate |
| Soil depth | 13 – 213 cm |
| Surface fragment cover <=3" | 17 – 57% |
| Surface fragment cover >3" | 1 – 25% |
| Available water capacity (0-101.6cm) |
2.29 – 10.16 cm |
| Calcium carbonate equivalent (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 5% |
| Electrical conductivity (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 4 mmhos/cm |
| Sodium adsorption ratio (0-101.6cm) |
0 – 30 |
| Soil reaction (1:1 water) (0-101.6cm) |
6.6 – 9 |
| Subsurface fragment volume <=3" (Depth not specified) |
11 – 41% |
| Subsurface fragment volume >3" (Depth not specified) |
23 – 37% |
Ecological dynamics
An ecological site is the product of all the environmental factors responsible for its development and it has a set of key characteristics that influence a site’s resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasives. Key characteristics include 1) climate (precipitation, temperature), 2) topography (aspect, slope, elevation, and landform), 3) hydrology (infiltration, runoff), 4) soils (depth, texture, structure, organic matter), 5) plant communities (functional groups, productivity), and 6) natural disturbance regime (fire, herbivory, etc.) (Caudle et al. 2013). Biotic factors that that influence resilience include site productivity, species composition and structure, and population regulation and regeneration (Chambers et al 2013).
This ecological site is dominated by deep-rooted cool season perennial bunchgrasses and long-lived shrubs (50+ years) with high root to shoot ratios. The dominant shrubs usually root to the full depth of the winter-spring soil moisture recharge, which ranges from 1.0 to over 3.0 m. (Comstock and Ehleringer 1992). Root length of mature sagebrush plants was measured to a depth of 2 meters in alluvial soils in Utah (Richards and Caldwell 1987). These shrubs have a flexible generalized root system with development of both deep taproots and laterals near the surface (Comstock and Ehleringer 1992).
In the Great Basin, the majority of annual precipitation is received during the winter and early spring. This continental semiarid climate regime favors growth and development of deep-rooted shrubs and herbaceous cool season plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway (Comstock and Ehleringer 1992). Winter precipitation and slow melting of snow results in deeper percolation of moisture into the soil profile. Herbaceous plants, more shallow-rooted than shrubs, grow earlier in the growing season and thrive on spring rains, while the deeper rooted shrubs lag in phenological development because they draw from deeply infiltrating moisture from snowmelt the previous winter. Periodic drought regularly influences sagebrush ecosystems and drought duration and severity has increased throughout the 20th century in much of the Intermountain West. Major shifts away from historical precipitation patterns have the greatest potential to alter ecosystem function and productivity. Species composition and productivity can be altered by the timing of precipitation and water availability within the soil profile (Bates et al 2006).
Variability in plant community composition and production depends on soil surface texture and depth. Thurber’s needlegrass will increase on gravelly soils, whereas Indian ricegrass will increase with sandy soil surfaces. A weak argillic horizon will promote production of bluebunch wheatgrass. Production increases with soil depth. The amount of sagebrush in the plant community is dependent upon disturbances such as fire, Aroga moth infestations and grazing. Sandberg bluegrass more easily dominates sites where surface soils are gravelly loams than those where surface soils are silt loams. The higher production sites would be much more resilient than other sites in this group.
Native insect outbreaks are also important drivers of ecosystem dynamics in sagebrush communities. Climate is generally believed to influence the timing of insect outbreaks especially a sagebrush defoliator, Aroga moth (Aroga websteri). Aroga moth infestations have occurred in the Great Basin in the 1960s, early 1970s, and have been ongoing in Nevada since 2004 (Bentz, et al 2008). Thousands of acres of big sagebrush have been impacted, with partial to complete die-off observed. Aroga moth can partially or entirely kill individual plants or entire stands of big sagebrush (Furniss and Barr 1975).
The perennial bunchgrasses generally have somewhat shallower root systems than the shrubs, but root densities are often as high as or higher than those of shrubs in the upper 0.5 m but taper off more rapidly than shrubs. General differences in root depth distributions between grasses and shrubs results in resource partitioning in these shrub/grass systems.
The Great Basin sagebrush communities have high spatial and temporal variability in precipitation both among years and within growing seasons. Nutrient availability is typically low but increases with elevation and closely follows moisture availability. The moisture resource supporting the greatest amount of plant growth is usually the water stored in the soil profile during the winter. The invasibility of plant communities is often linked to resource availability. Disturbance can decrease resource uptake due to damage or mortality of the native species and depressed competition or can increase resource pools by the decomposition of dead plant material following disturbance. The invasion of sagebrush communities by cheatgrass has been linked to disturbances (fire, abusive grazing) that have resulted in fluctuations in resources (Chambers et al 2007).
The introduction of annual weedy species, like cheatgrass, may cause an increase in fire frequency and eventually lead to an annual state. Conversely, as fire frequency decreases, sagebrush will increase and with inappropriate grazing management the perennial bunchgrasses and forbs may be reduced.
This ecological site has low resilience to disturbance and low resistance to invasion. Resilience increases with elevation, aspect, increased precipitation and increased nutrient availability. Five possible alternative stable states have been identified for this DRG.
