Ecological site group description

Provisional. A provisional ecological site description has undergone quality control and quality assurance review. It contains a working state and transition model and enough information to identify the ecological site.

Physiography

This ESG is found on mountains generally above 5000 ft. on variable slopes.

Climate

The average annual precipitation is 40 to 80 inches (1,015 to 2,030 millimeters) in much of this area, and foothills and as much as 100 inches (2,540 millimeters) on the mountain peaks. The amount of precipitation increases with elevation and from south to north. Summers are dry, but there are occasional thunderstorms. Much of the winter precipitation occurs as snow. The average annual temperature is 25 to 63 degrees F (-4 to 17 degrees C), decreasing with elevation. The freeze-free period averages 205 days and ranges from 65 to 345 days, decreasing in length with elevation. It is longest at the lower elevations along the western edge of the area.

Soil features

The soils most dominant in this ESG are moderately deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in material weathered from granitic rock

Cagwin, a mixed, frigid Dystric Xeropsamments
Smokey, a loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Dystroxerepts
Tinker, a loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, frigid Andic Dystrudepts

Vegetation dynamics

This ESG is characterized by moderately deep, frigid soils on mountain landforms with greater than 40 inches of precipitation. It is part of the red fir habitat type, which is typically found on frigid soils over a wide range of topography exclusive of very wet sites. Annual precipitation ranges from 1000 to 3000 mm (40 to 50 in) per year, primarily as snow that forms packs up to 5 m (15 ft) in winter. Summers are dry, limiting tree growth to seasonally available soil moisture. Small pockets of lodgepole pine also occur in wet sites scattered throughout large tracts of red fir. Similar inclusions of aspen may be found along riparian zones. Mountain meadows of various sizes, sometimes associated with small lakes, are also typical of red fir habitats. At higher elevations, red fir habitats include increasing numbers of mountain hemlock, western white pine, whitebark pine, and to a lesser extent, foxtail pine and limber pine. Noble fir is associated with red fir in the northwestern region of California.

Stand structure is typified by even-aged (established within 20-year span) groups of trees that cover several to thousands of square meters. The cause of this pattern is probably a history of recurrent lightning fires, windthrows, and insect outbreaks acting to kill groups of trees. Natural regeneration occurs on the disturbed site following the next good cone crop. Young seedling stands are thinned by competition for soil moisture during summer. Logging is becoming a more common source of disturbance, creating larger openings on average than historic disturbances.

Mature red fir stands normally are monotypic, with very few other plant species in any layer. Heavy shade and a thick layer of duff tends to inhibit understory vegetation, especially in dense stands. To the north, in the Klamath Mountains, red fir gives way to noble fir.

After disturbance typically logging or fire red fir vegetation on a site proceeds through 4 seral stages: grass/forb, shrub/sapling, pole/medium tree, and large tree. The grass/forb stage occurs when red fir seedlings become established on mineral soil or shallow litter and require about 5 years to reach a height of 15 cm (6 in). Herbs, are often sparse due to competition for soil moisture on light soils. In the shrub/sapling stage, large brush fields may develop after hot wildfires and are dominated by Ceanothus or other shrub species for many years. The pole/medium tree stage produces dense stands of young red fir that grow slowly with little mortality for many years. In the large tree stage, subdominant trees die and add to a growing layer of duff and downed woody material, and dominant trees continue to grow for several hundred years to heights of 40 m (130 ft). Old growth stands on poor sites in the Sagehen Creek drainage of Nevada County average about 400 years old. The understory of mature stands is limited to less than 5 percent cover of shade tolerant forbs (e.g., Chimaphila menziesii, Pyrola picta).

Seral patterns are defined here for both good and poor sites. The seral pattern on good sites includes 10 years in the grass/forb stage, 20 years in the shrub/seedling stage, 80 years in the pole/medium tree stage and 110 years in the large tree stage. The pattern on poor sites includes 20 years in the shrub/seedling stage, 100 years in the pole/medium tree stage and 250 years in the large tree stage. Hence the cumulative year totals are 200 from the good site and 400 from the poor site.

California Wildlife Habitat Relationships System
California Department of Fish and Game
California Interagency Wildlife Task Group
Reginald H. Barrett

Major Land Resource Area

MLRA 022A
Sierra Nevada and Tehachapi Mountains

Subclasses

• F022AE013CA–Frigid, Loamy, Volcanic Mountain Slopes
• F022AF004CA–Frigid, Shallow To Deep, Sandy Mountain Slopes
• F022AW011CA–Frigid Mountains >40"ppt
• F022AY118NV–ABMA-PICO/ARTRV/BRMA4
• R022AC204CA–Cryic, Umbric Or Andic Slopes
• R022AD002CA–Gravely Bedrock Slopes
• R022AD007CA–Bedrock, Shallow Slopes
• R022AD009CA–Bedrock Pocket Valley Bottoms
• R022AE213CA–Steep Rubbly Slope
• R022AE217CA–Frigid Volcanic Slopes
• R022AY011NV–MOUNTAIN RIDGE 30+ P.Z.

Correlated Map Unit Components

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Stage

Provisional

Contributors

Kendra Moseley
Curtis Talbot
Darren Pinnegar