State 1
Sandy Upland Savannas

This state has vegetation consisting of having an open canopy of widely spaced pine trees with a low, dense, well-developed shrubby understory. They occur on on slight rises and knolls in surrounding lower elevation communities. The shrub layer consists primarily of shrubby oak species and species commonly seen in lower elevation communities. Forbs and grasses may be present but will not be dominant in this community, the ground layer is generally bare sand openings.

Community 1.1
Shrubby Flatwoods

These communities consist of an open canopy of tall pines with a dense groundcover of shrubs. Maintenance of these communities composition and structure is dependent on fire once every 5 to 15 years. Principal canopy species include longleaf, slash, and Florida slash pine. The understory consists primarily of a dense layer of shrubby oak species and an open ground layer of grasses and forbs interspersed with areas of bare sand. This community correlates with the Florida Natural area Inventory community "Shrubby Flatwoods" (FNAI, 2010).

Forest overstory. The overstory will typically consist of a single species of pine. These will form an open canopy that are widely spaced. The overstory will consist of either longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) or slash pine (P. elliottii) in the northern to central portions of the MLRA, and Florida slash pine (P. elliottii var. densa) in the southern portion of the MLRA closer to Lake Okeechobee and south.

Forest understory. The understory will often form a low, dense layer consisting of one or more scrub oak species, sand live oak (Quercus geminata), myrtle oak (Q. myrtifolia), Chapman’s oak (Q. chapmanii), and scrub oak (Q. inopina), as well as shrubs typical of mesic flatwoods including saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), gallberry (Ilex glabra), and Lyonia spp. The understory will also consist of grasses and dwarf shrubs such as pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta), broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), dwarf live oak (Quercus minima), runner oak (Q. elliottii), and gopher apple (Licania michauxii). Many forbs may be present. Bare sand openings are often present by are generally small.

Community 1.2
Fire-Suppressed Shrubby Flatwoods

This state describes a fire-suppressed shrubby flatwoods. It is characterized by the emergent open canopy of widely spaced pines, with a tall dense shrub layer of oaks. As the oaks mature they become less favorable to supporting species such as Florida scrub-jay due to a decrease in acorn production. It is estimated once shrubby oaks become greater than 2.0 meters in height, even hot burns may not be sufficient to kill the oak species as the canopy is above the range of surface fires and the thick bark becomes more fire resistant.

Forest overstory. The overstory will typically consist of a monostand of a single species of pine. These will form an open canopy that are widely spaced. The overstory will consist of either longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) or slash pine (P. elliottii) in the northern to central portions of the MLRA, and Florida slash pine (P. elliottii var. densa) in the southern portion of the MLRA closer to Lake Okeechobee and south.

Forest understory. With the absence of fire the low, dense layer will grow into the midcanopy, often being above 2.0 meters in height. This midcanopy will consist of one or more scrub oak species , sand live oak (Quercus geminata), myrtle oak (Q. myrtifolia), Chapman’s oak (Q. chapmanii), and scrub oak (Q. inopina). Shrubs typical of mesic flatwoods will remain in the low understory including saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), gallberry (Ilex glabra), and Lyonia spp. The ground layer will decline in density and diversity and will consist of grasses and dwarf shrubs such as pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta), broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), dwarf live oak (Quercus minima), runner oak (Q. elliottii), and gopher apple (Licania michauxii). Many forbs may be present. Bare sand openings may be present and will be slowly covered by increasing oak litter.

Community 1.3
Early Successional Community

This community describes an early successional community that is created following a high-intensity disturbance event. There is usually not enough fuel to support the spread of fire. There may be more areas of exposed bare sand as species composition and structure have been greatly reduced. Existing species may reflect the reference community, with increased seedlings of understory and overstory species present as this community matures.

Forest understory. A relatively continuous shrub canopy develops within 2 years after a fire, and most of the exposed bare sand from the fire is covered by litter or new herbaceous cover. Within 4 to 6 years post fire, the average shrub canopy may reach up to 1.0 meter in height based off environmental conditions, and require more than 15 years of unburned habitat to reach an average canopy greater than 2.0 meters.

Pathway 1.1A
Community 1.1 to 1.2

This community is created with the long-term absence of fire from the reference community or lengthened fire return intervals combined with low intensity winter burning. As time passes, the shrubby oak species will form a tall shrub layer in the midstory. Oak litter and shading from live oaks will begin creating more shaded ground conditions, decreasing herbaceous fuels and making unsuitable conditions for fire to spread.

Context dependence. Estimated time for this transition is between 15 and 35 years of exclusion of high-intensity fires from the reference system. This number correlates with the upward limit of oak growth before it can attain heights which no longer supports the spread of fire. As the oaks grow acorn production by oak species will begin to decrease and conditions may become unfavorable to the Florida scrub jay, an endemic species dependent on the reference communities.

Pathway 1.2A
Community 1.2 to 1.1

The restoration from a fire-suppressed shrubby flatwoods to its reference community includes removal to reduce the height of oaks and reintroducing fire into the system. Reduction of oak height will assist in restoring a low, dense shrubby understory and create more suitable habitat for the Florida scrub jay. It is important there is little to no ground disturbances to maintain natural hydroperiods and prevent the possibility of invasive species introduction. Once reduction of oak height is completed, a natural fire regime must be introduced to continuously maintain this community, otherwise the oak species may grow into the overstory and transition to a fire-suppressed shrubby flatwoods again. Reduction strategies may result from mechanical, chemical, or biological processes. Natural fire return intervals are once every 5 to 15 years.

Pathway 1.2B
Community 1.2 to 1.3

This transition may be caused by a high intensity disturbance event such as extreme wildfires that utilize the increased ladder fuels in the understory and create crown fires, removing overstory pines causing mass community disturbances.