Fire Ecology:
Fire is the principal means of renewal of decadent stands of Wyoming big sagebrush. Wyoming big sagebrush communities historically had low fuel loads, and patchy fires that burned in a mosaic pattern were common at 10 to 70 year return intervals (West and Hassan 1985, Bunting et al. 1987). Davies et al. (2007) suggest fire return intervals in Wyoming big sagebrush communities were around 50 to 100 years. More recently, Baker (2011) estimates fire rotation to be 200-350 years in Wyoming big sagebrush communities. Wyoming big sagebrush is killed by fire and only regenerates from seed. Recovery time for Wyoming big sagebrush may require 50 to 120 or more years (Baker 2006). Post-fire hydrologic recovery and resilience is primarily influenced by pre-fire site conditions, fire severity, and post-fire weather and land use that relate to vegetation recovery. Sites with low abundances of native perennial grasses and forbs typically have reduced resiliency following disturbance and are less resistant to invasion or increases in cheatgrass (Miller et al 2013). However, the introduction and expansion of cheatgrass has dramatically altered the fire regime (Balch et al. 2013) and restoration potential of Wyoming big sagebrush communities.
The effect of fire on bunchgrasses relates to culm density, culm-leaf morphology, and the size of the plant. The initial condition of bunchgrasses within the site along with seasonality and intensity of the fire all factor into the individual species response. For most forbs and grasses the growing points are located at or below the soil surface providing relative protection from disturbances which decrease above ground biomass, such as grazing or fire. Thus, fire mortality is more related to duration and intensity of heat which is related to culm density, culm-leaf morphology, size of plant and abundance of old growth (Young 1983, Wright 1971).
Burning has been found to decrease the vegetative and reproductive vigor of Thurber’s needlegrass (Uresk et al. 1976). Fire can cause high mortality, in addition to reducing basal area and yield of Thurber’s needlegrass (Britton et al. 1990a). The fine leaves and densely tufted growth form make this grass susceptible to subsurface charring of the crowns (Wright and Klemmedson 1965). Although timing of fire highly influenced the response and mortality of Thurber’s needlegrass, smaller bunch sizes were less likely to be damaged by fire (Wright and Klemmedson 1965). Thurber’s needlegrass often survives fire and will continue growth or regenerate from tillers when conditions are favorable (Koniak 1985, Britton et al. 1990a). Reestablishment on burned sites has been found to be relatively slow due to low germination and competitive ability (Koniak 1985). Cheatgrass has been found to be a highly successful competitor with seedlings of this needlegrass and may preclude reestablishment (Evans and Young 1978).
Indian ricegrass is fairly fire tolerant (Wright 1985), which is likely due to its low culm density and below-ground root crowns. Vallentine (1989) cites several studies in the sagebrush zone that classified Indian ricegrass as being slightly damaged from late summer burning. Indian ricegrass has also been found to reestablish on burned sites through seed dispersed from adjacent unburned areas (Young 1983, West 1994). Thus the presence of surviving, seed producing plants facilitates the reestablishment of Indian ricegrass. Grazing management following fire to promote seed production and establishment of seedlings is important.
Squirreltail is considered more fire tolerant than Indian ricegrass due to its small size, coarse stems, broad leaves and generally sparse leafy material (Wright 1971, Britton et al. 1990). Postfire regeneration occurs from surviving root crowns and from on-and off-site seed sources. Bottlebrush squirreltail has the ability to produce large numbers of highly germinable seeds, with relatively rapid germination (Young and Evans 1977) when exposed to the correct environmental cues. Early spring growth and ability to grow at low temperatures contribute to the persistence of bottle brush squirreltail among cheatgrass dominated ranges (Hironaka and Tisdale 1972).
Sandberg bluegrass, a minor component of this ecological site, has been found to increase following fire likely due to its low stature and productivity (Daubenmire 1975). Reduced bunchgrass vigor or density provides an opportunity for Sandberg bluegrass expansion and/or cheatgrass and other invasive species to occupy interspaces, leading to increased fire frequency and potentially an annual plant community. Sandberg bluegrass increases under grazing pressure (Tisdale and Hironaka 1981) and is capable of co-existing with cheatgrass. Excessive sheep grazing favors Sandberg bluegrass; however, where cattle are the dominant grazers, cheatgrass often dominates (Daubenmire 1970). Thus, depending on the season of use, the grazer and site conditions, either Sandberg bluegrass or cheatgrass may become the dominant understory with inappropriate grazing management. Repeated frequent fire in this community will eliminate big sagebrush and severely decrease or eliminate the deep rooted perennial bunchgrasses from the site and facilitate the establishment of an annual weed community with varying amounts of Sandberg bluegrass and rabbitbrush.
Fire will remove aboveground biomass from bluebunch wheatgrass but plant mortality is generally low (Robberecht and Defossé 1995) because the buds are underground (Conrad and Poulton 1966) or protected by foliage. Uresk et al. (1976) reported burning increased vegetative and reproductive vigor of bluebunch wheatgrass. Thus, bluebunch wheatgrass is considered to experience slight damage to fire but is more susceptible in drought years (Young 1983). Plant response will vary depending on season, fire severity, fire intensity and post-fire soil moisture availability.
Wildfire in sites with cheatgrass present could transition to cheatgrass dominated communities. Without management cheatgrass and annual forbs are likely to invade and dominate the site, especially after fire.
State and transition model
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Click on state and transition labels to scroll to the respective text
State 1 submodel, plant communities
State 2 submodel, plant communities
State 3 submodel, plant communities
State 4 submodel, plant communities
State 5 submodel, plant communities
State 1
Reference State
The Reference State 1.0 is a representative of the natural range of variability under pristine conditions. The reference state has three general community phases; a shrub-grass dominant phase, a perennial grass dominant phase and a shrub dominant phase. State dynamics are maintained by interactions between climatic patterns and disturbance regimes. Negative feedbacks enhance ecosystem resilience and contribute to the stability of the state. These include the presence of all structural and functional groups, low fine fuel loads, and retention of organic matter and nutrients. Plant community phase changes are primarily driven by fire, periodic drought and/or insect or disease attack.
