State 1
Reference State

This state is typically composed of a shrub layer dominated mat saltbush with lesser amounts of perennial warm and cool grasses present. It is normally self sustaining and stable due to its high resistance to natural disturbances and high resilience following natural disturbances. Once invasive plants become established, return to the reference state may not be possible.

Characteristics and indicators. Reference State: Community phases influenced by native herbivore grazing, insect herbivory, and weather. Indicators: A sparse perennial cool and warm season grass understory with mat saltbush forming the dominant visual aspect.

Resilience management. Feedbacks: Extended drought and/or improper grazing that result in a reduction of native perennial plant vigor which may cause invasive species to become established in the understory, increased bare spaces, erosion, and soil loss. Properly managed grazing that maintains the perennial bunchgrass understory. At-risk Community Phase: All communities in this state are at risk when native plants are stressed and/or nutrients become available for invasive plants to establish. Trigger: Introduction and establishment of non-native invasive plants such as cheatgrass and Russian thistle.

Community 1.1
Mat saltbush; Perennial Grass Community Phase

This community is characterized by a mat saltbush shrub canopy with perennial native grasses present in the herbaceous layer. Commonly occurring grasses include Indian ricegrass and James galleta. As grass cover increases, shrub interspaces are reduced. Other perennial grasses, shrubs, and forbs may or may not be present and cover is variable. Bare ground is variable (40-70%) depending on the number of surface rock fragments which is also variable. Steep hillslopes are often dissected by rills and gullies.

State 2
Current Potential State

The current potential state is similar to the reference state except that invasive species are now present. It is generally dominated by mat saltbush, native perennial grasses and forbs may also be present. Primary disturbance mechanisms include climate fluctuations, native herbivore grazing, domestic livestock grazing, and surface disturbances such as road and pipeline development and off road vehicle (OHV) use. Timing of these disturbances dictates the ecological dynamics that occur.

Characteristics and indicators. A site dominated by mat saltbush. James galleta, Indian ricegrass and sand dropseed may also be present. Non-native species are now present in the stand.

Resilience management. Feedbacks: Extended drought resulting in a reduction of native perennial plant vigor. Normal fluctuations in weather allowing for the maintenance of both shrubs and perennial grasses. At-risk Community Phase: This state is at risk when perennial plant cover is reduced and nutrients become available for invasive plants to flurish. Trigger: Spread of invasive plants to fill available niches.

Community 2.1
Mat saltbush/ Invasive Weed Phase

This community phase is characterized by a mat saltbush shrub canopy, where perennial native grasses are present. Invasive plants are also present. Commonly seen grasses include Indian ricegrass, James galleta, and cheatgrass. Other grasses, shrubs, and forbs may or may not be present and cover is variable. Bare ground, rock fragments, and biological crust cover are very similar to community phase 1.1 in their variability and responses to each other.

State 3
Annual Weed State

The Annual Weed State is generally dominated by invasive annual plants such as cheatgrass, halogeton and Russian thistle. Mat saltbush may or may not be present.

Characteristics and indicators. Annual Weed State: Community phases maintained, in a self-sustaining manner, by invasive annual weed domination and/or occasional fire. Indicators: A site where ecological processes are driven by cheatgrass and/or other invasive annual forbs.

Resilience management. Feedbacks: A self sustaining disturbance regime of invasive annual weed domination and/or occasional fire.

Community 3.1
Annual Weedy Herbaceous Phase

This community phase is characterized by a reduction in mat saltbush and other shrubs, and an increase in invasive annuals. Common invasives include Russian thistle, halogeton, and cheatgrass. This state is the result of disturbances that reduce shrub canopy cover. Bare ground, rock fragments, and biological crust cover are very similar to community phase 1.1 in their variability and responses to each other.

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

– This transition is from the reference state where only native perennial warm and cool season grasses occur to a state that also includes invasive species. Events may include combinations of conditions favorable for the establishment of invasive plant species, including season long grazing providing little rest and recovery for preferred grazed plants during critical growing periods coupled with high utilization, heavy wildlife browsing, prolonged drought, and surface disturbances. However, invasive species such as cheatgrass have been known to invade intact perennial plant communities with little to no disturbance.

Transition T2A
State 2 to 3

This transition is from a state dominated by perennial shrubs, grasses and invasive weeds to a state that is dominated by annual invasive species. Events include brush treatments, season long grazing providing little rest and recovery for preferred grazed plants during critical growing periods coupled with high utilization, coupled with prolonged drought, and surface disturbances that remove shrubs including off-road vehicle use, and road and pipeline development. Once brush is removed and invasive plants dominate, a threshold has been crossed.