Pathway 1.3A
Community 1.3 to 1.1

This transition may occur over time as natural seeding occurs after a high intensity disturbance event. Fire must be reintroduced along its regular frequencies and intensity to maintain the community composition and structure of the reference state. Transition back to the reference community 1.1 should be considered complete when the community composition and structure of the area falls under the range of the reference community.

State 2
Sandy Upland Forests

Sandy upland forests vegetation consists of having a low, closed canopy of mature oak trees with an open understory consisting of shrub characteristic to the reference state. They occur when fire has been excluded from the reference state for a long period of time, allowing for the shrubby oaks to mature in the overstory.

Community 2.1
Upland Hammock

This state describe the result from years of fire exclusion, consisting of an evergreen forest of low, closed canopy dominated by oaks. An emergent relict pine layer may be present dependent on the age of the stand. The understory is usually open and consists of shrub characteristic to the reference community. The ground layer may consist of few herbaceous species, but is more common to include vines and epiphytes. This community correlates with the Florida Natural Area Inventory community "Xeric Hammock" (FNAI, 2010).

Forest overstory. The overstory is often characterized by a low, closed canopy dominated by oak species (Quercus geminata, Q. chapmanii, Q. virginiana) and a sparse emergent canopy of pine (Pinus palustris, P. elliottii, P. elliottii var. densa). Epiphytes and vines are often present on branches of oaks exposed to sunlight, and may include airplants (Tillandsia spp.), greenbriar (Smilax spp.), muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia), and resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides).

Forest understory. The understory will often form a dense shrub layer of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), with occasional shrubs such as myrtle oaks (Quercus myrtifolia), staggerbush (Lyonia spp.), American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana), and others, or a mixed stand depended on local environmental factors. The herbaceous layer is generally very sparse to absent but may contain species such as pineland threeawn (Aristida stricta) and beaksedge (Rhynchospora). A layer of oak litter may be present dependent on time since last burned.

State 3
Grazed Rangeland

Rangelands are described as lands on which the indigenous vegetation is predominately grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, and possibly shrubs or dispersed trees. Existing plant communities can include both native and introduced plants. Primary export from Florida ranges are cattle and have been present in the state since their first introduction by Spanish explorers in 1521. Native forage production is very good with proper management in this community, with only a slight effect on the community. Proper management will often result in an increase of grasses and reduction of shrubs while also maintaining proper fire intervals. Rangelands provide a diversity of ecosystems and also provide a diverse and significant production of economic benefits and ecosystem goods and services. Livestock production along with sustainable wildlife populations provide for the major direct economic benefits, but also tourism, recreational uses, minerals/energy production, renewable energy, and other natural resource uses can be very significant. Vital ecosystem contributions include clean water, clean air, fish/wildlife habitat, as well as intangible considerations such as historical, cultural, aesthetic and spiritual values. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Resource Conservationist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations or prescribed grazing practices.

Community 3.1
Shrubby Flatwoods Rangeland (RSG003 - Excellent)

This phase represents the representative phase of the natural community that has been converted to rangeland in excellent conditions. This phase will have an open canopy with a shrubby understory. In excellent condition lopsided Indiangrass (Sorghastrum secundum) and creeping bluestem (Schizachyrium stoloniferum) species will provide the greatest portion of the forage production. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Resource Conservationist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations or prescribed grazing practices.

Community 3.2
Upland Mesic Woodland Rangeland (RSG008 - Excellent)

This phase represents the successional phase of the natural community that has been converted to rangeland in excellent conditions. As the natural community shifts from an open canopy of pines to a closed canopy of oaks, increased shade drastically reduces forage quality and quantity. In excellent condition lopsided Indiangrass (Sorghastrum secundum), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), longleaf uniola (Chasmanthium sessiliflorum), and several bluestem species will provide the greatest portion of the forage production. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Resource Conservationist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations or prescribed grazing practices.

Community 3.3
Wiregrass - Broomsedges - Saw Palmetto - Scrub Oak (RSG003/ RSG008 - Poor to Fair)

This phase represents the succession of rangeland in excellent condition to poor or fair conditions. The stage of this phase is the transitional period between a managed rangeland to a shrubby rangeland. Duration of this phase is dependent on former and future management, use, and impacts. This poor to fair condition phase will most often consist of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), wiregrass (Aristida stricta) and a variety of scrub oak, dependent on the seedbank present. This phase often transitions due to poor management, including overstocking and overgrazing, as well as mismanagement of the natural habitat. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Resource Conservationist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations or prescribed grazing practices. Other undesirable species may be present in this community that have not been mentioned,

Pathway 3.1A
Community 3.1 to 3.3

This pathway occurs when range management activities include overgrazing, overstocking, etc., natural succession of the once managed site leads to this stage.

Pathway 3.2A
Community 3.2 to 3.3

This pathway occurs when range management activities include overgrazing, overstocking, etc., natural succession of the once managed site leads to this stage.

Pathway 3.3A
Community 3.3 to 3.1

This pathway represents renovation of the unmanaged condition back to managed rangeland in excellent condition. Management activities likely include mechanical removal of the larger, woody vegetation followed by herbicide treatment and establishment of desired seeding mixtures, and correcting grazing management plans.

Pathway 3.3B
Community 3.3 to 3.2

This pathway represents renovation of the unmanaged condition back to managed rangeland in excellent condition. Management activities likely include mechanical removal of the larger, woody vegetation followed by herbicide treatment and establishment of desired seeding mixtures, and correcting grazing management plans.