Community 1.1
Reference Plant Community 1.1
Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber’s needlegrass dominate the site. Indian ricegrass, Sandberg bluegrass and squirreltail are also common. Forbs are present but not abundant.
Figure 2. Annual production by plant type (representative values) or group (midpoint values)
Table 5. Annual production by plant type
| Plant type | Low (kg/hectare) |
Representative value (kg/hectare) |
High (kg/hectare) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shrub/Vine | 135 | 202 | 269 |
| Grass/Grasslike | 78 | 118 | 157 |
| Forb | 11 | 17 | 22 |
| Total | 224 | 337 | 448 |
Community 1.2
Community Phase 1.2
This community phase is characteristic of a post-disturbance, early seral community phase. Thurber’s needlegrass and other perennial grasses dominate. Depending on fire severity or intensity of Aroga moth infestation, patches of intact sagebrush may remain.
Community 1.3
Community Phase 1.3
Wyoming big sagebrush increases in the absence of disturbance. Decadent sagebrush dominates the overstory and the deep-rooted perennial bunchgrasses in the understory are reduced either from competition with shrubs and/or from herbivory.
Pathway 1.1a
Community 1.1 to 1.2
Fire would decrease or eliminate the overstory of sagebrush and allow for the perennial bunchgrasses to dominate the site. Fires would typically be small and patchy due to low fuel loads. A fire following an unusually wet spring or a change in management may be more severe and reduce sagebrush cover to trace amounts. A severe infestation of Aroga moth could also cause a large decrease in sagebrush within the community, giving a competitive advantage to the perennial grasses and forbs.
Pathway 1.1b
Community 1.1 to 1.3
Time and lack of disturbance such as fire allows for sagebrush to increase and become decadent. Long-term drought, herbivory, or combinations of these would cause a decline in perennial bunchgrasses and fine fuels and lead to a reduced fire frequency allowing big sagebrush to dominate the site.
Pathway 1.2a
Community 1.2 to 1.1
Absence of disturbance over time would allow for sagebrush to increase.
Pathway 1.3a
Community 1.3 to 1.1
A low severity fire, Aroga moth or combination would reduce the sagebrush overstory and create a sagebrush/grass mosaic with sagebrush and perennial bunchgrasses co-dominant.
Pathway 1.3b
Community 1.3 to 1.2
Fire would decrease or eliminate the overstory of sagebrush and allow for the perennial bunchgrasses to dominate the site. Fires would typically be low severity resulting in a mosaic pattern due to low fine fuel loads. A fire following an unusually wet spring or a change in management favoring an increase in fine fuels, may be more severe and reduce sagebrush cover to trace amounts. A severe infestation of Aroga moth could also cause a large decrease in sagebrush within the community, giving a competitive advantage to the perennial grasses and forbs.
State 2
Current Potential State
This state is similar to the Reference State 1.0. This state has the same three general community phases. Ecological function has not changed, however the resiliency of the state has been reduced by the presence of invasive weeds. Non-natives may increase in abundance but will not become dominant within this State. These non-natives can be highly flammable and can promote fire where historically fire had been infrequent. Negative feedbacks enhance ecosystem resilience and contribute to the stability of the state. These feedbacks include the presence of all structural and functional groups, low fine fuel loads and retention of organic matter and nutrients. Positive feedbacks decrease ecosystem resilience and stability of the state. These include the non-natives’ high seed output, persistent seed bank, rapid growth rate, ability to cross pollinate and adaptations for seed dispersal.
Community 2.1
Community Phase 2.1
Wyoming big sagebrush and Thurber’s needlegrass dominate the site. Indian ricegrass and squirreltail may be significant components while Sandberg bluegrass and forbs make up smaller percentages by weight of the understory. Non-native annual species are present.
Community 2.2
Community Phase 2.2
This community phase is characteristic of a post-disturbance, early seral community phase. Thurber’s needlegrass and other perennial grasses dominate. Wyoming big sagebrush is present in trace amounts. Depending on fire severity or intensity of Aroga moth infestations, patches of intact sagebrush may remain. Rabbitbrush may be sprouting. Forbs may increase post-fire but will likely return to pre-burn levels within a few years. Annual non-native species generally respond well after fire and may be stable or increasing within the community.
Community 2.3
Community Phase 2.3 (At Risk)
This community is at risk of crossing a threshold to another state. Sagebrush dominates the overstory and perennial bunchgrasses in the understory are reduced, either from competition with shrubs or from inappropriate grazing management, or from both. Rabbitbrush may be a significant component. Sandberg bluegrass may increase and become co-dominate with deep rooted bunchgrasses. Annual non-natives species may be stable or increasing due to lack of competition with perennial bunchgrasses. This site is susceptible to further degradation from grazing, drought, and fire.
Pathway 2.1a
Community 2.1 to 2.2
Fire reduces the shrub overstory and allows for perennial bunchgrasses to dominate the site. Fires are typically low severity resulting in a mosaic pattern due to low fuel loads. A fire following an unusually wet spring or a change in management favoring an increase in fine fuels, may be more severe and reduce sagebrush cover to trace amounts. A severe infestation of Aroga moth could also cause a large decrease in sagebrush within the community, giving a competitive advantage to the perennial grasses and forbs. Annual non-native species are likely to increase after fire.