State 4
Managed Grassland / Pasture

Pasture is a land use type having vegetation cover comprised primarily of introduced or enhanced native forage species that is used for livestock grazing. Pasture vegetation can consist of grasses, legumes, other forbs, shrubs or a mixture. The majority of these forages are introduced, having originally come from areas in other states or continents. Most are now naturalized and are vital components of pasture based grazing systems. Pasture lands provide many benefits other than forage for livestock. Wildlife use pasture as shelter and for food sources. Well managed pasture captures rainwater that is slowly infiltrated into the soil which helps recharge groundwater. Many small pasture livestock operations are near urban areas providing vistas for everyone to enjoy. It is especially important as livestock managers continues to experience extraordinarily high fuel and other input costs. Overgrazed pastures can lead to soil compaction and numerous bare spots, which may then become focal points of accelerated erosion and colonization sites of undesirable plants or weeds. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Resource Conservationist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations or prescribed grazing practices. This grassland / pastureland state correlates with the 2013 Florida Forage Suitability Group G155XB131FL (Sandy Soils on Rises and Knolls of Mesic Uplands).

Community 4.1
Bahiagrass - Bermudagrass - Bluestems (FSG131)

This community phase represents commonly planted forage species on pasturelands, haylands, and open grasslands found in drained areas of this natural community. The suite of plants established on any given site may vary considerably depending upon purpose, management goals, and usage (e.g., horses vs. cattle). Most systems include a mixture of grasses and legumes that provide forage throughout the growing season. Warm season perennial forage species often include bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), yellow indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), lopsided indiangrass (Sorghastrum secundum), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), rhizoma perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata), and carpon desmodium (Desmodium heterocarpon). Warm season annual forage species often include browntop millet (Urochloa ramosa), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta), alyceclover (Alysicarpus vaginalis), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Cool season annual forage species often include annual ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum), oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and Triticale (x Triticosecale rimpaui). Several additional plants and/or species combinations maybe present depending on the objectives and management approaches of the land manager/owner.

Resilience management. Seasonal and total forage production may be limited during low rainfall periods due to deep sandy soils in this group. Surface and subsurface texture is predominantly sandy. Soils in this group have moderate water holding capacity and a seasonal high water table ranging from 1 - 3 feet during wet periods. Irrigation is commonly used for crop production on these soils and can be found on old abandoned crop land converted to improved pastures; however, increases in yield’s related to irrigation are not well documented for these soils. For this phase, use of cool season forages such as annual ryegrass, oats, and wheat planted in a prepared seedbed is dependent upon the location in the MLRA. Forage production is usually at the middle to lower end of the production range due to limited and sporadic rainfall during fall and winter months, particularly in the southern half of this MLRA. Additionally in the southern portion of the MLRA, warm temperatures persisting into the fall and returning quickly in the spring greatly shorten the production period for cool season forages. Thus in the southern portion of the MLRA, cool season forages are not recommended. In the northern half of the MLRA, these cool season forages will generally only produce sufficient winter grazing in years with average and above average rainfall (El Niño winters) for specialized management uses such as creep grazing, early weaning, or purebred operations. Overseeding annual ryegrass on a bahiagrass pasture is not recommended anywhere in this MLRA, due to excessive competition from bahiagrass for soil moisture and substantial moisture requirement from ryegrass. Initial growth of perennial warm season grasses and legumes or establishment of warm season annual grasses or legumes may be delayed in the spring due to low rainfall. Often production of perennial species also dips during the April/May dry period. Once normal summer rainfall begins, plant production should resume. Carpon desmodium can also be oversown onto bahiagrass stands in this forage suitability group, although root knot nematodes may limit the production of the legume after a few years. Annual legumes such as hairy indigo or alyceclover can be oversown on bahiagrass stands although fertilization (no N fertilizer) and grazing management needs to favor legume establishment and persistence. Additional lime may be needed to maintain a pH of 5.5 to 6.0.

Community 4.2
Dogfennel – Bunchgrass– Wax Myrtle (Unmanaged)

This phase represents the succession of pastureland and/or open grassland to unmanaged conditions. Duration of this phase is dependent on former and future management, use, and impacts. The early pioneer shrub thicket phase will be dependent on the available seedbank present. This unmanaged phase will most often consist of the shrub wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) and dogfennel (Eupatorium capillifolium), an aggressive native perennial that is characteristic of unimproved, unmanaged, or overgrazed pastures, where it adds the decline of forage yield and quality. Pasture grass present will enter a reproductive phase and have woody stems that are undesirable forage species. Other undesirable species may be present in this community that have not been mentioned,

Pathway 4.1A
Community 4.1 to 4.2

This pathway occurs when pasture management activities include overgrazing, overstocking, etc., natural succession of the once managed site leads to this stage.

Pathway 4.2A
Community 4.2 to 4.1

This pathway represents renovation of the unmanaged condition back to managed pastureland, forage production, or open grassland. Management activities likely include mechanical removal of the larger, woody vegetation followed by herbicide treatment / prescribed burning and establishment of desired seeding mixtures.

State 5
Agricultural Commodities

The agriculture industry includes cultivated crops, aquaculture, and apiculture. Cultivated cropland includes areas used for the production of adapted crops for harvest. These areas comprise of land in row crops or close-grown crops that are in a rotation with row or close-grown crops. Many of the phases within this state can be seen on soils as crop rotations and cover crops to maintain or improve soil health. Primary exports from Florida consist of fruits, greenhouse and nursery products, sugar cane, and the signature export of citrus. Aquaculture includes the cultivation and maintenance of aquatic plants, aquatic reptiles, crustaceans, food/ ornamental fish, shellfish, and other miscellaneous species for harvesting. Apiculture includes the maintenance of honeybees and hives to provide beeswax, honey/ other edible bee products, crop pollination services, and sales of bees to other beekeepers. These areas have been modified resulting in land clearing practices and hydrologic management to fit the growers needs. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Agronomist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Resilience management. Major natural resource concerns facing cropland include: (1) erosion by wind and water, (2) maintaining and enhancing soil quality, (3) water quality from nutrient and pesticides runoff and leaching, and (4) managing the quantity of water available for irrigation. For more specific information regarding cropland please contact your local NRCS office.