Pathway 2.1b
Community 2.1 to 2.3
Time and lack of disturbance such as fire allows for sagebrush to increase and become decadent. Chronic drought reduces fine fuels and leads to a reduced fire frequency allowing Wyoming big sagebrush to dominate the site. Inappropriate grazing management reduces the perennial bunchgrass understory; conversely Sandberg bluegrass may increase in the understory depending on grazing management. Excessive sheep grazing favors Sandberg bluegrass; however, where cattle and/or horses are the dominant grazers, cheatgrass often increases.
Pathway 2.2a
Community 2.2 to 2.1
Time and lack of disturbance and/or grazing management that favors the establishment and growth of sagebrush allows the shrub component to recover. The establishment of Wyoming big sagebrush can take many years.
Pathway 2.3a
Community 2.3 to 2.1
A change in grazing management that decreases shrubs would allow for the perennial bunchgrasses in the understory to increase. Heavy late-fall/winter grazing may cause mechanical damage and subsequent death to sagebrush, facilitating an increase in the herbaceous understory. An infestation of Aroga moth or a low severity fire would reduce some sagebrush overstory and allow perennial grasses to increase in the community. Brush treatments with minimal soil disturbance would also decrease sagebrush and release the perennial understory. Annual non-native species are present and may increase in the community.
Pathway 2.3b
Community 2.3 to 2.2
Fire would decrease or eliminate the overstory of sagebrush and allow for the perennial bunchgrasses to dominate the site. Fires would typically be small and patchy due to low fuel loads. A fire following an unusually wet spring or a change in management may be more severe and reduce sagebrush cover to trace amounts. A severe infestation of Aroga moth could also cause a large decrease in sagebrush within the community, giving a competitive advantage to the perennial grasses and forbs.
State 3
Shrub State
This state has two community phases and is a product of many years of heavy grazing during time periods harmful to perennial bunchgrasses. Sandberg bluegrass may increase with a reduction in deep rooted perennial bunchgrass competition and may become the dominate grass or the herbaceous understory may be completely eliminated. Sagebrush dominates the overstory and spiny hopsage and/or rabbitbrush may be a significant component. Sagebrush cover exceeds site concept and may be decadent, reflecting stand maturity and lack of seedling establishment due to competition with mature plants. The shrub overstory dominates site resources such that soil water, nutrient capture, nutrient cycling and soil organic matter are temporally and spatially redistributed. Bare ground may be significant with soil redistribution occurring between interspace and canopy locations.
Community 3.1
Community Phase 3.1
Wyoming big sagebrush dominates overstory and spiny hopsage and/or rabbitbrush may be a significant component. Deep-rooted perennial bunchgrasses may be present in trace amounts or absent from the community. Sandberg bluegrass may dominate the understory. Annual non-native species are present and may be co-dominant. Bare ground is significant. Utah juniper may be present.
Community 3.2
Community Phase 3.2
Bluegrass dominates the site; annual non-native species may be present but are not dominant. Trace amounts of sagebrush may be present. Sprouting shrubs such as spiny hopsage or rabbitbrush may be dominant.
Pathway 3.1a
Community 3.1 to 3.2
Fire, heavy fall grazing causing mechanical damage to shrubs, and/or brush treatments with minimal soil disturbance, will greatly reduce the overstory shrubs to trace amounts and allow for Sandberg bluegrass to dominate the site.
State 4
Annual State
This state has two community phases characterized by the dominance of annual non-native species such as cheatgrass and tansy mustard in the understory. Sprouting shrubs such as rabbitbrush, shadscale, broom snakeweed and spiny hopsage may dominate the overstory.
Community 4.1
Community Phase 4.1
Annual non-native plants such as cheatgrass or tansy mustard dominate the site. Rabbitbrush may or may not be present.
Community 4.2
Community Phase 4.2
Sprouting shrubs such as spiny hopsage and Rabbitbrush along with broom snakeweed dominate overstory. Wyoming big sagebrush may be a minor component. Annual non-native species dominate understory. Trace amounts of desirable bunchgrasses may be present. Bare ground is significant.
Pathway 4.1a
Community 4.1 to 4.2
Time and lack of fire allows for the sagebrush to establish. Probability of sagebrush establishment is extremely low.
Pathway 4.2a
Community 4.2 to 4.1
Fire removes sagebrush and allows for annual non-native species to dominate the site.
State 5
Seeded state
This state has three community phases that are characterized by the dominance of seeded introduced wheatgrass species. Forage kochia and other desired seeded species including Wyoming big sagebrush and native and non-native forbs may be present. Soil nutrients and soil organic matter distribution and cycling are primarily driven by deep rooted bunchgrasses.
Community 5.1
Community Phase 5.1
Introduced wheatgrass species and other non-native species such as forage kochia dominate the community. Native and non-native seeded forbs may be present. Trace amounts of big sagebrush may be present, especially if seeded. Annual non-native species present.
Community 5.2
Community Phase 5.2
Wyoming big sagebrush and seeded wheatgrass species co-dominate. Annual non-native species stable to increasing.
Community 5.3
Community Phase 5.3 (At Risk)
This community phase is at-risk of crossing a threshold to another state. Wyoming big sagebrush dominates. Rabbitbrush may be a significant component. Wheatgrass vigor and density reduced. Annual non-native species stable to increasing.
Pathway 5.1a
Community 5.1 to 5.2
Inappropriate grazing management particularly during the growing season reduces perennial bunchgrass vigor and density and facilitates shrub establishment. Absence of shrub removal disturbances over time coupled with inappropriate grazing management facilitates shrub dominance.
Pathway 5.2a
Community 5.2 to 5.1
Low severity fire, brush management, and/or Aroga moth infestation would reduce the sagebrush overstory and allow seeded wheatgrass species to become dominant.