Community 5.1
Vegetables

This phase describes the growth and harvest of vegetables. Land conversion is necessary to create fields suitable for crop growth. Common vegetables grown in these soils include cabbage, corn, sweet corn, potatoes, cucumbers, squash, peppers, and tomatoes. Due to the year-round warm climate Florida has, vegetables can often be harvested in both winter and summer seasons.

Resilience management. Selection of species and varieties is critical for vegetable production, as plants that are not adapted to local conditions will generally fail to produce regardless of how much care and attention they receive. Weather is perhaps the single most important factor that determines where crops can be grown. Winters may be too cold for some crops or too short for others. Still other vegetables may suffer from summer's heat and humidity. Consequently, species and varieties should be chosen on the basis of historical weather patterns. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Agronomist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Community 5.2
Fruits and Nuts

This phase describes the growth and harvest of fruits. Land conversion is necessary to create fields suitable for crop growth. Common fruits grown in these soils include peanuts, strawberries, and watermelons. Due to the year-round warm climate Florida has, fruits can often be harvested in both winter and summer seasons.

Resilience management. Selection of species and varieties is critical for fruit production, as plants that are not adapted to local conditions will generally fail to produce regardless of how much care and attention they receive. Weather is perhaps the single most important factor that determines where fruit crops can be grown. Winters may be too cold for some fruit or too short for others. Still other fruit may suffer from summer's heat and humidity. Consequently, species and varieties of fruits should be chosen on the basis of historical weather patterns. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Agronomist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Community 5.3
Citrus

This phase describes the growth of citrus crops, dominantly identified as oranges and grapefruit within this ecological site area. This phase differs from other fruits and tree crops due to the intensive management and care needed for citrus groves. Citrus is one of the highest commercial agriculture products in the state of Florida.

Resilience management. Management should be based off individual groves, as different areas will require different management. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Agronomist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Community 5.4
Grasses / Grains

This phase describes the growth and harvest of grass-like agricultural products and grain crops used for silage. Land conversion is necessary to create fields suitable for crop growth. Common species grown in these soils include sugarcane, tobacco, grain sorghum, improved bermudagrass hay, and sorghum silage. Due to the year-round warm climate Florida has, these species can often be grown and harvested in both winter and summer seasons.

Resilience management. Selection of species and varieties is critical for fruit production, as plants that are not adapted to local conditions will generally fail to produce regardless of how much care and attention they receive. Weather is perhaps the single most important factor that determines where fruit crops can be grown. Winters may be too cold for some fruit or too short for others. Still other fruit may suffer from summer's heat and humidity. Consequently, species and varieties of fruits should be chosen on the basis of historical weather patterns. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Agronomist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Community 5.5
Abandoned Agriculture Fields

This phase describes the absence of management from agriculture fields, often resulting in overgrowth of woody shrubs and vines as well as invasive weeds. This community may occur when producers abandon a field due to any number of reasons. Many fields in the first seasons of abandonment will remain fallow until weedy and shrubby species become dominant. With proper management this community has the potential to support agricultural commodities.

Community 5.6
Aquaculture

This phase describes the production of aquatic organisms under controlled conditions throughout part or all of their lifecycle. Aquaculture is included in this state as a subset of the farming industry. Two types of aquaculture found in this ecosite are cultured fish management and pond management. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Agronomist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations for aquaculture.

Resilience management. Successful fish health management begins with prevention of disease rather than treatment. Prevention of fish disease is accomplished through good water quality management, nutrition, and sanitation. Without this foundation it is impossible to prevent outbreaks of opportunistic diseases.

Pathway 5.1A
Community 5.1 to 5.2

The conversion from vegetable crops to non-citrus fruit and nut crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.1B
Community 5.1 to 5.3

The conversion from vegetable crops to grasses/ grain crop would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.1C
Community 5.1 to 5.4

The conversion from vegetable crops to citrus crop would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.1D
Community 5.1 to 5.5

Many fields become abandoned when a producer doesn't maintain and harvest crops against pests, diseases, rising costs of labor, or any other reason that will lead to field abandonment.

Pathway 5.2A
Community 5.2 to 5.1

The conversion from non-citrus fruit and nut crops to vegetable crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.2B
Community 5.2 to 5.3

The conversion from non-citrus fruit and nut crops to grasses / grain crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.2C
Community 5.2 to 5.4

The conversion from non-citrus fruit and nut crops to citrus crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.2D
Community 5.2 to 5.5

Many fields become abandoned when a producer doesn't maintain and harvest crops against pests, diseases, rising costs of labor, or any other reason that will lead to field abandonment.

Pathway 5.3A
Community 5.3 to 5.1

The conversion from grasses and grain crops to vegetable crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.3B
Community 5.3 to 5.2

The conversion from grasses and grain crops to non-citrus fruit and nut crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.3C
Community 5.3 to 5.4

The conversion from grasses and grain crops to citrus crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.3D
Community 5.3 to 5.5

Many fields become abandoned when a producer doesn't maintain and harvest crops against pests, diseases, rising costs of labor, or any other reason that will lead to field abandonment. Major diseases affecting citrus groves include citrus canker, an infection that causes lesions on the leaves, stems and fruits of citrus crops, as well as citrus greening, often spread by the Asian citrus psyllid, a sap-sucking hemipteran bug that causes trees to produce fruits that are green, misshapen and bitter, and unsuitable for sale as fresh fruit or juice.

Pathway 5.4A
Community 5.4 to 5.1

The conversion from citrus crops to vegetable crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.4B
Community 5.4 to 5.2

The conversion from citrus crops to non-citrus fruit and nut crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.4C
Community 5.4 to 5.3

The conversion from citrus crops to grasses / grain crops would require, if applicable, the harvest of the crop before converting the land for the desired crop production. Mechanical ground preparation and chemical applications may be needed to create the desired land use conditions for the new crop.