Pathway 5.2b
Community 5.2 to 5.3
Absence of shrub removal disturbances over time coupled with inappropriate grazing management that promotes a reduction in perennial bunchgrasses and facilitates shrub dominance.
Pathway 5.3a
Community 5.3 to 5.1
Fire eliminates/decreases the overstory of sagebrush and allows for the understory perennial grasses to increase. Fires would typically be low severity resulting in a mosaic pattern due to low fine fuel loads. A fire following an unusually wet spring or change in management favoring an increase in fine fuels, may be more severe and reduce the shrub component to trace amounts. A severe infestation of Aroga moth would also cause a large decrease in sagebrush within the community, giving a competitive advantage to the perennial grasses and forbs. Brush treatments with minimal soil disturbance would also decrease sagebrush and release the perennial understory. Annual non-native species respond well to fire and may increase post-burn.
Transition T1A
State 1 to 2
Trigger: This transition is caused by the introduction of non-native annual weeds, such as cheatgrass, mustards, bur buttercup and halogeton. Slow variables: Over time the annual non-native plants will increase within the community. Threshold: Any amount of introduced non-native species causes an immediate decrease in the resilience of the site. Annual non-native species cannot be easily removed from the system and have the potential to significantly alter disturbance regimes from their historic range of variation.
Transition T2A
State 2 to 3
Trigger: Inappropriate, long-term grazing of perennial bunchgrasses during the growing season would favor sagebrush. Slow variables: Long term decrease in deep-rooted perennial grass density. Threshold: Loss of deep-rooted perennial bunchgrasses changes spatial and temporal nutrient cycling and nutrient redistribution, and reduces soil organic matter.
Transition T2B
State 2 to 4
Trigger: To Community Phase 4.1: Severe fire and/or soil disturbing treatments. To Community Phase 4.2: Inappropriate grazing management that favors shrubs in the presence of non-native species. Slow variables: Increased production and cover of non-native annual species. Threshold: Loss of deep-rooted perennial bunchgrasses and shrubs truncates, spatially and temporally, nutrient capture and cycling within the community. Increased, continuous fine fuels from annual non-native plants modify the fire regime by changing intensity, size and spatial variability of fires.
Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 2
Brush management with minimal soil disturbance, coupled with seeding of deep rooted perennial native bunchgrasses. Probability of success very low.
Transition T3A
State 3 to 4
Trigger: To Community Phase 4.1: Severe fire and/or soil disturbing treatments. To Community Phase 4.2: Inappropriate grazing management in the presence of annual non-native species. Slow variables: Increased production and cover of non-native annual species. Threshold: Increased, continuous fine fuels modify the fire regime by changing intensity, size and spatial variability of fires. Changes in plant community composition and spatial variability of vegetation due to the loss of perennial bunchgrasses and sagebrush truncate energy capture spatially and temporally thus impacting nutrient cycling and distribution.
Restoration pathway R3B
State 3 to 5
Brush management with minimal soil disturbance, coupled with seeding of desired species, usually wheatgrasses (5.1 or 5.2). Restoration attempts causing soil disturbance will likely initiate a transition to an annual state. Probability of success very low.
Restoration pathway R4A
State 4 to 5
Seeding of deep-rooted introduced bunchgrasses and other desired species; may be coupled with brush management and/or herbicide. Probability of success is extremely low.
Transition T5A
State 5 to 4
Trigger: Fire Slow variables: Increased production and cover of non-native annual species Threshold: Cheatgrass or other non-native annuals dominate understory
Additional community tables
Table 6. Community 1.1 plant community composition
| Group | Common name | Symbol | Scientific name | Annual production (kg/hectare) | Foliar cover (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Grass/Grasslike
|
||||||
| 1 | Primary Perennial Grasses | 57–135 | ||||
| squirreltail | ELEL5 | Elymus elymoides | 34–84 | – | ||
| Indian ricegrass | ACHY | Achnatherum hymenoides | 17–34 | – | ||
| Webber needlegrass | ACWE3 | Achnatherum webberi | 7–17 | – | ||
| 2 | Secondary Perennial Grasses | 7–27 | ||||
| desert needlegrass | ACSP12 | Achnatherum speciosum | 2–10 | – | ||
| Thurber's needlegrass | ACTH7 | Achnatherum thurberianum | 2–10 | – | ||
| needle and thread | HECO26 | Hesperostipa comata | 2–10 | – | ||
| Sandberg bluegrass | POSE | Poa secunda | 2–10 | – | ||
|
Forb
|
||||||
| 3 | Perennial Forbs | 7–27 | ||||
| milkvetch | ASTRA | Astragalus | 2–7 | – | ||
| buckwheat | ERIOG | Eriogonum | 2–7 | – | ||
| phlox | PHLOX | Phlox | 2–7 | – | ||
| globemallow | SPHAE | Sphaeralcea | 2–7 | – | ||
|
Shrub/Vine
|
||||||
| 4 | Primary Shrubs | 135–235 | ||||
| shadscale saltbush | ATCO | Atriplex confertifolia | 34–84 | – | ||
| spiny hopsage | GRSP | Grayia spinosa | 17–34 | – | ||
| 5 | Secondary Shrubs | 7–27 | ||||
| yellow rabbitbrush | CHVI8 | Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus | 3–10 | – | ||
| jointfir | EPHED | Ephedra | 3–10 | – | ||
| broom snakeweed | GUSA2 | Gutierrezia sarothrae | 3–10 | – | ||
| winterfat | KRLA2 | Krascheninnikovia lanata | 3–10 | – | ||
| horsebrush | TETRA3 | Tetradymia | 3–10 | – | ||
Interpretations
Animal community
Livestock Interpretations:
This site has limited value for livestock grazing, due to the low forage production and steep slopes. Grazing management should be keyed to dominant grasses or palatable shrubs production. Livestock browse Wyoming big sagebrush, but may use it only lightly when palatable herbaceous species are available. Shadscale is a valuable browse species, providing a source of palatable, nutritious forage for a wide variety of livestock. Shadscale provides good browse for domestic sheep. Shadscale leaves and seeds are an important component of domestic sheep and cattle winter diets. Spiny hopsage provides a palatable and nutritious food source for livestock, particularly during late winter through spring. Domestic sheep browse the succulent new growth of spiny hopsage in late winter and early spring. Bottlebrush squirreltail is very palatable winter forage for domestic sheep of Intermountain ranges. Domestic sheep relish the green foliage. Overall, bottlebrush squirreltail is considered moderately palatable to livestock. Indian ricegrass is highly palatable to all classes of livestock in both green and cured condition. It supplies a source of green feed before most other native grasses have produced much new growth.
Stocking rates vary over time depending upon season of use, climate variations, site, and previous and current management goals. A safe starting stocking rate is an estimated stocking rate that is fine tuned by the client by adaptive management through the year and from year to year.
Wildlife Interpretations:
Wyoming big sagebrush is preferred browse for wild ungulates. Pronghorn usually browse Wyoming big sagebrush heavily. Shadscale is a valuable browse species, providing a source of palatable, nutritious forage for a wide variety of wildlife particularly during spring and summer before the hardening of spiny twigs. It supplies browse, seed, and cover for birds, small mammals, rabbits, deer, and pronghorn antelope. Spiny hopsage provides a palatable and nutritious food source for big game animals. Spiny hopsage is used as forage to at least some extent by domestic goats, deer, pronghorn, and rabbits. Bottlebrush squirreltail is a dietary component of several wildlife species. Bottlebrush squirreltail may provide forage for mule deer and pronghorn. Indian ricegrass is eaten by pronghorn in moderate amounts whenever available. A number of heteromyid rodents inhabiting desert rangelands show preference for seed of Indian ricegrass. Indian ricegrass is an important component of jackrabbit diets in spring and summer. In Nevada, Indian ricegrass may even dominate jackrabbit diets during the spring through early summer months. Indian ricegrass seed provides food for many species of birds. Doves, for example, eat large amounts of shattered Indian ricegrass seed lying on the ground. Sagebrush-grassland communities provide critical sage-grouse breeding and nesting habitats. Meadows surrounded by sagebrush may be used as feeding and strutting grounds. Sagebrush is a crucial component of their diet year-round, and sage-grouse select sagebrush almost exclusively for cover. Sage-grouse prefer mountain big sagebrush and Wyoming big sagebrush communities to basin big sagebrush communities.
Hydrological functions
Runoff is high to very high. Permeability is slow to moderate. Hydrologic soil groups are B and D. Rills are none to rare. Rock fragments armor the surface. Water flow patterns are few and are most obvious in areas subjected to recent summer convection storms. High amount of surface rock limit the extent of flow patterns - flow patterns that may be present are short and stable. Pedestals are none to rare with occurrence typically limited to areas within water flow patterns. Frost heaving of shallow rooted plants should not be considered as normal condition. Gullies are none to rare. Although somewhat sparse in occurrence, perennial herbaceous plants slow runoff and increase infiltration. Shrub canopy and associated litter break raindrop impact. Very high amounts of surface rock fragments stabilize soil.
Recreational uses
Aesthetic value is derived from the diverse floral and faunal composition and the colorful flowering of wild flowers and shrubs during the spring and early summer. This site offers rewarding opportunities to photographers and for nature study. This site is used for hiking and has potential for upland and big game hunting.
Other products
Native Americans made tea from big sagebrush leaves. They used the tea as a tonic, an antiseptic, for treating colds, diarrhea, and sore eyes and as a rinse to ward off ticks. Big sagebrush seeds were eaten raw or made into meal. Seeds of shadscale were used by Native Americans for bread and mush. Some Native American peoples traditionally ground parched seeds of spiny hopsage to make pinole flour. Indian ricegrass was traditionally eaten by some Native Americans. The Paiutes used seed as a reserve food source.
Other information
Wyoming big sagebrush is used for stabilizing slopes and gullies and for restoring degraded wildlife habitat, rangelands, mine spoils and other disturbed sites. It is particularly recommended on dry upland sites where other shrubs are difficult to establish. Spiny hopsage has moderate potential for erosion control and low to high potential for long-term revegetation projects. It can improve forage, control wind erosion, and increase soil stability on gentle to moderate slopes. Spiny hopsage is suitable for highway plantings on dry sites in Nevada. Bottlebrush squirreltail is tolerant of disturbance and is a suitable species for revegetation.
Supporting information
Inventory data references
NASIS soil component data
Type locality
| Location 1: Eureka County, NV | |
|---|---|
| Township/Range/Section | T31N R48E S17 |
| UTM zone | N |
| UTM northing | 4490090 |
| UTM easting | 534978 |
| Latitude | 40° 33′ 39″ |
| Longitude | 116° 35′ 12″ |
| General legal description | NE¼ East of Beowawe Geysers, Crescent Valley area, Eureka County, Nevada. This site also occurs in Lander, and Pershing Counties, Nevada. |
Other references
Fire Effects Information System (Online; http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/).