Pathway 5.4D
Community 5.4 to 5.5

Many fields become abandoned when a producer doesn't maintain and harvest crops against pests, diseases, rising costs of labor, or any other reason that will lead to field abandonment.

Pathway 5.5A
Community 5.5 to 5.1

The restoration of an abandoned field or grove to an active agriculture field often includes removal of the abandoned crop and weeds, converting the land if necessary, and replanting of desired species. Abandoned citrus groves that get converted to agriculture fields will often need complete removal of the citrus tree and the land to be flattened from furrows present in citrus groves. Once removal of undesirable species is complete and the land is converted to a flat field (if necessary), and new seedlings are planted, maintenance is required to keep the crop healthy until harvest.

Pathway 5.5B
Community 5.5 to 5.2

The restoration of an abandoned field or grove to an active agriculture field often includes removal of the abandoned crop and weeds, converting the land if necessary, and replanting of desired species. Abandoned citrus groves that get converted to agriculture fields will often need complete removal of the citrus tree and the land to be flattened from furrows present in citrus groves. Once removal of undesirable species is complete and the land is converted to a flat field (if necessary), and new seedlings are planted, maintenance is required to keep the crop healthy until harvest.

Pathway 5.5C
Community 5.5 to 5.3

The restoration of an abandoned field or grove to an active citrus grove often includes removal of the abandoned crop and weeds and replanting of desired species. In citrus groves removal of abandoned citrus trees are often either completely pulled out of the ground or cut to the stump and new seedlings are planted next to the cut stumps. Once removal of undesirable species is complete and new resets are planted, maintenance is required to keep the crop healthy until harvest.

Pathway 5.5D
Community 5.5 to 5.4

The restoration of an abandoned field or grove to an active agriculture field often includes removal of the abandoned crop and weeds, converting the land if necessary, and replanting of desired species. Abandoned citrus groves that get converted to agriculture fields will often need complete removal of the citrus tree and the land to be flattened from furrows present in citrus groves. Once removal of undesirable species is complete and the land is converted to a flat field (if necessary), and new seedlings are planted, maintenance is required to keep the crop healthy until harvest.

State 6
Silviculture

This state is important and used by silviculturists, landowners, land managers, and the public/private industry. Silviculture is land used in controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society such as wildlife habitat, timber, water resources, restoration, and recreation on a sustainable basis. These are forestry practices that include thinning, harvesting, planting, pruning, prescribed burning and site preparation, for managed goals such as wildlife habitat creation or harvesting. Many managed silvicultural lands in Florida include tree plantations for growth of tropical ornamental species such as palms; and lumber, pulp, and paper species such as slash pine, longleaf pine, cypress, and eucalyptus.

Resilience management. This state is managed by silviculture prescriptions that will vary based on individual forest stand and management goals.

Community 6.1
Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Managed Stand

This phase describes the cultivation and harvesting of pine, dominantly longleaf pine. These are valued timber species that are suitable for the well-drained soils with high drought tolerance once established. Thick bark helps these trees be very resistance to ground fires and can stimulate height-growth by reducing competition of understory species. Mature stands can be harvested in 40 to 50 years for lumber, often used for utility poles and lumber.

Resilience management. Longleaf pine is classified as fire-resistant. The natural fire interval is every year to every 5 to 10 years through lighting strikes in the late spring - summer months. Young stands should not be burned until at least 2 years after the removal cut to allow time for logging slash to decay and the seedlings to respond to release. Natural regeneration of longleaf pine is difficult due to poor seed production, heavy seed predation by animals, poor seedling survival, and slow seedling growth. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Forester and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Community 6.2
Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) - South Florida Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa) Managed Stand

This phase describes the cultivation and harvesting of pine, dominantly slash pine and Florida slash pine (dominant in southern half of this MLRA). These are valued timber species that are suitable for less well-drained soils and a high seasonal water table. Thick bark helps these trees be very resistance to ground fires and can stimulate height-growth by reducing competition of understory species. Mature stands can be harvested in 25 to 40 years for lumber, often used for utility poles, railroad ties, pilings and lumber.

Resilience management. In a slash pine silvicultural stand, a fire interval of at least 5 to 6 years allows young trees to develop some fire resistance. When fire comes through, it exposes the mineral soil which enhances germination. One- and two-year-old slash pine are killed by low-severity fire. After 3 to4 years, seedlings survive low-severity fire but not moderate-severity fire. Ten- to fifteen-foot-tall (3.0-4.6 m) saplings survive moderate-severity fires. Once slash pine is 10 to 12 years old, it survives fire that does not reach the crown. This community has occasional flooding during the rain season and very brief to brief flooding during the dry season which hinders potential fire. A drainage system such as bedding may be needed for this issue. Shallow bedding has occasionally been seen to fail on pine plantations of more wet drainage classes. The solution to this may be to establish deeper beds for better drainage. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Forester and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Community 6.3
Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) Managed Stand

Eucalyptus stands have been commercially planted statewide in Florida since the 1960s, and pose little threat of spreading from managed plantations into natural communities. Mutiple species of Eucalyptus species can be grown in Florida, including Eucalyptus grandis, E. grandis x E. urophylla, E. benthamii, and E. amplifolia. These are fast-growing trees that, when managed properly, produce commercial products such as mulch wood, pulpwood, energywood, and bioproducts, as well as being used as phytoremediation systems and windbreaks from citrus and vegetable crops.

Resilience management. These are highly adaptable species, and can be grown on poor quality sites if amendments are added to raise nutrient levels and / or pH, but typically do best on well drained sandy soils. Management needs will vary based on the desired use for the Eucalyptus species, but all will survive and grow best when competing vegetation is well controlled during the first two years of planting. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Forester and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

Community 6.4
Palm spp. Managed Stand

This phase describes the growth, management and harvesting of different palm species for various uses. The main use of palm species within Florida are used as interior and exterior landscape ornamentals. Other markets for palm species include seed production and cut palm frond production. It is important to determine the potential market before the nursery is put into production as management and set up costs may vary by species. Many species cannot be produced when freezing temperatures are experienced and palm species must be chosen in occurrence to local temperature zones.