USDA-NRCS Plants Database (Online; http://www.plants.usda.gov).
Anderson, E.W. and R.J. Scherzinger. 1975. Improving quality of winter forage for elk by cattle grazing. Journal of Range Management 28(2):120-125.
Baker, W.L. 2006. Fire and restoration of sagebrush ecosystems. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 34:177-185.
Archer, Amy J. 2000. Achnatherum thurberianum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [ 2014, April 14].
Belnap, J. 2003. The world at your feet: desert biological soil crusts. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1: 181-189.
Blaisdell, J.P. and J.F. Pechanec. 1949. Effects of herbage removal at various dates on vigor of bluebunch wheatgrass and arrowleaf balsamroot. Ecology 30(3):298-305.
Britton, C.M., G.R. McPherson and F.A. Sneva. 1990. Effects of burning and clipping on five bunchgrasses in eastern Oregon. The Great Basin Naturalist 50(2):115-120.
Bunting, S.C., B.M. Kilgore, and C.L. Bushey. 1987. Guidelines for prescribed burning sagebrush-grass rangelands in the northern Great Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-231. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 33 p.
Chambers, J., R. Miller and J. Grace. 2012. The importance of resilience and resistance to the restoration of sagebrush rangelands. SageSTEP News 18:4-6.
Couture, M.D., M.F. Ricks and L. Housley. 1986. Foraging behavior of a contemporary northern Great Basin population. J. of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 8.2:150-160.
Davies, K.W., J.D. Bates, and R.F. Miller. 2007. Environmental and vegetation relationships of the Artemisia tridentata spp. wyomingensis alliance. Journal of Arid Environments. 70:478-494.
Furniss, M.M. and W.F. Barr. 1975. Insects affecting important native shrubs of the northwest United States. USDA FS General Technical Report INT-19: Pgs 30-32.
Ganskopp, D. 1988. Defoliation of Thurber needlegrass: herbage and root responses. Journal of Range Management 41(6):472-476.
Gates, D.H. 1964. Sagebrush infested by leaf defoliation moth. J. of Range Mgt 17: 209-310.
Goodrich, S. 2005. Classification and capabilities of woody sagebrush communities of Western North America with emphasis on sage-grouse habiat. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-38:17-37.
Howard, J. L. 1997. Poa secunda. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2014, January 27].
Howard, J. L. 1999. Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2011, November 21].
Kaltenecker, J.H., M.C. Wicklow-Howard, and R. Rosentreter. 1999. Biological soil crust in three sagebrush communities recovering from a century of livestock trampling. In: Proceedings: shrubland ecotones; 1998 Aug 12-14; Ephraim, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-11.
Laycock, W.A. 1967. How heavy grazing and protection affect sagebrush-grass ranges. Journal of Range Management 20:206-213.
McArthur, E.D., B.L. Welch and S.C. Sanderson. 1988. Natural and Artificial Hybridization between Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) Subspecies. J. of Heredity 79:268-276.
Meyer, S.E. 2008. Artemisia L. USDA FS Agriculture Handbook 727- Woody Plant Seed Manual. p 274-280.
Miller, R. F., J.C. Chambers, D.A. Pyke, F.B. Peirson and C.J. Williams. 2013. A review of fire effects on vegetation soils in the Great Basin region: response and ecological site characteristics. RMRS-GTR-308.
NRCS Plants Database [Online] http://www.http://plants.usda.gov/
Norton, J.B., T.A. Monaco, J.M. Norton, D.M. Johnson, T.A. Jones. 2004. Cheatgrass invasion alters soil morphology and organic matter dynamics in big sagebrush-steppe rangelands. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-31:57-63.
Noy-Meir, I. 1973. Desert Ecosystems: environment and producers. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 4:25-51.
Memmott, K.L., V.J. Anderson, and S.B. Monsen. 1998. Seasonal grazing impact on crytogamic crust in a cold desert ecosystem. J of Range Management. 51(5):547-550.
Quinones, F.A. 1981. Indian ricegrass evaluation and breeding. Bulletin 681. Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 19 pp.
Rosentreter, R. 2005. Sagebrush identification, ecology, and palatability relative to sage-grouse. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-38:3-16.
Smith, M.A. and F. Busby. 1981. Prescribed burning: effective control of sagebrush in Wyoming. RJ-165. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 12 pp.
Stahl, P.D., G.E. Schuman, S. M. Frost and S.E. Williams. 1998. Arbuscular mycorrhizae and water stress tolerance of Wyoming big sagebrush seedlings. Soil Sci. Am. J. 62:1309-1313.
Stringham, T.K. and E. Freese. 2011. Final Report for Agreement No. 68-9327-9-09, USDA Ecological Site Description MLRA 24 Nevada. University of Nevada, Reno.
Stubbendieck, J., J.T. Nichols, and K.K. Roberts. 1985. Nebraska range and pasture grasses (including grass-like plants). E.C. 85-170. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service. 75 p.
Richardson, B.A., J.T. Page, P. Bajgain, S.C. Sanderson and J.A. Udall. 2012. Deep sequencing of amplicons reveals widespread intraspecific hybridization and multiple origins of polyploidy in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata; Asteraceae). American J of Botany 99(12):1926-1975.
USDA-NRCS. 2001. Soil quality Technical Note No. 3. Soil quality information sheets for rangelands.
USDA-NRCS. 2011. Web Soil Survey Available online (http://soils.usda.gov).
USDI-BLM. 2001. Biological soil crusts: ecology and management. Technical Reference 1730-2.
West, N.E. and M.A. Hassan. 1985. Recovery of sagebrush-grass vegetation following wildfire. Journal of Range Management 38(2):131-134.