Resilience management. Palm species are adaptable to a wide range of soil types for field production of palms. Palms may grow best when sites are well drained to provide adequate aeration for root growth and easy harvest during periods of heavy rains. Palms that will be mechanically harvests must have sufficient room between rows and plants for machinery access without damaging existing trees, but if the palms are harvested manually a higher planting density can be implemented. Irrigation and fertilization in a palm field will depend on the local soils and hydroperiods, as well as chosen desired species, age, and stand density. Use of pesticides and herbicides can help minimize competition from weeds and undesirable pests which may cause damage to a stand or nursery. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Forester and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations.

State 7
Invaded Non-Native Communities

This state represents the dominance of one or multiple non-native or exotic species which out competes the native natural community and may significantly alter the composition and structure of the invaded stand by overshading the canopy and understory components and preventing regeneration of forest species.

Community 7.1
Natal Grass - Cogon Grass - Downy Rose-Myrtle

This phase describes the introduction and establishment of three invasive species common to this ecological site; Natal grass (Melinis repens), Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), and downy rose-myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa). These are grasses and shrubs that produce a dense canopy that shade out all other plants. These species are adapted to droughty conditions and have rhizomous root systems, allowing them to resprout readily. The rapid growth and high germination rates make these species very difficult to suppress. Other undesirable species may be present in this community that have not been mentioned,

Resilience management. Restoring native habitat may be very difficult with these species. Many pasture herbicides (metsulfuron, 2,4-D, triclopyr, Velpar, etc.) have little to no activity on the removal of cogon grass. Glyphosate and imazapyr herbicides have been found to be effective but long-term control is rarely achieved. Natal grass can be removed with repeated, aggressive tillage (disking several times during season), but will often desiccate existing native plants and exhaust food reserves. Chemical applications of glyphosate and imazapyr to natal grass will often be most effective after burning or mowing the area (removes excessive thatch and older leaves while initiating regrowth). Burning of both cogon grass and natal grass is effective in removing above ground biomass and may enhance chemical control measures but will not provide long term control to these species. Control of downy rose-myrtle from chemical applications of garlon 4 and glyphosate products via basal bark, cut stump, or foliar applications.

State 8
Human Altered / Human Transported Materials

These areas include soils that were intentionally and substantially modified by humans for an intended purpose, commonly for terraced agriculture, building support, mining, transportation, and commerce. The alteration is of sufficient magnitude to result in the introduction of anew parent material (human-transported material) or a profound change in the previously existing parent material (human-altered material).They do not include soils modified through standard agricultural practices or farmed soils with unintended wind and water erosion. When a soil is on or above an anthropogenic landform or microfeature, it can be definitely be associated with human activity and is assigned to a unique taxa, usually found as an "Urban land complex" within that communities' natural soil properties (e.g, Cassia fine sand-Urban land complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes).

Characteristics and indicators. Evidence of these areas include soils with manufactured items (e.g. artifacts) present in the profile, human altered-materials (e.g., deeply excavated or deeply plowed soil) or human-transported material (e.g., fill), and position on or above anthropogenic landforms (e.g., flood-control levees) and microfeatures (e.g., drainage ditches). Detailed criteria regarding the identification of anthropogenic (artificial) landforms, human-altered materials, and human-transported material are in the "Keys to Soil Taxonomy" (Soil Survey Staff, 2014).

Community 8.1
Reclaimed / Restored Areas

Reclaimed areas are areas that have been modified through anthropogenic means that are restored to a natural or second-hand natural community. Areas that can be reclaimed are any intensity urban areas, and may be required to be reclaimed after urban use (e.g., active mines must be reclaimed). These practices include the identification, removal, and stockpiling soil materials before altering the land, and revegetation and replacement of soil materials after altering the land. This also applies to nearby urban areas that have been adversely affected by the anthropogenic activities.

Community 8.2
Urban Areas

This urban community consists of development for human use. Urban areas include a variety of land uses, e.g., inner city or urban core, industrial and residential areas, cemeteries, parks, and other open spaces; the overall function which may benefit the quality of human life. These often form an urban soil mosaic, where the natural landscape has been fragmented into parcels with distinctive disturbance and management regimes and, as a result, distinctive characteristic soil properties.

Resilience management. Within this community there are three different levels of urbanization, based off population dynamics, residential density, and intensity of development. These are labeled as low-intensity, medium-intensity, and high-intensity urban areas, which can eventually be split apart into its own separate state. Low-intensity urban areas may consist of single dwelling homes with little impact on the surrounding community which still somewhat represents the natural community (e.g., represents natural landscape, hydrology, and vegetation) , other examples of this are urban parks, cemeteries, or campgrounds with little urban development. Medium-intensity urban areas consist of larger urban dwellings with some natural features, but have been modified to meet urban needs (e.g., towns). High-intensity urban areas are areas of heavily modified areas with complete alterations of the natural landscape, hydrology, and vegetation to support a very large population, which once constructed is permanently altered (e.g., metropolis areas/ active mines).

Community 8.3
Non-Reclaimed Areas

Non-reclaimed areas are areas that have been modified through anthropogenic means that are unable to be restored to a natural or second-hand natural community. Areas that cannot be reclaimed are areas under active mining status (phosphate, sand, or gravel mines) or mined areas before the Phosphate Land Reclamation Act in 1975, which leaves shut down operations alone. These areas also include fallow mines that have been flooded and are now permanent bodies of water.

Pathway 8.1A
Community 8.1 to 8.2

This transition is driven by clearing and developing the land for low-, medium-, or high-intensity urban areas.

Pathway 8.2A
Community 8.2 to 8.1

This transition is driven by the revegetation, reestablished hydroperiods, and replacement of displaced soil materials after urbanization of the land.

Pathway 8.2B
Community 8.2 to 8.3

This transition is driven by heavy industrial or urban development which causes the land to become non-reclaimable. This transition is rare due to the many environmental laws and regulations that must be followed when developing land.

Pathway 8.3A
Community 8.3 to 8.1

This transition is driven by the revegetation, reestablished hydroperiods, and replacement of displaced soil materials after urbanization of the land.

Transition T1A
State 1 to 2

This state is created with the long-term absence of fire from the reference community or lengthened fire return intervals combined with low intensity winter burning. As time passes, the oak species will grow into the overstory, closing off the previously open canopy, leaving a relict overstory of pine trees.

Constraints to recovery. Oak litter and shading from live oaks will assist in creating ground conditions unsuitable for fire to spread, as needed in the reference state.

Context dependence. Estimated time for this transition is greater than 35 years of exclusion of high-intensity fires from the reference system. This number correlates with the upward limit of maximum acorn production by oak species and creating conditions unfavorable to the Florida scrub jay, an endemic species dependent on the reference communities.

Transition T1B
State 1 to 3

This mechanism is driven by the introduction of livestock species to the natural system and implementing a planned grazing strategy. Use of a planned grazing strategy to balance animal forage demand with available forage resources. Timing, duration, and frequency of grazing are controlled and some type of grazing rotation is applied to allow for plant recovery following grazing.

Constraints to recovery. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Resource Conservationist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations or prescribed grazing practices.

Transition T1C
State 1 to 4

Actions required to convert native habitat to pasture or forage production include herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert native land to pastureland on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. This site is extremely susceptible to soil compaction and erosion. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T1D
State 1 to 5

Actions required to convert native habitat to agricultural land include herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T1E
State 1 to 6

This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities.

Constraints to recovery. This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives.

Transition T1F
State 1 to 7

This transition represents proliferation and dominance of an invasive species. Soil mechanical disturbances can compound this effect and create suitable conditions for invasive species.

Transition T1G
State 1 to 8

This transition is driven by the alteration and/ or transportation of materials via anthropogenic means.

Transition T2A
State 2 to 1

This describes the transition from a sandy upland forest to a sandy upland savanna. The overall management goal is to remove the overstory of oaks to cause a shift from a closed canopy dominated by oaks to an open overstory dominated by pines with shrubby oaks in the understory. This can be done theoretically via the mechanical removal of the overstory oaks by selective logging. This will create gaps which allow the resting existing seedbank to be released and grow. Shade intolerant species, predominantly pine, will begin growing into the overstory, followed by the re-sprouting oak species. Mechanical soil disturbance should be avoided to maintain natural hydroperiods and prevent the possibility of invasive species introduction. Intense fire during periods of drought may also remove the overstory species and transition these areas back to early successional shrublands.

Transition T2B
State 2 to 3

This mechanism is driven by the introduction of livestock species to the natural system and implementing a planned grazing strategy. Use of a planned grazing strategy to balance animal forage demand with available forage resources. Timing, duration, and frequency of grazing are controlled and some type of grazing rotation is applied to allow for plant recovery following grazing.

Constraints to recovery. It is strongly advised that consultation with State Resource Conservationist and District Conservationists at local NRCS Service Centers be sought when assistance is needed in developing management recommendations or prescribed grazing practices.

Transition T2C
State 2 to 4

Actions required to convert native habitat to pasture or forage production include herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert native land to pastureland on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. This site is extremely susceptible to soil compaction and erosion. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T2D
State 2 to 5

Actions required to convert native habitat to agricultural land include herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T2E
State 2 to 6

This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives.

Transition T2F
State 2 to 7

This transition represents proliferation and dominance of an invasive species. Soil mechanical disturbances can compound this effect and create suitable conditions for invasive species.

Transition T2G
State 2 to 8

This transition is driven by the alteration and/ or transportation of materials via anthropogenic means.

Restoration pathway R3A
State 3 to 1

This mechanism is driven by the removal of livestock species from the naturally grazed system and restoring natural frequent fire intervals to maintain natural community composition and structure.

Restoration pathway R3B
State 3 to 2

This mechanism is driven by the removal of livestock species from the naturally grazed system and restoring natural frequent fire intervals to maintain natural community composition and structure.

Transition T3A
State 3 to 4

Actions required to convert woodlands to pasture or forage production include forest clearing, stump removal, herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert woodlands to pastureland on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. This site is extremely susceptible to soil compaction and erosion. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T3B
State 3 to 5

Actions required to convert native habitat to agricultural land include herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T3C
State 3 to 6

This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives.

Transition T3D
State 3 to 7

This transition represents proliferation and dominance of an invasive species. Soil mechanical disturbances can compound this effect and create suitable conditions for invasive species.

Transition T3E
State 3 to 8

This transition is driven by the alteration and/ or transportation of materials via anthropogenic means.

Restoration pathway R4A
State 4 to 1

This mechanism is driven by restoring natural hydrologic flow to the area (dependent on level of alteration) to meet the natural hydroperiod once supported by these communities. This can be done via blocking or filling in previously made ditches used to drain and channelize water flow out of the system for pasture management. Other management practices such as replanting native grasses, shrubs, and trees and prescribed burning must be implemented to return the to the natural state. Local site conditions and disturbances may determine existing plant seed banks and community composition of managed grasslands/ pastures. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T4A
State 4 to 5

Actions required to convert native habitat to agricultural land include herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T4B
State 4 to 6

This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives.

Transition T4C
State 4 to 7

This transition represents proliferation and dominance of an invasive species. Soil mechanical disturbances can compound this effect and create suitable conditions for invasive species.

Transition T4D
State 4 to 8

This transition is driven by the alteration and/ or transportation of materials via anthropogenic means.