Winward, A.H. 1991. A renewed commitment to management of sagebrush grasslands. P. 2-7 In: Management of the sagebrush steppe. Agricultural Experimental Station Special Report 880. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
Young, J.A., R.E. Eckert, Jr., R.A. Evans. 1979. Historical perspectives regarding the sagebrush ecosystem. In: The sagebrush ecosystem: a symposium: Proceedings; 1978 April; Logan, UT. Logan, UT: Utah State University, College of Natural Resources: 1-13.
Young, J.A. and R.A. Evans. 1981. Demography and fire history of a western juniper stand. J of Range Management. 34(6):501-505.
Zlatnik, E. 1999. Agropyron cristatum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Zlatnik, Elena. 1999. Pseudoroegneria spicata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [ 2014, April 14].
Contributors
CP/GKB
TK Stringham
Approval
Kendra Moseley, 3/07/2025
Rangeland health reference sheet
Interpreting Indicators of Rangeland Health is a qualitative assessment protocol used to determine ecosystem condition based on benchmark characteristics described in the Reference Sheet. A suite of 17 (or more) indicators are typically considered in an assessment. The ecological site(s) representative of an assessment location must be known prior to applying the protocol and must be verified based on soils and climate. Current plant community cannot be used to identify the ecological site.
| Author(s)/participant(s) | Patti Novak-Echenique |
|---|---|
| Contact for lead author | State Rangeland Management Specialist |
| Date | 03/18/2010 |
| Approved by | Kendra Moseley |
| Approval date | |
| Composition (Indicators 10 and 12) based on | Annual Production |
Indicators
-
Number and extent of rills:
Rills are none to rare. Rock fragments armor the surface. -
Presence of water flow patterns:
Water flow patterns are few and are most obvious in areas subjected to recent summer convection storms. High amount of surface rock limit the extent of flow patterns - flow patterns that may be present are short and stable. -
Number and height of erosional pedestals or terracettes:
Pedestals are none to rare with occurrence typically limited to areas within water flow patterns. Frost heaving of shallow rooted plants should not be considered as normal condition. -
Bare ground from Ecological Site Description or other studies (rock, litter, lichen, moss, plant canopy are not bare ground):
Bare Ground ± 30-40%. -
Number of gullies and erosion associated with gullies:
Gullies are none to rare. -
Extent of wind scoured, blowouts and/or depositional areas:
None -
Amount of litter movement (describe size and distance expected to travel):
Fine litter (foliage from grasses and annual & perennial forbs) expected to move distance of slope length during intense summer convection storms or rapid snowmelt events. Persistent litter (large woody material) will remain in place except during catastrophic events. -
Soil surface (top few mm) resistance to erosion (stability values are averages - most sites will show a range of values):
Soil stability values should be 2 to 4 on most soil textures found on this site. Areas of this site occurring on soils that have a physical crust will probably have stability values less than 3. (To be field tested.) -
Soil surface structure and SOM content (include type of structure and A-horizon color and thickness):
Surface structure is typically thin platy or subangular blocky. Soil surface colors are light and are typified by an ochric or mollic epipedon. Organic matter of the surface 2 to 3 inches is typically less than to 1 percent dropping off quickly below. Organic matter content can be more or less depending on micro-topography. -
Effect of community phase composition (relative proportion of different functional groups) and spatial distribution on infiltration and runoff:
Although somewhat sparse in occurrence, perennial herbaceous plants slow runoff and increase infiltration. Shrub canopy and associated litter break raindrop impact. Very high amounts of surface rock fragments stabilize soil. -
Presence and thickness of compaction layer (usually none; describe soil profile features which may be mistaken for compaction on this site):
Compacted layers are not typical. Subangular blocky or massive sub-surface horizons and subsoil argillic horizons are not to be interpreted as compacted layers. -
Functional/Structural Groups (list in order of descending dominance by above-ground annual-production or live foliar cover using symbols: >>, >, = to indicate much greater than, greater than, and equal to):
Dominant:
Reference Plant Community: Tall shrubs (big sagebrush & spiny hopsage)Sub-dominant:
Deep-rooted, cool season, perennial bunchgrasses > associated shrubs > shallow-rooted, cool season, perennial bunchgrasses > deep-rooted, cool season, perennial forbs = fibrous, shallow-rooted, cool season, annual and perennial forbsOther:
Additional:
-
Amount of plant mortality and decadence (include which functional groups are expected to show mortality or decadence):
Dead branches within individual shrubs common and standing dead shrub canopy material may be as much as 20% of total woody canopy; mature bunchgrasses commonly have dead centers. -
Average percent litter cover (%) and depth ( in):
Fine litter between plant interspaces (± T-5%) and depth (± ¼ in.) -
Expected annual annual-production (this is TOTAL above-ground annual-production, not just forage annual-production):
For normal or average growing season (through May) ± 300 lbs/ac; Spring moisture significantly affects total production. -
Potential invasive (including noxious) species (native and non-native). List species which BOTH characterize degraded states and have the potential to become a dominant or co-dominant species on the ecological site if their future establishment and growth is not actively controlled by management interventions. Species that become dominant for only one to several years (e.g., short-term response to drought or wildfire) are not invasive plants. Note that unlike other indicators, we are describing what is NOT expected in the reference state for the ecological site:
Increasers include Douglas'' rabbitbrush and horsebrush. Invaders include snakeweed, halogeton, Russian thistle, annual mustards, and cheatgrass. -
Perennial plant reproductive capability:
All functional groups should reproduce in above average growing season years.
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