Restoration pathway R5A
State 5 to 1

This mechanism is driven by restoring natural hydrologic flow to the area (dependent on level of alteration) to meet the natural hydroperiod once supported by these communities. This can be done via blocking or filling in previously made ditches used to drain and channelize water flow out of the system for pasture management. Other management practices such as replanting native grasses, shrubs, and trees and prescribed burning must be implemented to return the to the natural state. Local site conditions and disturbances may determine existing plant seed banks and community composition of managed grasslands/ pastures. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T5A
State 5 to 4

Actions required to convert native habitat to agricultural land include herbicide application, seedbed preparation, and the establishment of desired plants. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. The decision to proceed with this action should be done so in close communication with and guidance from local NRCS Service Centers.

Transition T5B
State 5 to 6

This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives. Decisions to convert native land to agriculture on this site should be made carefully and continuously evaluated before, during, and after conversion activities. This pathway consists of prescribed silvicultural activities specifically designed to meet stand compositional and production objectives.

Transition T5C
State 5 to 7

This transition represents proliferation and dominance of an invasive species. Soil mechanical disturbances can compound this effect and create suitable conditions for invasive species.

Transition T5D
State 5 to 8

This transition is driven by the alteration and/ or transportation of materials via anthropogenic means.

Restoration pathway R6A
State 6 to 1

Timber removal should be done in the winter months, when there is very little to no water present near the soil surface, and in a way that favors maintenance of indigenous ground cover vegetation and minimizes soil disruption. Only use skidders with large, soft tires, and only log in the driest weather to prevent rutting and compaction. Avoid dragging log butts or ends in the ground to minimize soil disturbances. Leave trees (if present/applicable) should be avoided to prevent damage when removing selective species, avoid leaving slash pines and locate landing zones outside of sensitive habitats. Once proper removal of selective timber activities are completed, restored maintenance of the natural community is needed to control desired community structure and composition.

Context dependence. Timber removal activities should be carefully managed to prevent damage to the natural community. The effects of logging on ground cover must be assessed after each individual logging event.

Restoration pathway R6B
State 6 to 2

Timber removal should be done in the winter months, when there is very little to no water present near the soil surface, and in a way that favors maintenance of indigenous ground cover vegetation and minimizes soil disruption. Only use skidders with large, soft tires, and only log in the driest weather to prevent rutting and compaction. Avoid dragging log butts or ends in the ground to minimize soil disturbances. Leave trees (if present/applicable) should be avoided to prevent damage when removing selective species, avoid leaving slash pines and locate landing zones outside of sensitive habitats. Once proper removal of selective timber activities are completed, restored maintenance of the natural community is needed to control desired community structure and composition.

Context dependence. Timber removal activities should be carefully managed to prevent damage to the natural community. The effects of logging on ground cover must be assessed after each individual logging event.

Transition T6A
State 6 to 7

This transition represents proliferation and dominance of an invasive species. Soil mechanical disturbances can compound this effect and create suitable conditions for invasive species.

Transition T6B
State 6 to 8

This transition is driven by the alteration and/ or transportation of materials via anthropogenic means.

Restoration pathway R7A
State 7 to 1

The establishment of, or a return to, natural habitat conditions following a previous invasive / non-native / undesirable species infestation may be possible in some areas. Successful actions will require relentless efforts that include removal of the species via chemical or mechanical or biological means. In some extreme cases, restoration attempts could result in greater erosion and worsening of local conditions. Please consult with District and Soil Conservationists at local NRCS Field Offices for advice and guidance on land restoration attempts on invaded areas.

Restoration pathway R7B
State 7 to 2

The establishment of, or a return to, natural habitat conditions following a previous invasive / non-native / undesirable species infestation may be possible in some areas. Successful actions will require relentless efforts that include removal of the species via chemical or mechanical or biological means. In some extreme cases, restoration attempts could result in greater erosion and worsening of local conditions. Please consult with District and Soil Conservationists at local NRCS Field Offices for advice and guidance on land restoration attempts on invaded areas.

Restoration pathway R7C
State 7 to 3

The establishment of, or a return to, altered land use conditions following a previous invasive / non-native / undesirable species infestation may be possible in some areas. Successful actions will require relentless efforts that include removal of the species via chemical or mechanical or biological means. In some extreme cases, restoration attempts could result in greater erosion and worsening of local conditions. Please consult with District and Soil Conservationists at local NRCS Field Offices for advice and guidance on land restoration attempts on invaded areas.

Restoration pathway R7D
State 7 to 4

The establishment of, or a return to, altered land use conditions following a previous invasive / non-native / undesirable species infestation may be possible in some areas. Successful actions will require relentless efforts that include removal of the species via chemical or mechanical or biological means. In some extreme cases, restoration attempts could result in greater erosion and worsening of local conditions. Please consult with District and Soil Conservationists at local NRCS Field Offices for advice and guidance on land restoration attempts on invaded areas.

Restoration pathway R7E
State 7 to 5

The establishment of, or a return to, altered land use conditions following a previous invasive / non-native / undesirable species infestation may be possible in some areas. Successful actions will require relentless efforts that include removal of the species via chemical or mechanical or biological means. In some extreme cases, restoration attempts could result in greater erosion and worsening of local conditions. Please consult with District and Soil Conservationists at local NRCS Field Offices for advice and guidance on land restoration attempts on invaded areas.

Restoration pathway R7F
State 7 to 6

The establishment of, or a return to, altered land use conditions following a previous invasive / non-native / undesirable species infestation may be possible in some areas. Successful actions will require relentless efforts that include removal of the species via chemical or mechanical or biological means. In some extreme cases, restoration attempts could result in greater erosion and worsening of local conditions. Please consult with District and Soil Conservationists at local NRCS Field Offices for advice and guidance on land restoration attempts on invaded areas.

Transition T7A
State 7 to 8

This transition is driven by the alteration and/ or transportation of materials via anthropogenic means.